FIVE APPROACHES TABLE 2
FIVE APPROACHES TABLE TEMPLATE
RESEARCH
APPROACH DEFINITION BACKGROUND TYPES PROCEDURES USED TO
CONDUCT CHALLENGES
NARRATIVE
Narrative inquiry
involves collecting
stories from
individuals about
their lived and told
experiences, often
collaboratively
constructed with
researchers. These
stories reveal
personal identities
and occur within
specific contexts,
emphasizing
temporality and
contextual details.
Data collection
includes interviews,
observations,
documents, and
visual materials,
while analysis can
focus on themes,
structure, dialogue, or
visual elements.
Rooted in fields such
as literature, history,
anthropology, and
psychology, narrative
inquiry emerged in the
late 20th century as a
way to capture
personal and human
dimensions of
experience.
Ruohotie-Lyhty’s
Biographical studies
Ellis and Muncey
Autoethnography
Denzin and Fabricius
Life history
Plummer, Czarniawska,
Jansick, Beverly,
Chase, Muncey and
Orkin & Newberry
Oral history
1. Data Collection:
Gather stories through
interviews, journals,
letters,
autobiographies, and
field notes.
2. Data Analysis:
Analyze narratives by
identifying themes,
patterns, and
structures within the
stories.
3. Representation: Craft
a narrative that
represents participants'
experiences
authentically, often
including their voices
directly.
Subjectivity in
interpreting stories.
Ensuring the
accuracy and
authenticity of
participants' voices.
Ethical
considerations in
representing
personal stories.
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FIVE APPROACHES TABLE 3
PHENOMEN.
Phenomenology
explores the common
meaning of lived
experiences among
individuals regarding
a specific concept or
phenomenon, such as
grief or professional
growth. Researchers
collect data from a
heterogeneous group
of individuals who
have experienced the
phenomenon and aim
to describe the
universal essence of
their experiences.
This process involves
bracketing personal
biases, conducting
interviews or using
varied data sources,
and analyzing data to
uncover the essence
of the shared
experience.
Phenomenological
studies culminate in a
descriptive passage
that encapsulates
"what" individuals
experienced and
"how" they
experienced it.
Its roots lie in the
philosophical inquiries
of Edmund Husserl
and subsequent
thinkers like
Heidegger, Sartre, and
Merleau-Ponty. This
approach has gained
prominence in
disciplines such as
sociology,
psychology, nursing,
health sciences, and
education. Husserl's
ideas, although
abstract, form the
foundation for
understanding lived
experiences
consciously,
emphasizing the
essence of experiences
over explanations or
analyses.
Phenomenology is
characterized by a
return to traditional
philosophical tasks,
suspending
presuppositions to
explore
consciousness's
intentional nature and
rejecting the subject-
object dichotomy.
1. Hermeneutic
Phenomenology:
Championed by van
Manen, it focuses on
interpreting the "texts"
of life to understand
lived experiences
deeply. Researchers
engage in a dynamic
interplay involving
reflecting on essential
themes, writing
descriptive
interpretations, and
making meaning of the
lived experiences.
2. Transcendental or
Psychological
Phenomenology:
Advocated by
Moustakas, this
approach prioritizes
describing participants'
experiences without
heavy interpretation
from the researcher. It
involves bracketing out
the researcher's biases,
collecting data from
participants, and
analyzing data to
uncover significant
themes and the overall
essence of the
experience.
1. Bracketing: Set aside
preconceptions to
focus purely on
participants'
experiences.
2. Data Collection:
Conduct in-depth
interviews and gather
first-person narratives.
3. Data Analysis:
Identify significant
statements, meaning
units, and themes to
understand the essence
of the experience.
Difficulty in
bracketing one's
biases completely.
Complex and time-
consuming
analysis.
Interpreting deeply
personal and
subjective
experiences.
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FIVE APPROACHES TABLE 4
GROUNDED
THEORY
Grounded theory
research is a
qualitative approach
focused on
developing a theory
to explain a process
or action based on
data from participants
who have
experienced it. The
researcher explores a
process with distinct
steps or phases,
aiming to generate a
general explanation
(theory) through
simultaneous data
collection and
analysis. The process
involves memoing
ideas, comparing data
with emerging
theories, and using
inductive procedures
to develop theoretical
categories, ultimately
forming a cohesive
explanation of the
phenomenon studied.
It was developed in
sociology in 1967 by
Barney Glaser and
Anselm Strauss. They
believed that theories
used in research were
often inappropriate
and advocated for
theories to be
"grounded" in data
from the field. This
approach gained
popularity despite
disagreements
between Glaser and
Strauss, leading to
diverse perspectives
such as constructivist
grounded theory
advocated by Charmaz
and expanded
approaches by Clarke.
Grounded theory has
since become popular
in sociology, nursing,
education,
psychology, and other
social science fields,
offering structured and
interpretive
methodologies for
theory generation
based on empirical
data.
1. Systematic Procedures
(Strauss and Corbin):
This approach focuses
on systematically
developing a theory
that explains a process
or action through
constant comparison of
data. It involves
collecting data through
interviews and
analyzing it using open
coding, axial coding,
and selective coding to
develop a theory with
propositions or
hypotheses.
2. Constructivist
Approach (Charmaz):
This approach
emphasizes a social
constructivist
perspective,
highlighting diverse
local worlds and
multiple realities. It
focuses on
understanding the
complexities of
individuals' views,
values, beliefs, and
assumptions through
flexible guidelines and
theoretical sampling.
1. Data Collection: Use
interviews,
observations, and
documents, often with
simultaneous data
collection and
analysis.
2. Coding: Open coding
to identify concepts,
axial coding to find
relationships between
concepts, and selective
coding to develop core
categories.
3. Theory Development:
Constant comparison
to refine and integrate
categories into a
coherent theory.
Balancing data
collection and
analysis.
Avoiding premature
closure of
categories.
Ensuring theoretical
saturation.
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FIVE APPROACHES TABLE 5
ETHNO.
Ethnographic
research involves
studying the shared
patterns of behavior,
beliefs, and language
within a culture-
sharing group. The
researchers immerse
themselves in the
group's day-to-day
lives through
participant
observation,
interviews, and data
collection from
various sources. The
goal is to develop a
comprehensive
description and
interpretation of the
group's culture and
social organization,
guided by theories
that help understand
their ideas, beliefs,
and actions.
It traces its origins to
early 20th-century
anthropologists like
Boas, Malinowski,
Radcliffe-Brown, and
Mead who studied
"primitive" cultures.
This approach shifted
from traditional
scientific methods by
emphasizing firsthand
data collection and
cultural immersion.
Sociologists like Park,
Dewey, and Mead
later adapted these
methods to study
cultural groups in the
United States.
Ethnography has since
evolved into various
theoretical orientations
and subtypes, leading
to a pluralistic
approach with diverse
perspectives like
structural
functionalism,
symbolic
interactionism, and
postmodernism.
Realist ethnography, as
characterized by Van
Maanen, presents an
objective account in a
third-person narrative,
devoid of personal bias,
focusing on everyday
details and standard
cultural categories. The
researcher remains a
detached observer,
reporting on observed facts
and participants' views
through quotations.
On the other hand, critical
ethnography takes an
advocacy perspective,
addressing power
dynamics, inequality, and
domination in society.
Researchers aim to
empower marginalized
groups, challenge the status
quo, and confront issues of
power, control, and social
injustice through their
research.
1. Fieldwork: Immersive
observation and
participation in the
community or culture
being studied.
2. Data Collection:
Collect data through
participant
observation,
interviews, field notes,
and artifacts.
3. Data Analysis:
Interpret data to
identify cultural
patterns, practices, and
meanings.
Gaining and
maintaining access
to the field.
Researcher bias due
to prolonged
immersion.
Ethical dilemmas
regarding
participant privacy
and consent.
CASE Case study research It has a rich history 1. Single Instrumental Case 1. Case Selection: Defining the
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STUDY
is a qualitative
methodology
focusing on detailed
exploration of one or
more bounded
systems (cases)
within a real-life
context. It involves
in-depth data
collection from
various sources to
develop case
descriptions, identify
themes, and draw
conclusions about the
meaning derived
from the cases
studied.
across various
disciplines, originating
from psychology,
medicine, law, and
political science. It
gained prominence in
social sciences
through influential
works such as
Malinowski's study of
the Trobriand Islands
and LePlay's research
on families. The
University of
Chicago's Department
of Sociology furthered
its development in the
mid-20th century.
Today, researchers
have an excess of texts
and methodologies
available, ranging
from quantitative to
qualitative approaches
like explanatory,
exploratory, and
descriptive case
studies.
Study: Concentrates on an
issue or concern, using one
bounded case to illustrate
it. For example, a study on
campus violence might
select one institution to
understand reactions to
potential violent incidents.
2. Collective or Multiple Case
Study: Focuses on one
issue but selects multiple
cases to illustrate it,
offering different
perspectives. This
approach may involve
comparing several
programs across different
sites or within a single site
to understand variations in
response or outcomes.
3. Intrinsic Case Study:
Centers on the case itself,
often due to its unique or
unusual nature. For
instance, an intrinsic case
study might delve into a
specific program's
evaluation or a student
experiencing difficulties,
providing a detailed
description within its
context.
Identify and define
the case(s) to be
studied.
2. Data Collection: Use
multiple sources such
as interviews,
observations,
documents, and
audiovisual materials.
3. Data Analysis:
Analyze data through
pattern matching,
explanation building,
and cross-case
synthesis (if multiple
cases).
boundaries of the
case.
Managing large
volumes of data.
Ensuring
generalizability
or transferability
of findings.
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