EXSC 311 LIBERTY UNIVERSITY Lecture notes, all lectures_2016.pdf

EXSC 311 Notes

Origin of Kinesiology

oFather of kinesiology

Aristotle: first to analyzed walking

oArchimedes

Hydrostatic principles: floating, buoyancy, gravity, laws of levers

oGalen

The First Team Physician (Gladiators)

oDa Vinci

Center of gravity and balance

oGalileo

Mechanical events using mathematics, also helped to develop kinesiology

as a science (geometry, angles, vectors)

oNewton

Forces, and three laws of motion

oDuchenne

Electrical stimulation

oFick

Introduced the terms isometric and isotonic

oBeevor

Muscles and helped to identify prime movers, synergists, and fixators

oBowditch

All or none principle (muscle is either all contracting or nothing at all)

oSteindler

First to write a classic kinesiology textbook

WATER Vital for life!

oBody = 60%

oBlood = 82%

oMuscles = 75%

oBrain = 75%

oBones = 25%

How much water you need?... body weight divided by 2.2… 115/2.2 = 52.27 ounces

When to drink water

o2 glasses after waking up: helps activate internal organs

o1 glass 30 minutes before a meal: helps with digestion

o1 glass before going to bed: helps avoid stroke or heart attack

Thurs 1/21/16

Skeleton

Axial Skeleton

oSkull = 29

oVertebral column = 26 (33 original bone)

oThorax = 25

Appendicular skeleton

oUpper extremity = 64

oLower extremity = 62

*** 200 Joints in the body ***

Four types of bones

oLong bone

Slender shaft, thick at both ends

Allows for great speed and long ROM

Femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, radius, phalanges

oShort

Small, chunky, cubical bone

Movement is less dramatic

Shock absorption

Carpals, tarsals,

oFlat bones

Broad, smooth, flat surface

Major role is protection

Skull (brain), ribs (lungs), sternum (heart), ilium (reproductive organs)

oIrregular bones

Bones that don’t fit into other categories

Special purpose

Vertebrae, sphenoid

oOther

Sesamoid

Patella, feet

Wormian

Small irregular shaped bones of the sutures of the skull

Purpose/Function of bones

oProtection of vital organs

Mostly flat bones protect

oProduction of red blood cells

Hematopoiesis

Long bones produce RBC (Femur, humerus)

oStorage of calcium and phosphorus

We get Ca and Ph from our diet

oFramework for muscle attachment (stability)

oBones act as levers for movement (mobility)

Other structures

oCartilage: connection that also acts as a cushion

Hyaline (translucent that covers articulate surface) we see this on out long

bones, the costal cartilage, nose, larynx, trachea

Fibrous: contains collagenic or collagen fibers, very tough, allows bending

and twisting. Found in intervertebral discs

Elastic/yellow: contains elastic fibers, allows for stretching. Seen in

Eustachian tubes, ear

Semilunar: interarticular cartilage, between bones, meniscus

Thyroid: shield shaped cartilage that protects the thyroid gland

oTendon

Ties muscle to bone

oLigament

Link bones to bones

oBone

oJoint

Articulation between two bones

**200 moveable joints in body**

oSpine

oVertebrae

33 vertebral segments (7, 12, 5, 5, 4), but only are moveable

Factors that contribute to joint stability

oJoint stability definition

Joint cohesion: keeping joints close together for stability

Resistance to displacement:

oBony structure

The shape

oLigament arrangement

Shoulder

Elbow

Knee (8 ligaments)

oMuscular arrangement

Rotator cuff stabilizes shoulder

oFascia and skin

Connective tissue

oAtmospheric pressure

Tues 1/26/16

The Nature of Kinesiology

oMusculoskeletal Anatomy

Structure of the muscles and bones

oNeuromuscular Physiology

Function of nerves that innervate and work with the muscles that allow us

to move

oBiomechanics

How the body moves and works

oStructural Kinesiology and Anatomic Kinesiology

Structure and how the body moves

Three reasons for studying kinesiology

oThe “SEE” Principle

Safety

Effectiveness: setting goals, measuring progression

Efficiency: least amount of effort to get the greatest gains

Who needs to know human movement?

oPhysical educators and coaches

oStrength and conditioning and fitness specialists

oPersonal trainers

oPhysical therapists, chiropractors, athletic trainers

oMassage therapist

oOthers in health related careers

Basic movement patterns

oOverarm throw

Sequential motion (sequence)

Baseball/softball. Football, volleyball, tennis, javelin

oUnderarm (hand) throw

Sequential motion (sequence)

Softball pitching, horseshoes, bowling, polo, basketball layup

oSidearm throw

Sequential motion (sequence)

Tennis, Frisbee, lacrosse, baseball throw and swing, football

oKicking (modification of _____ pattern)

Sequential motion (sequence)

Soccer, rugby, swimming, track, cycling

oPush-pull

Simultaneous motion (everything happening at once)

Bench press, jumping, pushing, pulling, lifting

Simultaneous

oPushing

oPulling

oLifting

Sequential

oThrowing

oStriking

oKicking

Walking combines both simultaneous and sequential

oSimultaneous

oSequential: arm movements, hip movements

Swimming is unique and does not fit into either category

oIf you stop moving in swimming you will sink

Bone markings (don’t know definitions, just examples)

oProcesses (elevations & projections)

Processes that form joints

Condyle: rounded projection at the end of a bone (humerus, femur,

tibia)

Facet: small smooth area (spine, clavicle

Head: prominent rounded projection at the proximal end of a bone

(femur, fibula, radius, humerus)

Processes to which ligaments, muscles, & tendons attach

Crest: prominent narrow ridge (iliac crest, pubic crest)

Spine: sharp slender projection (scapula, spinous processes)

Epicondyle: projection located above the condyle (medial and

lateral epicondyles of the humerus, tibia)

Trochanter: very large projection (greater and lesser trochanter of

femur)

Line: ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest (line aspera on

femur

Tubercle: small rounded projection (greater and lesser tubercle of

humerus)

Process: sharp slender projection (vertebrae, scapula)

Tuberosity: roughened projection, (radial tuberosity, tibial

tuberosity)

oCavities (depressions)

Including openings and grooves for vessels and nerves as well as muscle

attachments

Facet:

Foramen: rounded hole or opening in the bone (obturator foramen,

skull)

Fossa: hollow depressed or flattened surface (Supraspinous and

Infraspinous fossa, iliac fossa

Meatus: tube like passage (ear external auditory meatus)

Sinus: cavity or hollow space in a bone (sinus tarsi, face: frontal

maxillary

Sulcus (groove): furrow or groove like depression (intertubercular

groove of humerus)

o(Floyd Table 1.4)

Thursday 1/28/16

Planes & Axis of motion

oPlane

An imaginary flat surface (2 dimensional) through which a limb or body

segment is moves

Motion through a plane revolves around an axis

There is a 90 degree relationship between a plane of motion and its axis

oPlanes of motion

Sagittal

Vertical, up and down, splits body into left and right

Frontal

Vertical, splits body into front and back

Transverse

Horizontal, split body into top and bottom

oCardinal plane

When the plane divides body into 2 exactly equal halves

oCenter of gravity

Where the cardinal planes all intersect, deep belly button

oAxis

An axis is an imaginary line (or rod) around which something revolves or

rotates

An axis is always perpendicular to a plane

Movement occurs perpendicular to an axis

oAxes of the body

Frontal

Runs from side to side at a right angle to sagittal plane

Runs medial and lateral direction

Movements: flexion and extension

Sagittal

Runs from front to back at a right angle to frontal plane or motion

Runs anterior and posterior direction

Movements: abduction and adduction

Vertical (long)

Orientation: straight down through the top of the head

Located at a right angle to the transverse plane of motion

Runs superior and inferior direction

Movements: rotation (internal/external, medial/lateral)

Placement of the center of gravity in humans

oThe location of the CG of a human being in the normal standing position varies

with body build, age, and sex

oFemales CG is ~ 55% of standing height

oMales CG is ~ 57% of standing height

oDefinitions

Weight center of body

Balance point of body

Point where all three cardinal planes intersect

An imaginary point that is altered by body position

oThe location of the CG remains fixed as long as the body does not change shape

oIf an object’s shape or position changes the location of the CG changes

Anatomical directional terms (WS #4)

oLine of gravity

Plumb line from our CG straight down

oMidline of body



oAnterior/posterior

Towards the front/towards the back

oSuperior/inferior

Towards the head/towards the feet

oProximal/distal (extremities)

Towards the midline/away from midline

oVentral/dorsal

Towards belly/ towards back

oMedial/lateral

Towards the midline/away from midline

oDeep/superficial

Away from the surface/towards the surface

oCentral/peripheral

Towards the brain (center)/ away from the brain (center)

oProne/supine

Lying face down/lying face up

Tuesday 2/2/16

Flexibility

oMost important/Major Factors

1. Controlling action of muscles and tendons (ankle and wrist)

2. Restraining effect of ligaments (knee, shoulder)

3. Bony structure of joint (ankle, elbow, facet, hip)

oMinor Contributing Factors

Heredity

Sex

Age

Body fat

Muscle bulk (only if the muscle is too big)

Occupation

Exercise habits

Physical fitness status

oPassive resistance to stretching comes from two general sources

1. The stiffness of

Muscle fascicles

Tendons

Aponeuroses

Joint capsules

Ligaments

2. Tonic reflex activity

Of peripheral origin (muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs)

Does stretching increase joint ROM?

oResearch says that stretching gives a transient increase in joint ROM that lasts

approximately 30-90 minutes following a bout of stretching regardless of the type

of stretch

Does stretching help decrease the risk of injury?

oHypermobile (increased mobility) Ankylosis (lack of mobility, stiff) these people

are at higher risk for injury

oClinical research has shown little to no proof that being flexible reduces injury

risk

oAn active warm up can be beneficial

Types of stretching exercises

oPassive stretching

When some other force is doing the stretch (elastic band, another person)

oActive stretching

You are doing it yourself, or contraction of opposite muscle group (hurdle

stretch)

oBallistic stretching

Repeated rhythmical movements, bouncing

oStatic stretching

Muscle is slowly stretched and held (15 seconds- 1 minute)

oProprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation

Combination of static and active and passive stretching

oActive isolated

Combination of active and PNF, contract opposite group hold for 2

seconds and then relax

oDynamic stretching

Uses full body movements, typically sport specific motions

Stretching increases joint ROM

oTrue

Stretching increases muscle and tendon elasticity

oFalse

Stretching improves performance

oDon’t know? Not enough research

Stretching reduces the risk of musculoskeletal injury

oDon’t know? Not enough research

** Quize todays material and terms**

Thursday 2/4/16

Articulations (Arthrology) Study of Joints

Functional Classifications (shape)

oDiarthrodial

oAmphiarthrodial

oSynarthrodial

Structural Classification (tissues connecting bones)

oSynovial

oCartilaginous

oFibrous

Diarthrodial

oCharacteristics

Articular cavity is present (depression)

Joint encased in ligamentous capsule

Capsule lined with synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid for

lubricating joint, and excess is stored in the bursa tissue

Articular surfaces are smooth

Articular surfaces covered with cartilage

oClassifications (Chart on BB)

Plane/Irregular, Non-axial

Intercarpal

Hinge/Ginglymus, Uniaxial

Elbow

Modified Hinge Joint (slight internal and external rotation)

Knee

Pivot/Trochoid, Uniaxial

Alantoaxial

Condyloid/Illipsoidal, Biaxial

Radiocarpal

Condyloid

MCP

Saddle/Sellar, Biaxial

Thumb

Ball and Socket/Enarthrodial, Triaxial

Shoulder, hip

Amphiarthrodial

oCharacteristics

There is no cavity

Slightly moveable

oSub-classes

Syndesmosis/Ligamentous

Ligaments create the articulation

oCoracoacromial joint

oMidunion of the radius and ulna distally, allows for

pronation and supination

Symphysis/Fibrous cartilage

Cartilage that sits between the two bones

oPubic symphysis

Synchondrosis/Hyaline cartilage

No cavity, slightly moveable

oCostochondral joints cartilage that attached ribs to the

sternum

Synarthrodial

oCharacteristics

No joint cavity

No movement

Sutures of the skull

Joint Actions

oActions “AT” Joints

Terms are used to describe actual change in position of bones relative to

each other

Angles between bones change

Movement occurs between articular surfaces of joint

“Flexing” the knee results in lower leg moving closer to thigh

oMovements

Hyperabduction

Abduction of arm beyond vertical/180

Hyperadduction

Adduction across midline of body combined with slight flexion

Flexion/extension

Decrease or increase in joint angle

Supination/pronation

Lateral rotation of forearm/medial rotation of forearm

Elevation/depression

Only in shoulder girdle

Protraction/retraction

Only in shoulder girdle

Inversion/eversion

Turning sole medially/laterally

Pronation of foot

Combination of dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion and forefoot

abduction

Supination of foot

Combination of plantarflexion, subtalar inversion, and forefoot

adduction

Horizontal abduction/adduction

Movement of arm in transverse plane away/towards the midline

Circumduction

Requires 4 individual movements to occur in a sequence (flexion,

abduction, extension, and adduction in sequence)

Movements of the thumb

Adduction, abduction, extension, flexion, opposition, and

circumduction

Tues 2/9/16

Physiological movements vs. Accessory motions

o3 specific types of accessory

Spin

A single point on one articular surface rotates about a single point

on another articular surface

Motion occurs around some stationary vertical axis—either in a

clockwise or counterclockwise direction

Roll

A series of points on one articular surface contacts with a series of

points on another articular surface

Glide

A specific point on one articulating surface comes in contact with a

series of points on another surface

Analyzing Movements

Skeletal Muscle

Structural Classifications

Based on fiber arrangement (or shape)

oParallel Fibers (See handout)

Longer, thinner fibers

Produce less tension

Can contract through a greater distance

Flat: Longitudinal (broad)

oRectus abdominis, internal obliques, sartorius

Fusiform: spindle

oBiceps brachii, brachioradialis, hamstrings

Strap: longitudinal, rectangular

oCoracobrachialis, SITS, triceps, erector spinae

Quadrate: longitudinal, rhomboid

oRhomboids

Radiate: triangular, fan shaped, combination of flat and fusiform

oPectoralis major, Latissumus dorsi, glutes, hip adductors

oPennate Fibers

Typically shorter

Produce greater force

Penniform: half feather

oTibialis posterior, quadriceps (vastus), extensor digitorum,

biceps femoris

Bipenniform: whole feather

oRectus femoris, peroneus brevis, flexor hallucis

Multipenniform: several tendons

oDeltoid, serratus anterior

*** QUIZ THURS MUSCLE FIBERS ***

Basic Properties of Muscles

Contractility

oThe ability to develop tension or internal force against a resistance

Irritability

oBeing sensitive to chemical, electrical, or mechanical stimuli

Extensibility

oBeing able to elongate or stretch back out to normal length after contraction

Elasticity

oThe ability to return to normal length following a stretch

Unique Characteristics

oContract forcefully to produce strong movements

oContract rapidly to produce fast movements

oEndure repeated contractions

oRemain in good tone

Bony Attachments

oOrigin

Proximal attachment and generally considered the least moveable part of

the muscle

oInsertion

Distal attachment and generally considered the most moveable part of the

muscle

Types of muscle contractions

oMuscle contraction (under tension) isometric & isotonic (concentric &  

eccentric only isotonic)

oIsometric

No change in the joint angle, but it is still under tension

oIsotonic

There is a change in the angle but the tension stays the same (concentric

and eccentric)

Concentric contraction

oWhen tension by the muscle is sufficient to overcome a resistance and move the

body segment

oMuscle shortens and moves the bone

oExample: “up phase” of bicep curl

oA concentric contraction causes or creates joint action/movement

Eccentric contraction

oWhen a muscle slowly lengthens as it gives in to an external force that is greater

than the contractile force it is exerting

oMuscle is acting as a “brake” as the bone moves

oAn eccentric contraction modifies joint action/movement that is being

caused/created by another force (usually gravity)

oExample: “lowering phase” of a squat

Isometric contraction

oIsometric means “equal length”

oTension is developed in the muscle without any appreciable change in length

oOccurs under two conditions

Antagonistic muscles contract with equal strength

Muscle is held against another force

Isotonic and Isokinetic techniques

oIsotonic means “equal or same tension” the tension remains constant while

muscle shortens or lengthens

oIsokinetic means “equal or same motion” maximum muscle effort at the same

speed with an accommodating resistance

Muscle actions and movement

oAn isometric contraction stop joint movement by causing a force that is equal to

the resistance and therefore balances out an opposing force on a body part

oConcentric causes/creates movement

oEccentric modifies movement

oIsometric stops movement

Start of Test #2 Material

Neural Control of Voluntary Movement

CNS – 5 levels of control of voluntary movement

Cerebral cortex

oWhere the initiation of voluntary movement occurs

Basal ganglia

oControls posture and equilibrium and learned movements such as riding a bicycle

Cerebellum

oControls timing and intensity of muscular activity in the refinement of movements

Brain stem

oIntegrates all CNS activity through excitation and inhibition of desired

neuromuscular actions and functions in arousal and maintaining wakefulness

Spinal cord

oThis has specific control in integrating simple and complex reflexes as well as

cortical and basal ganglia activity. Is the communication pathway between CNS

and peripheral nervous system

150 miles of nerves in the body

Spinal Nerves

oCervical Plexus (C1, C2, C3, C4, C5)

Generally responsible for sensation from the upper part of shoulders to

back of head and front of neck

Supplies motor innervation to several muscles of the neck

oBrachial plexus (C5, C6, C7, C8, T1)

Brachial plexus supplies motor and sensory function to the upper

extremity and most of the scapula

oIntercostal (Thoracic) Nerves (T2-T12)

Thoracic nerves 2-12 run directly to specific anatomical locations in

thorax

oLumbar Plexus (L1, L2, L3, L4)

oSacral Plexus (L4, L5, S1, S2, S3, S4)

oCoccygeal Nerve 1 (Co1)

oLumbosacral Plexus (L1-L5, S1-S5, Co1)

Supplies sensation and motor function to lower trunk, entire lower

extremity and perineum

Spinal nerves

oProvide both motor and sensory

oNamed for the location from which they exit the vertebral column

oExit from each side of the spinal column

8 Cervical nerves

12 Thoracic nerves

5 Lumbar nerves

5 Sacral nerves

1 Coccygeal nerve

Muscle Structure

oStructural analysis of muscles

Epimysium (Covers group of bundles)

Perimysium (Covers bundles)

Fasciculus (Bundle of fibers)

Endomysium (Covers single fiber)

oMuscle fibers

Fast vs, Slow twitch

Slow twitch (Type I)

oSmall and red

oEndurance, not powerful, slow fatiguing

oRich supply of myoglobin (indicating O2 carrying capacity

of blood

oSlow contracting fibers (peak isometric tension 80-100

milliseconds)

oMuscles of low tension activities (legs, back, trunk,

diaphragm)

Fast twitch (Type II)

oLarge and pale

oSmall supply of myoglobin

oFast fatiguing, powerful fibers

oFast contracting fibers (peak isometric contraction 40-60

milliseconds)

oMuscles of explosive activities (muscles of legs and arms)

Muscle Contractions

The NUMBER of cross bridges that are coupled at any instant in time DICTATES how

much FORCE is being produced in that muscle

Neuromuscular basis

oMotor unit

Nerve innervation and all the muscle fibers that nerve is innervating

Composed of: single motor neuron and slow or fast twitch muscle fibers

Number of muscle fibers innervated by one motor neuron varies: may be

10 (eye) or 2,000 (glutes)

Number of motor units in a muscle depends on

TOTAL NUMBER of fibers in a muscle and NUMBER of fibers in

a single motor unit

Precise/fine movements – SMALL ratio of muscle fibers to motor neuron

Gross movements – LARGE ratio of muscle fibers to a motor neuron

A single muscle fiber may belong to more than one motor unit – therefore

motor units overlap

oSensory receptors

Specialized endings of sensory nerves that receive stimuli from both inside

and outside the body

Types of sensory receptors

Exteroreceptors

oExternal environment (5 senses)

Visceroreceptors

oVisceral organs

Interoreceptors

oHeat, cold, pain, pressure

Proprioceptors

oMusculoskeletal

oProprioceptors

Stimulated by motions of the body

Stimuli provides information about: position of body/limbs, direction body

is moving, rate of movement, and muscle tension

Without proprioceptors, effective coordination of movement patterns

would not occur

Kinesthetic sense: the body’s awareness in space/water using muscle and

joint awareness, but not vision or touch

Kinesthetic perception and memory are the bases of voluntary movement

and motor learning

Proprioception may be enhanced through specific training

oProprioception and Kinesthesis

Humans take for granted sensations associated with neuromuscular

activity through proprioception

Human movement (motor and sport skill performances) is dependent on

sensory feedback from the body

Ex. Catching a ball

oMuscle proprioception

Muscle spindles

Scattered throughout fleshly part of muscle

Located between muscle fibers and parallel

Sensitive to stretch

When spindle is stretched, impulse is sent to CNS which in turn

activates the motor neuron thereby causing muscle to contract

Cause a reflex CONTRACTION of muscle (relaxation of

antagonist)

Practical applications

Stretch reflex

oQuick short squat before jumping

oQuick stretch placed on muscles in squat enables same

muscles to generate more force in jumping

Stretch reflex

Force development in a movement requires a long and rapid

backswing with little or no pause between backswing and

execution force phase (phasic type)

oEx. Throwing, striking, kicking

When accuracy is desired in a movement, this requires a shorter

backswing and slow with a definite pause between the backswing

and execution/force phase (tonic type)

oEx. Golf, badminton (low serve)

oGolgi tendon organ

Also scattered throughout muscle

Near junction of tendon & belly

Sensitive to muscle tension and active contraction

When GTO is activated, signal sent to CNS which causes muscle to relax

(Agonist relaxation/Antagonist contraction)

oJoint/skin proprioceptors

Pacinian corpuscles

Located beneath the skin around joint capsules, ligaments and

tendon sheaths

Activated by rapid changes in joint angle and pressure changes

affecting joint capsule

When activated, impulse is sent to CNS which causes muscle to

contract

oExtensor thrust reflex

Pressure on bottom of feet or hands stimulates the

Pacinian corpuscles

This produces greater contraction of the extensor

muscles

Applies to: jumping, handspring, or any pushoff

from the ground/mat (floor or spring/diving board)

The Shoulder Joint & Shoulder Girdle

Glenohumeral

Acromioclavicular

Sternoclavicular

Wide ROM of the shoulder joint in many different planes requires a significant amount of

laxity

The price of mobility is reduced stability

Scapula, clavicle, humerus serve as attachments for shoulder joint muscles

Glenohumeral

oMultiaxial, Ball and Socket, Enarthrodial

oFor every 2 degrees of glenohumeral movement you get 1 degree of scapular

movement

oGlenohumeral ligaments provide stability (5 or 3) because sometimes the

glenohumeral ligaments are classified as 1 ligament

Superior glenohumeral ligament

Middle glenohumeral ligament

Inferior glenohumeral ligament

Coracohumeral ligament

Coracoacromial ligament

oGlenoid labrum enhances stability

Movements

oFlexion & Extension (Sagittal plane, Frontal axis)

oAbduction & Adduction (Frontal plane, sagittal axis)

oHorizontal Abduction & Adduction (Transverse plane, vertical Axis)

oInternal & External Rotation (Transverse plane, Vertical Axis)

oDiagonal Abduction & Adduction (ex. Starting lawnmower, chopping wood)

Shoulder Girdle

Elevation

Protraction

Upward Rotation

Depression

Downward rotation

Retraction

Corresponding Movements

oShoulder Joint

Abduction

Adduction

Flexion

Extension

Internal rotation

External Rotation

oShoulder Girdle

Upward Rotation

Downward Rotation

Elevation/ Up rotation

Depression. Down rotation

Protraction (abd)

Retraction (add)

Glenohumeral joint

oFrequently injured due to anatomical design

Shallowness of glenoid fossa

Laxity of ligamentous structures

Lack of strength and endurance in muscles

Anterior or anteroinferior glenohumeral subluxations and dislocations –

common

oRotator cuff is frequently injured

SITS muscles

Attach to the front, top, & rear of humeral head

Keeps humeral head in glenoid fossa while more powerful muscles move

humerus through its wide range of motion

Supraspinatus muscle (usually the one aggravated)

In the follow through of throwing motion, this muscle is the one

primarily responsible for holding the head of the humerus in place

without interfering with movement

Most frequently injured of rotator cuff muscles

oShoulder muscles

Anterior

Deltoid

Supraspinatus

Posterior

Latissumus dorsi

Teres major

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

Shoulder JOINT muscles have to attach to the humerus

oStabilizer muscles

Coracobrachialis

Middle deltoid

Triceps (long head)

Act as “guy wires” on a mast (H&L p. 105)

Provide additional stability for the shoulder joint

The shoulder girdle

oScapula and Clavicle – move as a unit

Clavicle’s articulation with sternum is only bony link to axial skeleton

oShoulder Girdle joints

Sternoclavicular (SC) - Multiaxial Arthrodial

Acromioclavicular (AC) – Arthrodial

Scapula moves on rib cage

Joint movement occurs primarily at SC joint (lesser amount at AC joint)

Coracoclavicular – Syndesmotic joint

Increases stability of AC joint

oShoulder Girdle movements

Elevation

Protraction

Upward rotation

Depression

Downward rotation

Retraction

oShoulder Girdle muscles

All 5 muscles originate on axial skeleton and insert on scapula and/or

clavicle

None are attached to the humerus

Include: trapezius, rhomboids, levator scapula, serratus anterior,

Nerve innervation

oShoulder joint

Brachial plexus

oShoulder girdle

Cervical plexus

Brachial plexus

Strength exercises

oShoulder joint muscles

Push ups, pull ups, dips, military press, lateral raises

oShoulder girdle muscles

I’s Y’s T’s, protraction/retraction, shrugs, rows

Elbow Joint

oUlna is much larger proximally than the radius

oRadius is much larger distally than ulna

oScapula and humerus

Proximal attachments for muscles that FLEX & EXTEND the elbow

oUlna and radius

Distal attachments for these same muscles

oGinglymus or hinge type joint

oInnervation is brachial plexus (C5-T1)

oMovements

Flexion and extension

o2 interrelated joints

Humeroulnar (UT)

Radiohumeral (RC)

Ligaments of the Elbow

oUlnar Collateral Ligament (UCL) is critical in providing medial support to

prevent elbow from abducting when stressed in physical activity (as in throwing)

oRadial Collateral Ligament (RCL) provides lateral stability and is rarely injured

oAnnular Ligament provides a sling effect around radial head for stability

Movements of the Elbow

oPrimarily occur at Humeroulnar joint/UT

oRadial head has relatively small amount of contact with capitulum

(Radiohumeral/RC)

oAs elbow reaches full extension, olecranon process is received by olecranon fossa

oFull extension = increased joint stability

oElbow moves from 0 degrees of extension to 145-150 degrees of flexion

Muscles of the Elbow joint

oElbow flexors (anterior)

Biceps brachii

Brachialis

Brachioradialis

Pronator teres (asst. mover)

oElbow extensors (posterior)

Triceps brachii

Anconeus (asst. mover)

The radioulnar joint

oTrochoid or pivot type joint

Radial head rotates around at proximal ulna

Distal radius rotates around distal ulna

Annular ligament maintains radial head in its joint

Supination (80-90) & Pronation (80-90)

Syndesmosis joint- holds shafts of radius and ulna tightly together with

interosseus membrane

oMovements of forearm

Pronation

Supination

oMuscles of the forearm

Radioulnar pronators (anterior)

Pronator teres

Pronator quadratus

Brachioradialis

Radioulnar supinators (posterior)

Biceps brachii

Supinator

Brachioradialis

Strengthening exercises

oANTERIOR muscles

Bicep curls

Wrist curls

Hammer curls (forearm is neutral)

Supinated pull ups

Preacher curls

oPOSTERIOR muscles

Dips

Push downs

Tricep extensions

Close push ups (triangle)

Bench press

Overhead press

The Wrist and Hand Joints

Bones

o29 bones including radius and ulna

8 carpal bones in 2 rows of 4 bones

5 metacarpal bones, numbered 1-5

14 phalange (digits), 3 for each phalange except thumb which has 2

proximal, middle, distal

25 joints

o8 carpal bones

Proximal row from radial to ulnar side

Scaphoid (boat shaped) or navicular

Lunate (moon shaped)

Triquetrium (three-cornered)

Pisiform (pea shaped)

Distal row from radial to ulnar side

Trapezium (greater multagular)

Trapezoid (lesser multangular)

Capitate (head shaped)

Hamate (hooked)

Carpal bones form a three sided arch

Concave on palmar side

Bony arch is spanned by transverse carpal and volar carpal

ligaments *** the roof of the tunnel

Creates the carpal tunnel

Frequently a source of problems known as carpal tunnel syndrome

oHumerus

Wrist and finger flexors attach (origin) to medial side; extensors attach

(origin) to lateral side

Joints

oWrist joint

Condyloid type joint

Flexion/extension

Abduction/adduction

Motion occurs primarily between distal radius and proximal carpal

row (scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrium)

oFinger joints

Each finger has 3 joints

Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints

oCondyloid joint (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction

Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints

oGinglymus (hinge) joint (flexion/extension)

Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints

oGinglymus (hinge) joint

oFlex 80-90 degrees from full extension

Thumb has 2 joints

MCP and IP joint

oMovements: flexion and extension

oGinglymus (hinge)

Carpometacarpal (CMC) joint

oUnique saddle type sellar joint

oMovements (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction)

oMovements

Middle phalange is reference point to differentiate abduction and

adduction

oWrist and hand innervated by brachial plexus

oMuscles

Extrinsic muscles of the wrist and hand grouped according yo function

and location

6 muscles move the wrist but not fingers and thumb

3 wrist flexors

oFlexor carpi radialis (PM)

oFlexor carpi ulnaris (PM)

oPalmaris longus

3 wrist extensors

oExtensor carpi radialis longus (PM)

oExtensor carpi radialis brevis

oExtensor carpi ulnaris

9 muscles primary movers of phalanges

Also involved in joint action

Generally weaker in wrist actions

Flexors

oFlexor digitorum superficialis (PM)

oFlexor digitorum profundus

oFlexor pollicis longus (thumb flexor) PM

Extensors

oExtensor digitorum (PM)

oExtensor indicis

oExtensor digit minimi

oExtensor pollicis longus (PM)

oExtensor pollicis brevis

Abductor of thumb and wrist

oAbductor pollicis longus

Carpal tunnel syndrome

oMedial nerve and all flexor tendons except flexor carpi ulnaris and palmaris

longus pass through carpal tunnel

oSwelling and inflammation cause increased pressure in carpal tunnel resulting in

decreased function of median nerve leading to reduced motor and sensation

function in its distribution

TEST

Half multiple choice, half fill in the blank, short answer, diagrams

Wrist, hand, elbow, shoulder joint, shoulder girdle

Know different joints,

o4 sections where we list muscles and PM, shoulder joint, girdle, elbow

ophysiology

oreflexes

oidentify muscles (pics in textbook)

oinnervation

ocontractions

owhat type of anatomical joint

Begin Test 3 Material

The Spinal Column and Thorax (PP ON BLACKBOARD)

Spinal Column Structure

o24 articulating Diarthrodial Vertebrae

7 Cervical

12 Thoracic

5 Lumbar

o9 fused vertebrae

5 Sacrum

4 Coccyx

Bones

o7 pairs of true ribs attach directly to sternum

o5 pairs of false ribs

3 pair attach indirectly to sternum

oFloating ribs protect kidneys

Nerve Innervation

oCranial nerve XI (spinal accessory)

oC2-C4

oBrachial Plexus C5-C8, T1

oThoracic Nerves T2-T12

oL1

Articulation of vertebral bodies

oCartilaginous joint

oIntervertebral discs of fibrocartilage

Outer fibrous rim (annulus fibrosus) (donut)

Nucleus pulposus (jelly)

oPermits compression in any direction and some torsion

oShock absorbers

3 Normal Curves

oThoracic spine curves anteriorly (Kyphosis)

oCervical and Lumbar Spine curve posteriorly (Lordosis)

oSpinal curves enable it to absorb blows and shocks

oThoracic Kyphosis is the first curve to develop

Alanto-Occipital Articulation

oCondyles of occipital bone articulate with articular fossa of the atlas

oThe two joints act like a hinge joint

oPermit flexion and extension

Alanto-Axial Articulation

oPerfect example of a pivot joint

oSole function is rotation

oOdontoid process projects upward from axis, held in place by transverse ligament

Cervical shaped like Elephant

Thoracic shaped like Giraffe

Lumbar shaped like Moose

*Anatomical Position spine is extended

Cervical Region

oFlexion 45 degrees

oExtension 45 degrees

oLateral flexion 45 degrees

oRotation approx. 60 degrees (chin to shoulder)

Lumbar spine

oFlexion approx. 80 degrees

oExtends 20-30 degrees

oLateral flexion 35 degrees

oRotation approx. 45 degrees

GET MUSCLES FROM PP

oKnow rectus abdominis, internal and external oblique, transverse abdominis,

levator scapula, splenius capitis and cervicis, suboccipital group, scalenes, erector

spinae

Hip Joint and Pelvic Girdle

Hip Joint (Femoralacetabular Joint)

oRelatively stable due to joint design, ligaments, muscles

oFunctions in weight bearing and locomotion

Enhanced significantly by its wide ROM

Ability to run, cut, jump, and many other directional changes

Bones

oBall and socket joint

Head of femur and acetabulum of pelvic girdle

Pelvic girdle

Pelvic bones joined together posteriorly with sacrum

Pelvic bones

oIlium

oIschium

oPubis

Femur

Longest bone in the body

Sacrum

5 fused vertebrae

Pelvic Bone: divided into 3 areas

Upper 2/5 = ilium

Posterior & lower 2/5 = ischium

Anterior & lower 1/5 = pubis

oBony Landmarks

Anterior pelvis

Origin for hip flexors

Lateral pelvis

Origin for abductors

Medial pelvis

Origin for hip adductors

Posterior pelvis

Origin for hip extensors

Proximal thigh

Insertion for short muscles of hip

Proximal thigh

Origin for 3 knee extensors

oThree Vastus muscles of quadriceps anteriorly

Proximal tibia or fibula

Insertion for remainder of hip muscles

oIliotibial tract of tensor fascia latae - anterolaterally on

Gerdy’s Tubercle of tibia

Joints

oAnteriorly

Two pelvic bones join to form symphysis pubis (Amphiarthrodial)

oPosteriorly

Sacrum is between the 2 pelvic bones and forms the SI joints

Strong ligaments unite these bones to form rigid, slightly moveable joints

oLarge and heavy bones covered by thick, heavy muscles

oBody movements usually involve entire pelvic girdle and hip joints

oWALKING- hip flexion and extension occur with pelvic girdle tilt

oJogging and running result in faster movements and greater range of movement

Primary Movements of The Pelvis

oGET OFF ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

oNeed to know first 2 columns**

o https://learn.liberty.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-10974298-dt-content-rid-

86776122_1/courses/EXSC311_003_201620/Hip%20and%20Pelvis

%20Movement.pdf

oPelvis / Lumbar Spine Motion

Forward tilt / Extension, hyper extension

Backward tilt / Slight Flexion

Lateral tilt to the left / Slight Lateral Flexion to the right

Lateral tilt to the right / Slight Lateral Flexion to the left

Rotation to the left / Rotation to right

Rotation to the right / Rotation to the left

Hip Movements

oFlexion

oExtension

oHyperextension

oAbduction

oAdduction

oExternal rotation (toe out)

oInternal rotation (toe in)

Muscles

oHip flexor muscles are used concentrically in moving thighs up toward trunk ex.

Hanging leg raises

oHip extensor muscles used concentrically when trunk is raised on femur ex.

Rising to standing position

oHip extensor muscles can be sued eccentrically when pelvis and trunk move

downward slowly on the femur

oIn downward phase of squat movement is flexion

oMuscles primarily involved – hip and knee extensors in eccentric contraction

Hip joint and pelvic girdle muscles

oAnterior – primarily hip flexors

Iliopsoas

Pectineus

Rectus femoris *hip flexion AND abduction

Sartorius *flexion AND external rotation

oMedial – primarily hip adduction

Adductor brevis

Adductor longus

Adductor magnus

Gracilis

oPosterior – primarily hip extension

Gluteus maximus

Biceps femoris

Semimembranosus

Semitendinosus

External rotators

oLateral muscles – primarily

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

External rotators

Tensor fasciae latae

Pelvic muscles acting on hip joint

oIliac region – iliopsoas flexes hip

Iliacus

Psoas major

Psoas minor

oGluteal region – extend and rotate hip

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

Tensor fasciae latae

Nerves

oAll hip and pelvis muscles are innervated from the lumbosacral plexus (L1-L5,

S1-S5)

Hip flexion

oPsoas

oIliacus (iliopsoas) PRIME MOVER

oRectus femoris

oPectineus

Sartorius

Tensor fascia latae

Hip extension

oGluteus maximus

oBiceps femoris (long head) PRIME MOVER

oSemitendinosus PRIME MOVER

oSemimembranosus PRIME MOVER

Hip abduction

oAgonists

Gluteus medius PRIME MOVER

Tensor fascia latae

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus minimus

Hip adduction

oAgonists

Adductor brevis

Adductor longus PRIME MOVER

Adductor magnus

Gracilis

Hip internal rotation

oAgonists

oNO PRIME MOVER

Gluteus minimus

Gluteus medius

Tensor fasciae latae

Hip external rotation

oAgonists

oNO PRIME MOVER

Gluteus maximus

Six deep external rotators

Strengthening Exercises

oPosterior muscles

Hamstring curls

RDLs

Lunges

Squats

Fire hydrants

oAnterior muscles

Leg extensions

Straight leg raises

Dead bugs

Leg press

Squat jumps

The Knee Joint

Largest joint in the body

Very complex

Modified hinge joint

Joints

oTibiofemoral joint

oModified Ginglymus

Modified hinge due to in/out rotation in flexed position

Tibia bears most of the weight

oPatellofemoral joint

Arthrodial classification

Gliding nature of patella on femoral condyles

Patellofemoral Joint

oLigaments provide static stability

oQuadriceps and hamstrings contractions produce dynamic stability

oArticular cartilage surface on femur and tibia

oMenisci form cushions between bones

Attached to tibia

Deepen tibial fossa

Enhance stability

Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligaments

oCross within knee between tibia and femur

oVital in respectively maintaining anterior and posterior stability, as well as rotary

stability

oACL injuries

One of the most common serious injuries to the knee

MOI often involves noncontact rotary forces associated with planting and

cutting, hyperextension, or by violent quadriceps contraction which pulls

tibia forward on femur

Movements

oFlexion

Shortening angle

oExtension

Lengthening angle

oExternal rotation (knee must be flexed)

oInternal rotation (knee must be flexed)

Muscles

oQuadriceps muscle group

Extends knee

Anterior thigh

4 muscles

Rectus femoris

Vastus medialis

Vastus lateralis

Vastus intermedius

oHamstring muscle group

Flexes knee

Posterior compartment

3 muscles

Semitendinosus- medial, internal rotator

Semimembranosus – medial, internal rotator

Biceps Femoris – lateral, external rotator

oTwo-joint muscles

Most effective when either origin or insertion is stabilized to prevent

movement in direction of the contracting muscle

To a degree, muscles are able to exert greater force when lengthened than

when shortened

oQuadriceps

Vital in jumping

Function as a decelerator

When decreasing speed to change direction

When coming down from a jump

Eccentric contraction during deceleration actions

Controls slowing of movements initiated in previous phases

Jumping = Quadriceps

Running = Hamstrings

oKnee flexion

Semitendinosus/semimembranosus PM

oKnee extension

Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius PM

Foot and Ankle Joint

26 bones

19 large muscles

Many small (intrinsic) muscles

More than 100 ligaments

Functions: support and propulsion

Innervation: Sacral Plexus

Bones

o26 bones, include 3 arches

oBody weight is transferred from tibia to talus and calcaneus (tarsal bones)

o5 other Rearfoot and midfoot tarsal bones

Navicular – between talus and 3 cuneiform bones

Cuboid – between calcaneus and 4 and 5 metatarsals

th th

5 metatarsals – anterior to tarsals

5 phalanges

3 phalanxes in each except 1 toe (2 phalanxes)

oDistal malleoli of tibia and fibula

Enlarged and protrude horizontally and inferiorly

Serve as pulley for posterior tendons when performing inversion and

eversion

oPulley for posterior tendons

Peroneus brevis and longus

Tom, Dick, and Harry muscles

Tibialis posterior

Flexor digitorum longus

Flexor hallucis longus

Tibiofibular Joint

oSyndesmosis joint: minimal movement

oJoined at both proximal and distal tibfib joints

oLigaments and a string, dense interosseus membrane between tibia and fibula

shafts provide support

oDistal joint becomes sprained (“high ankle sprain”) occasionally in high contact

sports

Talocrural Joint (ankle joint)

oHinge or Ginglymus joint

oTalus, distal tibia, and distal fibula

oMovements

Plantarflexion

Dorsiflexion

oGreater range of dorsiflexion with knee flexed (reduces gastrocnemius tension)

Subtalar and Transverse Tarsal joints

oMovements

Inversion and Eversion

oClassified as gliding or Arthrodial

Intertarsal and Tarsometatarsal Joints

oArthrodial

oMinimal movement allowed

Ankle sprains

oInversion forces injuries lateral side of the ankle joint (eversion sprains less

common)

Metatarsophalangeal joints

oPhalanges join metatarsals

oClassified as condyloid type joints

oMovements

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

Great toe interphalangeal joint (IP)

Proximal interphalangeal joints in lesser toes (PIP)

Distal interphalangeal joints in lesser toes (DIP)

Much variation on degree of movement from joint to joint and from person to person

Biomechanics

The study of the application of mechanical FORCES on bodies (either at rest or in

motion) using the principles of physics and geometry

Forces can be internal or external

Force

oDefined as that which pushes or pulls through direct mechanical contact OR

through the force of gravity to alter the motion of an object

oInternal – tension produced by muscular contractions

oExternal – gravity, friction, wind, or water resistance

Newton’s Laws of Motion

oThese laws explain WHY objects (and bodies) move as they do and the effects (&

interactions) of forces on them

Law of Inertia

oA body/object continues in its state of rest or uniform motion unless an

unbalanced force acts on it

Frisbee, arrow

oDeals with inertia and unbalanced forces

oInertia: the reluctance to change status, only force (internal or external) can do it

oStarting, stopping, changing direction involves changing inertia which requires

force

oInternal – muscles produce it

oExternal – could be gravity, friction, or other forces

oSport skill examples: baseball slide,

Law of Acceleration

oThe acceleration of an object/body is directly proportional to the force causing it,

is in the same direction as the force and is inversely proportional to the mass of

the object/body

oDeals with acceleration and momentum of objects/bodies

oF = ma Force = Mass x Acceleration

oSports requiring speed and momentum involve this law: baseball bat, golf,

bowling ball

oThrowing, striking, kicking

oThrowing motions – involve a form that allows the longest time over which to

apply force to the object before releasing it

oBaseball pitch, volleyball serve, tennis serve

oThis law explains the value of follow through in throwing and striking objects.

oFollow through also helps to ensure that the object stays in contact with the

implement that is implanting the force to it as long as possible

oFoot, club, racket, bat

oMomentum = product of mass x velocity (M = mv)

Law of Reaction

oFor every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

oThis law considers the way forces act against each other and also balanced forces

oWhenever one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts an

equal and opposite force on the first

oGait and running/walking

oSport skill ex: running, jumping, and other loco motor skills

oBats, rackets, and clubs when striking objects

oRowing, oars in the water

oRecoil of bow in archery

Friction

oRubbing together of two objects or bodies or object and body part

oTech/equipment to increase friction

Chalk, spikes, cleats, gloves

oTech/equipment to decrease friction

Sweeping in curling, wetting field hockey turf, swimming no body hair,

cap, suit

Ballistic Movment

oInitiated by vigourous muscular contractions and completed by momentum

oBallistic movement is characteristic of

Throwing, striking, kicking skills

(rapid, discrete skills)

oThree ways to terminate it

By contracting the antagonistic muscles

By allowing moving body part to reach its limit of motion due to passive

resistance of ligaments

By the interference of an obstacle

Balance

oBalance means a state of equilibrium or bodily stability

oBalance refers to the capability of controlling equilibrium

oTypes of balance

Static

Dynamic

oStatic balance

Holding ones balance under unfavorable conditions

Body is at rest or motionless

The less movement, the higher the level of skill performance

Skillful static balance = minimum of movement

Examples

oDynamic balance

Losing and regaining ones balance while moving with the situation always

changing

All applied forces acting on the moving body are in balance, resulting in

movement with unchanging speed or direction

Most sport skills involve maintaining dynamic balance while performing

Examples: circus

Dribbling ball, open field running, walking on balance beam

Walking “a series of catastrophes” narrowly averted

EXSC 311 LIBERTY UNIVERSITY Lecture notes, all lectures_2016.pdf

Students also viewed