Classical Conditioning: Neutral, Conditioned, and Unconditioned Stimuli and Responses
--Stimuli produce a response
--Unconditioned stimulus: triggers some kind of unconditioned physiological response
--Unconditioned: something done innately and naturally
--Conditioned: something that is learned
--Neutral stimulus: something one can detect with senses but does not produce the reflex tested
--Classical conditioning is established when the neutral stimulus is presented followed a short
time later by the unconditioned stimulus and the presentation of both stimuli is called a trail.
--Pairing the neutral and unconditioned stimuli establishes classical conditioning
--Conditioned stimulus: acquired the ability to a elicit a response that was previously elicited by
the unconditioned stimulus
--Produces a conditioned/learned response to the conditioned stimulus
Classical Conditioning: Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Generalization, Discrimination
--1) Generalization: a tendency for a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a
response similar to the conditioned response
--The more similar the new stimulus to the original conditioned stimulus, the greater the
conditioned response will be
--2) Discrimination: when a human or any other type of animal learns to make a particular
response to some stimuli, not to others
--3) Extinction: when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned
stimulus; therefore, the conditioned stimulus will eventually not produce the conditioned
response
--4) Spontaneous recovery: spontaneous occurrence of the previously conditioned response;
doesn’t persist for very long and usually isn’t quite as strong as it used to be
Operant Conditioning: Shaping
--Operant Conditioning: reinforcements and punishments
--Shaping: successively or gradually reinforcing behaviors that lead up to or approximate the
target behavior
Operant Conditioning: Positive-and-Negative Reinforcement and Punishment
--Operant Conditioning: focuses on the relationship between behavior and consequences and
how those consequences in turn influence the behavior
--Behaviors have consequences
--The two main types of consequences are: reinforcement and punishment
--There are two types of reinforcement and punishment: positive (something is being
added) and negative. (something is being taken away)
--Reinforcement: increases the tendency that the goal before will return again
--Positive reinforcement: something is being added to increase the tendency that the
behavior will occur again
--Negative reinforcement: something is being taken away in order to increase the
tendency that the behavior will occur again
--Punishment: will decrease the tendency that a behavior will occur again
--Positive punishment: something is being added in an effort to decrease a tendency a
behavior will occur again
--Negative punishment: something is being taken away in an effort to decrease a chance a
behavior will occur
--Reciprocal relationship between behavior and consequences
