EXSC 310 – FALL 2022
Chapters 8, 11 & 12
Exam 2 – Dr. Horton
1. An increase in heart rate that occurs in anticipation of competition is due to
a) an increase in stimulation of sympathetic nervous system
b) an increase in stimulation of paraympathetic nervous system
c) a decrease in stimulation of sympathetic nervous system
d) release of acetylcholine
2. Cardiorespiratory endurance training results in which of the following heart rate
adaptation(s)?
a) a decreased resting heart rate and a lower steady-state heart rate for the same
absolute workload before training
b) an increased resting heart rate and an increased maximal heart rate
c) a decreased resting heart rate and an unchanged or slightly reduced
maximal heart rate
d) a and c
3. Generally, cardiovascular adaptation can be said to have occurred when
a) the same amount of work can be accomplished in less time
b) the same amount of work can be accomplished with less physiological
disruption
c) more total work can be completed
d) All of these are correct.
4. At near-maximal and maximal exercise intensities, __________ is a major determinant
of cardiorespiratory endurance capacity.
a) stroke volume
b) vital capacity
c) heart rate
d) ventilation expired
5. Most research suggests that maximal stroke volume is attained at
a) 75 to 80% VO2max
b) 70 to 80% VO2max
c) 40 to 60% VO2max
d) 30 to 40% VO2max
6. Echocardiography can be used to view and measure or monitor which of the
following?
a) thickness of the heart walls
b) action of the heart valves
c) size of the heart chamber
d) all of these
e) none of these
7. During a graded exercise test, you would expect to see systolic blood pressure
__________ while diastolic blood pressure __________.
a) rise linearly; changes very little
b) rise, then plateau; rises linearly
c) change very little; rises linearly
d) rise linearly; rises linearly
8. The Valsalva maneuver is a forced exhalation against a closed glottis. This action may
cause
a) reduced venous return
b) increased pressure in the chest cavity
c) dizziness and fainting
d) All of these are correct.
9. An athlete started taking long cycling rides and bought a heart rate watch to monitor
HR. She noticed after about 40 minutes of riding at a steady pace that HR gradually
increased without increasing the work output. What is causing the cardiovascular drift
since cardiac output is unchanged?
a) decreased SV
b) decreased HR
c) decreased SBP
d) decreased double product
10. Cardiorespiratory endurance training will cause which of the following changes?
a) a decrease in plasma volume and an increase in red blood cell volume
b) an increase in plasma volume and an increase in red blood cell volume
c) a decrease in plasma volume and a decrease in red blood cell volume
d) an increase in plasma volume and a decrease in red blood cell volume
11. Cardiorespiratory endurance-trained athletes are able to achieve much higher
maximal cardiac outputs than the average person because of
a) an increased maximal stroke volume and an increased ventricular volume
b) an increased maximal heart rate and a decreased ventricular volume
c) a decreased maximal stroke volume and a decreased ventricular volume
d) a decreased maximal heart rate
12. The heart of a highly trained endurance athlete would be characterized by all of the
following except
a) increased end-diastolic volume
b) increased thickness of left ventricular wall
c) increased maximal heart rate
d) increased ejection fraction
13. Hyperventilation
a) is an increase in ventilation in excess of that needed for exercise metabolism
b) often occurs in anticipation of exercise
c) often occurs with stress or anxiety
d) All of these are correct.
14. A sudden increase in ventilation that exceeds metabolic demands is referred to as
a) dyspnea
b) hypoventilation
c) hyperventilation
d) alkalosis
15. Respiration
a) does not generally limit performance in healthy individuals
b) can increase only fivefold during exercise
c) is generally not limited in people with asthma during exercise
d) None of these is true.
16. Recovery of blood lactate to resting levels is facilitated by
a) continued low-intensity exercise
b) passive recovery
c) continued exercise at 75%
2maxVO
d) sitting down after exercise so no more lactate is produced
17. Which of the following is the best objective laboratory measure of aerobic power, or
cardiorespiratory endurance?
a) maximal oxygen uptake
b) lactate threshold
c) anaerobic threshold
d) maximal expiratory ventilation
18. The best definition of cardiorespiratory endurance is
a) the maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can generate in a single effort
b) the functional range of motion about a joint
c) the ability to sustain a held maximal force or to continue repeated submaximal
contractions
d) the entire body's ability to sustain prolonged, dynamic exercise using large
muscle groups
19. The Fick equation indicates that the rate of oxygen consumption is equal to
a) heart rate times systolic blood pressure
b) cardiac output times a-vO2 difference
c) Stroke volume times a-vO2 difference
d) Heart rate times arterial oxygen saturation
20. Cardiorespiratory endurance training results in which of the following adaptations?
a) Submaximal endurance capacity increases.
b) More oxygen can be delivered to, and consumed by, active muscles than to
untrained muscles.
c) Heart mass and volume increase with training.
d) All of these are correct.
21. The ______ undergoes the greatest hypertrophy in response to aerobic training.
a) left ventricle
b) right ventricle
c) left atrium
d) right atrium
22. Of the following factors, which is considered the most important contributor to the
improvement in stroke volume with endurance training?
a) increased blood volume
b) increased cardiac contractility
c) increased ejection fraction
d) decreased arterial blood pressure
23. Endurance training results in
a) Decreased left ventricular dimensions
b) increases in resting, submaximal, and maximal stroke volumes
c) increased systemic peripheral resistance
d) lower blood volume
24. What factor(s) affect heart rate recovery time?
a) Exercise in hot environments can prolong heart rate recovery time.
b) Exercise at high altitude can shorten heart rate recovery time.
c) An untrained person has a shortened heart rate recovery time.
d) All of these are correct.
25. Reduced blood viscosity
a) facilitates blood flow through the blood vessels
b) enhances oxygen delivery to the active tissue
c) is due to increases in the fluid portion of blood
d) a, b, and c
e) only a and c
26. Which best describes the changes in the number of red blood cells as a result of
aerobic training?
a) increases slightly
b) decreases substantially
c) decreases slightly
d) does not change
27. In response to aerobic training,
a) type I and type II fibers become larger
b) type I fibers become larger and type II fibers generally do not increase
c) type IIa fibers are called on to perform in a manner expected of type IIx fibers
d) there may be a transition from type I to type II fibers
e) None of these is correct.
28. An adaptation to aerobic training includes
a) an increase in the number of mitochondria
b) an increase in the size of mitochondria
c) an increase in oxidative enzymes
d) All of these are correct.
29. Over years of training, maximal oxygen uptake tends to stabilize. Further
improvements in an endurance athlete's performance (race pace) are most likely due to
a) increased maximal heart rate
b) increased lactate threshold
c) increased breathing capacity
d) All of these are correct.
30. The major limitation of maximal aerobic capacity appears to be
a) oxygen transport to the active muscles
b) the size and number of mitochondria in the muscle cells
c) the oxidative enzyme levels of the cells of the active muscles
d) None of these is correct.
31. In response to heavy cardiorespiratory endurance training, a fully mature individual
will
a) generally attain his or her highest attainable
2maxVO
in 8 to 18 months
b) have steady improvements in
2maxVO
as long as he or she continues training at
an appropriate level
c) not be able to increase
2maxVO
if he or she is older than about 60
d) not be able to achieve further performance improvement after his or her highest
attainable
2maxVO
has been attained
32. Sprint and resistance activities use __________ more than do aerobic activities.
a) type I fibers
b) type IIa fibers
c) type IIx fibers
d) a and c
e) b and c
33. The major value of training bouts that last only a few seconds (sprints) is the
development of
a) muscular strength
b) muscular endurance
c) muscular power
d) aerobic capacity
34. Transfer of heat from a solid object to a solid object is
a) convection
b) evaporation
c) conduction
d) radiation
35. Transfer of heat from air or water currents is
a) convection
b) evaporation
c) conduction
d) radiation
36. What is the primary method for discharging the resting body's heat?
a) convection
b) evaporation
c) conduction
d) radiation
37. The primary avenue of heat loss during exercise is
a) convection
b) evaporation
c) conduction
d) radiation
38. Which of the following environmental conditions would provide the greatest heat
stress?
a) still air and cloudy sky
b) still air and clear sky
c) wind and cloudy sky
d) wind and clear sky
39. Wind increases heat loss from the skin primarily by
a) convection
b) radiation
c) sweating
d) All of these are correct.
40. Which of the following can serve as modes of both heat gain and heat loss from the
body?
a) radiation
b) convection
c) conduction
d) All of these are correct.
41. When air temperature is close to skin temperature, the only available means of
cooling the body is
a) conduction
b) evaporation
c) convection
d) radiation
42. Internal body temperature at rest is regulated at approximately
a) 37 ºC
b) 40 ºC
c) 98.6 ºC
d) 32 ºC
43. The body's heating and cooling mechanisms are activated by the
a) cerebellum
b) thalamus
c) hypothalamus
d) motor cortex
44. Which of the following takes place as a result of the cardiovascular system's
adjustment to exercise in a hot environment?
a) increased heart rate
b) decreased blood pressure
c) shunting of blood to the skin
d) All of these are correct.
45. During heavy exercise in a hot environment, there is competition for blood supply
between the ______________________ and the _____________________.
a) active muscles; skin
b) brain; heart
c) active muscles; brain
d) heart; skin
46. Which of the following changes occur(s) with heat acclimatization?
a) Sweating begins earlier during exercise.
b) Sweat becomes more dilute.
c) Sweating rate during exercise is increased.
d) All of these are correct.
e) None of these is correct.
47. An increase in internal body temperature to a value exceeding 40ºC (104º F),
cessation of active sweating (although sweat may remain on the body), rapid bounding
pulse and respiration, and confusion, disorientation, or unconsciousness are all signs and
symptoms of
a) heat cramps
b) heat exhaustion
c) heatstroke
d) heat prostration
48. High humidity seriously impairs your ability to
a) sweat
b) evaporate sweat
c) radiate heat
d) conduct and convect heat
49. Children have more difficulty in maintaining body temperature in the cold than do
adults because
a) children have less subcutaneous body fat
b) children have less muscle to generate heat through shivering
c) children have a smaller surface-area-to-body-mass ratio
d) All of these contribute to children's greater susceptibility to the cold.
50. Windchill
a) is an index based on the cooling effect of wind, or the cooling power of the
environment
b) represents the temperature of the wind
c) represents the temperature of the air
d) All of these are correct.
51. What is cardiovascular drift? Why might this be a problem with prolonged exercise?
The natural increase of your heart rate during an extended period of
cardiovascular exercise, this can be a problem because a person will feel like they
are expending more energy when they are not which can create a mental block.
52. Define and differentiate between cardiorespiratory endurance and muscular
endurance.
Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of your heart and lungs to fuel
your body with oxygen. Muscular endurance is the ability of your muscles to work
continuously without getting tired.
53. Discuss why cardiorespiratory endurance training might benefit an athlete training for
a nonendurance sport such as golf or baseball.
Increased cardiorespiratory endurance improves oxygen uptake in the
lungs and heart and can help a person sustain physical activity for longer, and can
help in recovery.
54. Define maximal oxygen uptake and describe its significance relative to sport
performance.
Maximal oxygen uptake refers to the maximum amount of oxygen that in
individual can utilize during intense or maximal exercise. Considered the best
indicator of cardiovascular fitness and aerobic endurance.
55. Why is cross-training beneficial to endurance athletes? How does it benefit sprint and
power athletes?
Increase power, add flexibility, and build stability
Fewer Injuries, Faster rehab, greater aerobic fitness, develop flexibility
56. Differentiate between heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. Be sure to
discuss the differences in causes, symptoms, and recommended treatments.
Heat Cramps:
- least serious of three heat illness
- painful cramping
- caused by dehydration
- drink more water and cool down
Heat Exhaustion:
- fatigue, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, fainting, weak, rapid pulse
- caused by severe dehydration from sweating
Heatstroke:
- life threatening
- thermoregulatory mechanism failure
- confusion, disorientation, unconsciousness
- sweating stops
57. What factors should be considered to provide maximal protection when exercising in
the cold?
Temperature, wind, moisture, and duration of exposure.
