Evolution; speciation; abiogenesis
Model
Must account
for:
-
, diversity
-
origin of life ( )
-
origin of the
-
o
r
i
g
i
n
o
f
m
a
tte
r
/
e
ne
r
g
y/
un
i
ve
r
s
e
(13-
63)
Creation; kind; heavens
Model
Already accounts for all of these:
-
God made all life to reproduce after its
-
God said "Let there be..." and there was (e.g., formation of sun,
moon, stars, etc...)
-
"The declare the glory of God" Psalm 19:1
-
See Job Chapters
38-41 (13-63)
Matter; atom; Molecules; Energy
Matter and Energy:
-
has mass, and it occupies space.
-
An is the smallest particle of an element with the
properties of that element.
-
consist of two or more atoms bonded together.
-
is the capacity to do work or to make things
happen. (13-63)
Creator; decay; nothing; plasma;
stars Origin of Matter/Energy:
-
Creation Model-- Matter, energy, laws called to exist by a .
Complete, complex, conserved but subject to since the fall.
-
Evolution Model-- Matter, energy, laws came from to form
subatomic particles ( ) and the complex forms of matter (atoms,
molecules,
).
(13-63)
Scientific laws; First; Second
What do we "know" about the universe?"
-
reflect what we know about the universe. It is
something that has been proven true in every area it has been
tested in. There are two laws:
-
law of thermodynamics.
-
law of
thermodynamics. (13-64)
Conservation; Energy; created; fission; constant; spontaneous;
heat
First Law of Thermodynamics:
-
Often referred to as the Law of of Matter and .
-
Matter/Energy can neither be nor destroyed, but it can
be converted into one form or another. E MC^2 is the
equation used to reflect this interconversion of matter and
energy.
For example, you can convert matter into energy; this is a
process called nuclear where you are breaking things apart,
allowing for the potential production of incredible amounts of
power, such as use of uranium for massive explosions.
Additionally, energy can be converted into matter, and this
process is called nuclear .
You cannot get more or less matter or energy when these
interconversions occur. The amount of matter and energy in the
universe is , so the amount of conversion will always remain
the same.
Interestingly, only about 10-15% of fuel products is used to
power a vehicle; the other 85-90% is dissipated as heat.
Unfortunately, this can be observed throughout the universe.
Every time there is a
reaction in which matter is converted
into energy, some of the energy produced dissipates in a form
that is not useful. It is therefore believed (all things being equal)
if the universe is left to itself that it will eventually suffer a
death. Eventually, there will be no more
energy exchange capable because it will all be dissipated to the
lowest, non-useful forms of energy.
(13-64)
Second; disorder; entropy; increases
Law of Thermodynamics:
-
"Everything goes from bad to worse" (Dr. DeWitt's idea of
the Second Law).
-
Every system left to itself goes from order to . Energy
is transformed into less useful forms ( ).
-
In any spontaneous process, entropy (the amount of disorder) .
This law explains why things run out or run
down. (13-64)
Evolutionary; Steady
Theories on Origin of Matter:
-
-State Theory -- Theory no longer accepted by the vast
majority of astrophysicists.
-
Big-Bang
Theory (13-64)
hydrogen; first; beginning; second; initial; clumpy
Both theories are inconsistent with the laws of thermodynamics:
-- Steady state theory is generally ignored now. It explains in order
to
maintain balance that somewhere out in non-observable space
there are
atoms being created out of nothing. This is clearly a
violation of the
law of thermodynamics which says that
matter can neither be created nor destroyed. Hoyle, Bondi, and
Gold developed this theory in
the 50's, but once again, it is
generally ignored because it is inconsistent with the first law of
thermodynamics.
-- Big Bang theory points to a " ." It holds the belief that all
matter was once condensed into a single, infinitely condensed
point, and then for some reason it expanded. However, this
theory runs into issues with the Law of Thermodynamics. To
recap, this law says that a system goes from an ordered to a
disordered state... Where did the order come from? There should
not have been any initial order in the Big-Bang, just a single
point, and then it expands. But what caused all the matter to be
infinitely condensed into a single point, and what caused the
expansion?
-
Thus, Big-Bang Theory has difficulty explaining the initial
ordered state of the universe.
-
Additionally, the Universe is "
." Scientists believed when
they developed this theory that after the expansion all matter
would have homogeneously filled the space of the universe.
This process supposedly
occurred in a fraction of a second.
However, this does not correspond to reality, for the universe is
actually in shells with huge, empty spaces in between. Still
though, where did the order that led to this expansion
come
from, and why did it not expand homogeneously. However, this
theory is based under the assumption that there is no
beginning (it just occurred) and no center of the universe (it
could have began expanding anywhere), yet we are
discovering that there does appear to be a beginning, and
there does seem to be a center to the universe.
(13-64)
expanding; stretched
out Evidence for Big-
Bang:
-
Most popular is natural explanation of the universe. Major
evidence for the Big-Bang theory is evidence that the universe
is .
BUT...
-
An expanded universe is still consistent with biblical creation,
for the
Bible says in at least 17 different verses that God "
" the
heavens. Thus, an expanding universe cannot be used to
decide
between either model because both the Word of God
and the secular
side agree that there is expansion.
(13-64)
Sagan; create; adequate; inadequate; cause
What came before?:
-
suggested skipping a step and assuming the
universe always existed.
-
The universe cannot itself. Matter can neither be created
nor destroyed.
-
Assuming a Creator made the universe is assuming an agent.
-
Assuming the Big Bang created the universe itself is an
agent.
They believe everything came from nothing, but
nothing is not an adequate that
can produce an effect.
(13-65)
1600; Descartes; whirlpool; 1700; Laplace; cloud; Buffon;
comet Origin of the Solar System:
-
's René suggests initial material in the universe
rotated like a . As a result, materials could roll off to
form new planets that spin the way we observe today.
-
Mid 's Kant thought a rotating cloud of gas would
contract in the middle and flatten. This can be compared to
how pizza dough expands and flattens as it is spun around.
-
Later 1700's proposed cooling, shrinking, rotating
would leave rings that would eventually condense to form new
planets.
-
suggested the sun was hit by a and pieces flew off to
form the planets.
(13-65)
Heavy; nova; cloud; dust; solar; gravity; nova; flattened;
planetesimals; same; plane; nebula; sun; wind; lighter; outer;
rocky; giant
Nebula Model (Evolution)
-
elements are produced in stars and then released
through super
explosions. Thus, as stars exploded, they would
spread new particles through the universe, and these
would form the heavier elements.
NASA released segment in the World Book online in an attempt
to explain the formation of our solar system using the nebula
model in the section titled 'Formation of our solar system':
"Many scientists believe that our solar system formed from a
giant, rotating of gas and known as the
nebula. According
to this theory, the solar nebula
began to collapse because of its own
. Some astronomers speculate that a nearby super
(exploding star) triggered the collapse. As the nebula contracted,
it spun faster and into a
disk.
The nebular theory indicates that particles within the flattened
disk then collided and stuck together to form asteroid-sized
objects called .
Some of these planetesimals combined to become the nine large
planets. Other planetesimals formed moons, asteroids, and
comets. The planets and asteroids all revolve around the sun in
the direction, and in more or less the
same , because they originally formed
from this flattened disk.
(NOTE: The idea here is that if you have something rotating, and
then something spins off, and this spun off material condenses
to form a solid mass, this solid mass should be spinning in the
same direction as the rotating disk).
Most of the material in the solar , however, was pulled toward
the center and formed the . According to the theory, the
pressure at the center became great enough to trigger the
nuclear reactions that power the sun. Eventually, solar eruptions
occurred, producing a solar
. In the inner solar system, the wind was so powerful that it
swept away most of the elements --
hydrogen and helium. In the outer regions of the solar system,
however, the solar wind was much weaker. As a result, much
more hydrogen and helium remained on the
planets. This
process explains why the inner planets are small,
worlds and the outer planets, except for Pluto, are balls
composed almost entirely of hydrogen and helium."
-
Solar systems form from condensation of gaseous material in a
nebula.
-
Gravity and angular momentum produce spinning disk
with central bulge.
-
Disk material condenses to form
planets. (13-65)
sun; Material; plane; retrograde
Predictions of the Nebula
Hypothesis:
-
It is believed by many that the origin of the universe is related
to this nebula idea; however, if this were true, the should be
spinning quickly like a top. The sun is the center of our solar
system.
-
of planets should be similar since they came from the
same spinning top.
-
Orbits should be in the same .
-
No rotation should be
observed. (13-65)
98; planets; loses; faster; Mercury; Pluto; plane; Venus;
Uranus; 3; retrograde; different; atmospheres; explain;
complete
What do we know now?:
1.
Most ( %) angular momentum is in the (namely Jupiter) and
not the sun. Think of a figure skater. As the skater draws her
arms in, the speed at which she spins increases. Therefore, as
the sun
material, it should gain angular momentum same as the figure
skater when she draws her arms in. As a result, the sun should
be spinning with an angular momentum that is than
anything else.
2.
, , comets, asteroids are not in the same orbital
;
they should be according to this theory, but they are not (they
are all over the place).
3.
, , and of the 12 Jupiter moons have rotation
in which they spin the opposite way that everything else is
spinning.
4.
The outer planets are composed of a material than inner
planets; however, they should be composed of similar materials
if they
came from the same substance.
-
"Of course, there are many more details to this story that we
have not considered. Some of the planets have gaseous and
some do not. some have satellites, like our moon, and some do
not. Some planets rotate in the same direction that the sun does
and some rotate in the opposite direction. Any theory of the
beginning of our solar system must
all of these observations. Many questions remain to be
answered before a explanation can be made." - GENESIS
"Exploring Origins" science module www.nasa.gov
(NOTE: This is the polite way of saying we have no idea
why these observations are so because if our idea is
right, that should not be happening)
(13-65-66)
Creation; individually
Model:
-
Each celestial body was created and therefore they do not
need to be similar in content, orbital plane, or rotation. God may
have done it this way to confound any secular explanation (just
like creating sun, moon, and stars on day four).
(13-66)
part; angular momentum; same; nickle; iron; gravity; isotope;
collide; Mars; preclude; lunar
Origin of the Moon:
1.
It formed as part of the and separated, settling into its orbit
later. However,
(the speed at which something rotates
around its axis) of the moon and the earth is the , meaning
that the moon only ever shows one side to the earth. In fact, it
was not until man invented rockets that anyone had ever even
seen the other side of the moon. Additionally, the moon lacks
/
core like the Earth, making it unlikely that it branched from the
earth.
2.
It formed somewhere else and was captured by the earth's ;
however, the moon has the same oxygen ratios as the earth,
but Mars and other planets do not, so where did it come from.
Additionally, if
it was captured by the earth's gravitational pull, why didn't it
with the earth? .
3.
Some suggest -sized body collided with the early earth to
create the moon; however, some models suggest such an
impact would
liquid water on earth (in other words, it
would boil all the water off the planet).
-
Earth is the only planet in the solar system with solar and
eclipse
s. (13-
66)
naturalistic; scientific
Conclusion:
-
No good explanation for the origin of the solar system
exists.
-
No experiments ( method) can be done to prove it
anyway. (13-66)
Fossil record
What is one of the most significant areas in the creation/evolution
controversy.
(15-69)
rapidly; stone; heavier; Casts; Imprints; Amber; Petrification
Fossils: evidence that organism lived in the past:
Types of fossils -
-
Preserved body parts - this can occur if the body or body
parts are buried
. Over time, atoms that make up the bone
are replaced and
become . As a result, weight becomes
one of the main factors when distinguishing between fossilized
bone and regular bone. Fossils are much
than regular
bone due to the fact that their atoms have
been replaced by
stone.
-
/
M
o
l
d
s
(
e
xte
r
na
l
s
ha
p
e
)
-
(footprints, tunnels)
-
(insects trapped in sap)
-
- the process by which a organism (e.g., plants or animal
bones)
is converted to stone.
Yes, there is even fossil dung and fossil
vomit!
(15-69)
burial; 99.9; solidification
Formation of Fossils
Requires:
-
Rapid of the organisms. An organism is subject to decay;
this is
why it must be buried rapidly in order to prevent this process from
occurring.
-
Rapid covering of the organism by sediments.
%
of all
fossils are found in sedimentary rock. Sediment can harden in
a period of hours or
days (just look at cement); it does not take
long periods of time for these
layers to form as commonly described by evolutionists.
-
Rapid is required because organisms must escape
destruction and decomposition.
(15-69)
Lithification; water; calcium
Formation of Sedimentary rock:
1.
Erosion and deposition in layers.
2.
: sediment changed into rock
-
Cementing agents (CaC03 - calcium carbonate)
-
C
o
mp
r
e
ss
i
o
n
/
co
mp
a
cti
o
n.
Sedimentary rock layers form under where erosion and
deposition of layers can occur. They start out soft, and then they
harden due to solidifying (or cementing) agents such as
carbonate. The sediment
is then compressed and compacted, producing the sedimentary
layers that we see among rock formations. This process by
which sediment changes into rock is called lithification.
(15-70)
Gradual; transitional; different;
older Fossil Record Predictions
(Evolution):
1.
sequence from simple to complex organisms.
2.
Lots of forms should be present. To go from organisms
with an exoskeleton to organisms with and exoskeleton requires
a lot of transitional forms (same thing with water to terrestrial
animals).
3.
Living species should be significantly than their fossil
ancestors.
4.
Modern species should not be found in rocks than
rocks containing supposed ancestors (a.k.a. you can't live
before your grandparents).
(15-70)
sudden; complex; kinds; same; extinct; extinct; zones;
history Fossil Record Predictions (Creation):
1.
If God made all of creation in 6 days, then there should be a
appearance of organisms with no transitional forms.
Given, animals that came off the ark may be different than the
ones we see today; however, this would be because of
variation and adaptation within the same
.
2.
Organisms remain essentially the from the time
they were created to present or become .
3.
Fossilized modern species could be found in rock containing
species because they were all made at the same time (in 6
days).
4.
Different combinations of fossil species in different strata
indicate ecological not evolutionary .
(15-70)
1700; sedimentary; Catastrophism; Uniformitarianism; scriptural;
infancy History of Evolutionary Thought Regarding geology:
-
U
nti
l
mi
d
to
l
a
te
's
co
mmo
n
b
e
l
i
e
f
w
a
s
tha
t
r
o
ck
s
/
f
o
ss
i
l
s
we
r
e
all deposited in Noah's flood (Note: not even this is
necessarily true because things have occurred since the Flood
that could have resulted in development of more sedimentary
rock layers).
-
- A number of rapid, violent, major events that radically
shaped the planet very quickly. The reason this theory was
developed is because
as scientists observed the fossil record it
looked as though some sort of
catastrophe took place. However,
the theory of catastrophism holds that
such events occurred
numerous times. Christians that tried to combine this theory
with Creationism believed that God had made multiple
judgments on the earth, creating, destroying, and then creating
life all
over again numerous times. However, there is no
evidence for such catastrophes other than the Flood.
-
- "the present is the key to the past." Individuals that
held this
theory true believed that things (or geographical
changes) happened slowly over a long period of time.
-
Both of these unbiblical views were challenged by Geologists.
They said that both of these views ignored scripture, that geology
is still in its , and that
it's a mistake to ignore scripture and attempt other types of
explanations.
(15-70)
Cuvier; geologic; repopulated; Scripture
Catastrophism:
-
and others believed a series of catastrophes was
supposedly responsible for formations.
-
He thought God supernaturally the earth after each
catastrophe.
-
Did not take a straightforward approach to
.
(15-71)
past; Lyell; changing;
end Uniformitarianism:
-
Only processes currently taking place can be used to describe
events. In other words, they look at the rate at which current
processes are taking place and assume that those rates have
always been the same. Therefore, to go from something like a
stalactite or stalagmite that lengthens a thousandth of an inch
every 20-100-500 years, the amount of time it would take for one
of these formations to reach a length of several feet would take
quite a long time. However, the danger of this hypothesis is that
one must assume the rate of change is ever constant forever and
always... But what if the rate has not always been constant?
-
U
ni
f
o
r
mi
ta
r
i
a
ni
s
m
wa
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
b
y
J
a
me
s
H
utto
n
(
a
l
a
wye
r
)
a
nd
popularized by Charles (author of Principles of Geology - the
book Darwin had on the H.M.S Beagle).
-
First theory to suggest that the earth was very old.
-
This hypothesis viewed earth and the universe as continuously
with no beginning and no . This differs from scripture that
teaches there is a beginning, and there will be an end.
(15-71)
day; 6; death; polystrate; extinct; infancy
Scriptural Geologists:
Groups who objected to old earth compromises --
-
Some Christians had compromised by accepting the Gap or
age Creation/Evolutionary theories, but this scriptural group of
geologists set out to debunk these false theories using
theological and geological objection.
Theological objections --
-
They claimed that old earth geologists were ignoring Genesis
-9 (Noah's flood). An old earth postulates long ages of
violence and
before the fall (sin) of Adam and Eve.
Geological objections --
-
These geologists demonstrated that the deposition of
sediments was rapid.
-
They also explained fossils, which simply means "many
s
tr
a
ta
/
l
aye
r
s
."
T
he
s
e
g
e
o
l
o
g
i
s
ts
f
o
und
who
l
e
f
o
r
e
s
t
s
o
f
t
r
ee
s
tha
t
extended through layers and layers of sediment rock that were
supposed to have taken millions of years to develop. But if they
took millions of years to form, how could they preserve whole
forests, much less a single tree. The plants would have decayed
long before the first sedimentary layer could have solidified. We
have visually observed multiple sedimentary layers lithify over a
section of forest in a matter of days after the eruption of Mount
Saint Helens. Tree trunks spanned through multiple layers; this
didn't take millions of years.
-
These geologists also discovered some fossil human remains
that were
found with
animals of a supposed earlier
geologic age.
-
The field of geology was really in its as far as what they
were beginning to discover.
(15-71)
soft
Some Strata are Tightly Folded:
-
Some strata contain bends that had to have developed while
the sediment was still . Additionally, these bends would have
to maintain their folded position at the time of hardening.
Thus, the only
way these folds could have occurred, apparently, is if the soft
sediment lithified rapidly; otherwise, the rock would break or crack
as the solidified layers were folding (hence: rock breaks when
bent). But, there are no breaks or cracks in these folds. In fact, the
very existence of these strata formations should demonstrate that
they did not form over millions of years but instead formed very
rapidly.
(15-71)
strata; rapid;
slow Polystrate
Fossils:
-
Some fossils exist through more than one , but this cannot be,
for they should have decayed long before multiple layers could
lithify over them.
-
Example: fossilized or petrified trees which cross strata that are
supposedly millions of years old. This is evidence of deposition
not
deposition. (15-
72)
Smith; Succession; date;
age; Other Players:
-
William came up with the Principle of Biologic . This
principle basically states that fossils increase in complexity
with time, and that fossils can be used to identify (or )
strata around the globe. In other words, he believed one could
look at fossils, and if the fossils extended through multiple
layers of strata, then he assumed those layers of strata had to
be the same .
-
Charles Darwin developed the theory of natural selection
(origin of species through time) in the 1850s, which provided a
mechanism for how organisms could gradually change over
time via natural selection and mutation.
(15-72)
strata; text;
horizontally Biologic
Succession:
-
According to Smith's Principle of Biologic Succession, different
types of organisms are found in different types of . However,
if you look at how evolutionists have aged these organisms, the
biology does not match up. For example, in the theory of
evolution, evolutionists believe organisms evolved simple to
complex, yet they have dated grass as being more complex
than fish because fossilized fish appear before grass in the fossil
record. But, fish are clearly more complex than grass with eyes,
a nervous system, etc... An alternate view of why fish appear
before grass in the fossil record could be that each couple of
layers of strata represent an ecological zones. Thus, you would
find fish in the water; amphibian where water and land come
together; with reptiles, birds, and mammals in terrestrial areas
above where water meets the
shore.
-
Increasing complexity occurs more recently in geologic time
(not really). The perfect fossil record where organisms are
supposedly observed evolving from simple to complex only exist
in books. They do not appear naturally in a
single column anywhere in the world. If they did, the column
would extend miles high into the air. Instead, evolutionists look to
create their simple to complex vertical columns which are
observed in text books.
(15-72)
Sudden; Few; Gradual;
Abundant Fossil Predictions:
Creation model
-
appearance in the fossil record fully formed.
-
transitional forms.
Evolution model
-
from simple to complex.
-
transitional
forms. (15-72)
...
Gradual or Sudden Appearance?:
-
"Oldest" rocks containing abundant fossils are from the
Cambrian period (c.550 mya).
-
The Cambrian Explosion is "Evolution's Big Bang."
-
There is a sudden appearance of a wide variety of living
things in the Cambrian layers with no apparent ancestors in
the rock layers below that. Evolutionists say that this is
because the rock layers below the Cambrian layers were not
particularly good at fossilizing organism.
However, since then, fossilized embryos have been discovered
in the rock layers below the Cambrian layers. If these layers can
fossilize something as fragile as an embryo, then they should
not have had any trouble fossilizing any other types of
organism, namely the missing transitional organisms that are
supposed to be there.
-
Time Magazine: "New discoveries show that life as we know it
began in
an amazing biological frenzy that changed the planet
almost overnight."
(15-72-73)
543 - 510
Cambrian Fossils
- million years ago
-
Marella
-
Anomalocaris
-
Eldonia
-
Halucagenia
Where are the ancestors? There are none. They appear suddenly
fully
formed.
-
Over 90% of paleontologist have never seen the originals of
these fossils; they have only looked at casts. In the early 20th
century, they had a World's Fair in Chicago. For this fair, they
decided that they were going take these casts and build special
boxes to put the originals in, so that they could be displayed for
the first time to the public. However, the casts were so different
from the originals that they did not even fit in the boxes.. .... . ..
...... . .
(15-73)
overwhelming; scientific; Microevolution;
Vestiges What is the evidence for evolution?:
-
Evolutionists often claim "evidence is
"
-
Only "
" evidence can be used.
-
Three main lines of evidence:
1.
(slight variations within a particular kind) -
Similarities of animals lead evolutionists to say common
ancestor; we say common designer.
2.
Fossil Record
3.
and mistakes - all of these have been eliminated.
There was once a list that included 100 different vestiges of
organisms that were considered mistakes by God (or simply
unnecessary products left over by evolution), but it has since
then been discovered that every single one of these vestiges
listed do in fact have a function.
(16-75)
...
Macroevolution: Large Changes:
Below are statements made by Stephen
J.
Gould in an
interview;
however, it is important to understand that what he
says in an interview
(which is often opinion based) is not always
necessarily what he writes because what he writes has to be
based on scientific evidence.
-
The only evidence he says they have of macroevolution can
only be "observed" in the fossil record, not anywhere else can
it be "observed."
-
Evolution of mammals from reptiles.
-
Evolution of Whales - "beautifully documented."
-
Human evolution - "beautifully documented" that
begins with Australopithecine.
-
What is the
evidence? (16-75)
amphibians; Gould; reptiles; Anapsids; Synapsids; same time; jaw;
no Reptile to Mammal Evolution:
-
In order to evolve from reptiles to mammals, you have to
make a link betweenand reptiles; however, evolutionists
cannot even make
this connection. even admits to this in his statement below.
-
"No fossil amphibian seems clearly ancestral to the lineage
of fully terrestrial vertebrates (reptiles, birds, and
mammals)." - Stephen
J.
Gould, Natural History 100:25
Thus, it is impossible to make the link from to birds or mammals
in terms of the fossil record because no ancestral amphibians
exist in the lineage.
-
- A reptile of a group characterized by the lack of
temporal openings in the skull, including the turtles and
their relatives.
-
- A reptile with one temporal opening on each side of the
skull.
-
Anapsids are supposedly the most primitive subclass of
reptiles, the ancestral stock from which Synapsida and
Diapsida evolved; however, they appear at the
in the
fossil record. Thus, one does not appear before the other;
therefore, it cannot be claimed that one evolved from the other.
All of this disconnect occurs within the reptilian species itself.
-
Some specimens are known only by teeth and fragments.
They do not have the rest of the head or any other part of that
organism.
-
Therefore, there is fossil evidence for the origin of modern
mammals, including: monotremes (e.g., duck billed platypus),
marsupials (e.g., koala bears and kangaroos), placentals (e.g.,
humans). (16-75)
whales; incomplete
Evolution of Whales:
-
Evolution of Whales? Evolutionists believe that terrestrial
organism came from the ocean, and then for some reason,
and porpoises went back into the water. Evolutionists believe
whales specifically came from a cow like animal based on an
skeletal structure they have found.
(16-76)
contemporaries; ancestral; fragmentary
Whale Evolution:
-
Many of the alleged intermediates of whales appear only as .
In other words, many of the supposed intermediates that have
been discovered lived at the same time as whales (the very
organism they supposedly evolved into). And so, none of them is
clearly intermediate or
to the whales.
-
Some are based on very
evidence.
(16-76)
Pakicetus; whales; Gingerich;
tapir; Evidence for Whale
Evolution?:
-
"In time and in its morphology, is perfectly
intermediate, a missing link between earlier land mammals
and later, full-fledged
." Phil , "the Whales of Tethys," Natural History, April
1994, p. 86.
Pakicetus - 7 years later (2001) (it was discovered what it really
was):
-
Pakicetus are, "terrestrial mammals, no more amphibious than a
." Based on fossil evidenced discussed by J.G.M.
Thewissen, E.M. Williams, L.J. Roe, and S.T. Hussain, "Skeletons
of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to
artiodactyls," Nature, 413 (20 Sept.
2001), 277-81.
(16-76)
Australopithecine; cranial
"Human Evolution is Beautifully Documented"
Human Evolution?:
-
Actual size comparison between early human and
australopithecine.
-
ha
d
"
1
/
3
to
1
/
4
o
ur
c
a
p
a
ci
t
y
."
I
wo
nd
e
r
why
?
B
e
c
a
us
e
the
y
were 1/3 to 1/4 our size in stature; they are just smaller
homo sapiens.
In reality, the documentation of human evolution; "It doesn't
work very well."
(16-76)
panda
Role of the giant 's 'pseudo-thumb':
"The way in which the giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, uses
the radial sesamoid bone — its 'pseudo-thumb' — for grasping
makes it one of the most extraordinary manipulation systems in
mammalian evolution. The bone has been reported to function as
an active manipulator, enabling the panda to grasp bamboo
stems between the bone and the opposing palm. We have used
computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and
related techniques to analyse a panda hand. The three-
dimensional images we obtained indicate that the radial
sesamoid bone cannot move independently of its articulated
bones, as has been suggested, but rather acts as part of a
functional unit of manipulation. The radial sesamoid bone and
the accessory carpal bone form a double pincer-like apparatus in
the medial and lateral sides of the hand, respectively, enabling
the panda to manipulate objects with great dexterity." - Nature
397, 309-310 (28 January 1999) by Hideki Endo, Daishiro
Yamagiwa, Yoshihiro Hayashi, Hiroshi Koie, Yoshiki Yamaya &
Junpei Kimura
(16-76)
gradualism; Stasis; same; directionless; sudden appearance;
fully "The history of most fossil species includes two features
particularly inconsistent with (standard evolution).
-
: Most species exhibit no directional change during their
tenure on earth. They appear in the fossil record looking much
the as when they disappear; morphological change is usually
limited and
(as in doesn't lead from simple to complex as previous
hypothesized by Darwin).
-
: In any local area, a species does not arise
gradually by the steady transformation of its ancestors; it
appears all at once and
'
formed.'" - Harvard Professor, Stephen
J.
Gould, Ph.D.
The last statement of Sudden appearance fits Creation not
Evolution. (16-77)
Living; Crocodiles; Sharks;
Ginko
" Fossils"
Some organisms remain unchanged through "millions of years
of evolution" including:
-
-
Horse-shoe crabs
-
-
Coelocanth
-
biloba (plant supposedly good for memory)
-
Bats
(16-
77)
enormous; against
Darwin vs. Gaps in the Fossil Record:
-
As Darwin himself pointed out in his book, The origin of Species:
"...[T]he number of intermediate varieties, which have formerly
existed on the earth, [must] be truly . Why then is not every
geological formation and every stratum full of such intermediate
links? Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely graded
organic chain; and this, perhaps, is the most obvious and gravest
objection which can be urged
my
theory." (16-77)
points; Solid; speciation;
presumed A key to
evolutionary diagrams:
-
Evolutionary diagrams usually include a change in two different
forms.
-
Branch
indicate a new species.
-
lines indicate divergence and within kinds.
-
Dashed lines indicate evidence is but no proof for
intermediates between different kinds.
(16-77)
...
Evolution of Vertebrates:
-
Amphibians present in "lower" layers
-
Birds present "upper" layers
-
Transitional
forms? (16-78)
armored; Chondrichthys; Osteichthys;
base Fish - Many different "Kinds":
-
Placoderms - extinct fish
-
- cartilaginous fish (e.g., sharks and rays, etc...)
-
- bony fish (most modern fish e.g., trout and flounder, etc...)
Note: In evolutionary diagrams, there are no intermediates
between any of the major groups of bony fish or cartilaginous
fish, nor are their any intermediates that connect the two
(Chondrichthys and Osteichthys) at
the .
(16-78)
Four; Amphibians; fish
Tetrapods - -limbed vertebrates:
-
are supposed to have evolved from fish.
-
What do the fossils show us? They show us that there are
no connections between amphibians and
; they are all
presumed.
(16-78)
dinosaurs; bird;
claws Reptiles and
Birds:
Archaeopteryx -
-
Supposed intermediate (transitional form) between and birds
-
Has feathers
-
Has teeth
-
Has claw on wing
-
Leading Italian ornithologisto says that this is a .
-
Other mosaic birds include Pseudodontorns and Hesperornis
which had teeth and claws, but they are not intermediates.
-
Fossil birds had teeth.
-
A few modern birds have
.
(16-78)
amphibians; fish; eyes; bones; neck; 18
Tiktaalik roseae is the most recent discovery that is supposed to
demonstrate the link between fish and .
Discovered on the east coast of Greenland, "What we found in
the rock was clearly a , but it had a long flat head with
its on top like a crocodile, a
beautiful shoulder, a beautiful elbow and a beautiful wrist,"
Shubin said in an interview. At the ends of the fins were
suggestive of developing
fingers, and at the base of the fossils' heads were bones that
appeared to be the forerunners of a flexible .
(
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:
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Thus, when you look closely at it, one might suggest that these
bones in the fin are on its way to becoming an arm. However,
there are other
organisms that display the same type of bone
structure within their fins, but they are still fish beginning to end.
For example, the crocodile fish (Cymbacephalus beauforti) has
eyes on the top of its head with fins that
it uses to scoot along
the sea floor (cannot find a site that displays its
skeletal
structure to say that it has bones in its fins). Also, the walking
shark (or Epaulette shark) is a type of fish that walks on its fins
on the
bottom of the ocean. However, they are not on their way
to becoming something else; they are fish (once again, cannot
find any research that
says Epaulette shark has bones that
extend into their fins).
Additionally, more recent discoveries of fossilized terrestrial foot
prints, dating " million" years ago, demonstrate amphibious
movement. This fossilization of amphibious motion, according to
its location in the fossil record, long predates the time in which
Tiktaalik roseae would have existed. As a result, Tiktaalik roseae
cannot be an intermediate between amphibians and fish if
amphibians already existed.
(16-78)
Cenozoic; post
Fossil Record of Mammals:
-
Many different types of mammals throughout the rock record.
-
More modern groups first appear in rocks of " " age.
-
These fossils of mammals that appear during the "Cenozoic"
age may represent -Flood recolonization in terms of Creation.
Fossil Record of Mammals:
-
Once again, even within the mammals, all intermediates are
displayed with dotted lines, indicating there is no actual data to
support their existence.
(16-79)
Gould; orchard
Evolutionary History is Missing!:
-
"The extreme rarity of transitional forms in the fossil record
persists as the trade secret of paleontology. The evolutionary trees
that adorn our textbooks have data only at the tips and nodes of
their branches; the rest is inference, however reasonable, not the
evidence of fossils." - Dr. Stephen J. , Harvard Professor
Without the dotted, transitional lines, evolutionary diagrams look
more
like the creationist model than anything
else. (16-79)
transition; platypus;
mammilian Are there
transitional forms?:
-
Depends on what one means by "transitional."
-
An animal can be intermediate in form between two organisms,
without being a genealogical between them. For example, the
duck-billed
(reptiles, birds, and mammals). The duck-billed platypus is
the only mammal that might be used to demonstrate a
intermediate because the transitional forms it appears to
demonstrate do not exist between any major group in the fossil
record.
(16-79)
within; between
Are there transition forms?:
-
There are genealogical transitions each created kind, but not
the created kinds.
-
For example, there must have been transitions linking wolves
and dogs, or lions and tigers. But, there are no transitions
between the dog and cat kinds.
(16-79)
purported; suddenly
Are there transitional forms?
-
Overall, there are very few genealogical transitions in the
fossil record.
-
Most groups make their first appearance in the fossil record ,
and with no clear ancestral group.
(16-79)
Dependent; independent; Tree
Which model fits the data
best?:
-
Evolution:
Common ancestors
origins going from the first cell to the groups that we see
today.
-
Creation:
Common Creator
Multiple origins for each created kind.
-
Current data for the fossil record shows that there is no
of Life,
it
looks like the Creationist Orchard without the presumptive,
transitional line.
(16-80)
absence; equilibrium; stasis; fossile
Evolution's answer:
-
Dr. Gould developed the only theory that is based on the of
scientific data.
-
It relies on punctuated .
-
He says there were long periods of (no change) followed by
short, rapid periods of change. In fact, these changes were so
rapid that it wasn't even caught in the record.
-
Diversification and Decimation model was proposed by
Stephen J. Gould and Niles Eldridge in the mid-70's.
-
However, if it is taking place too slowly to observe today, and
took place to rapidly to observe in the fossil record in the past,
then who has seen evolution at all?
(16-80)
Decimation; connect
Diversification and model created by Gould:
-
Gould critiqued the cone shaped fossil tree diagram; however,
there is still no fossil data where the branches at the basis.
(16-80)
accountable; redeemed;
heart There is a Creator!:
-
If there is a Creator then there is someone to whom we are .
-
Go
d
ha
s
cr
e
a
te
d
a
nd
u
s
th
r
o
ug
h
J
e
s
u
s
C
hr
i
s
t.
-
Evolution vs. Creation is a problem. If evolution is true, then
man has no one to hold him accountable for his actions. Man can
do whatever he wants without fear of accountability.
(16-80)
How old is the earth? How can we know for sure?
...
Biblical Basis
Genealogies are the
key. Old Testament:
Genesis 4, 5, 10, 11
Exodus 6:14-20
Ruth 4:13-22
I Chronicles 1:1-8:44
New Testament:
Matthew 1:1-17
Luke 3:23-38
Genealogies are the key.
Gen. 5 and 11 appear
complete Sequential and
additive
What is the age?
Use patriarch ages to calculate
Bishop Ussher: 4004 BC
Pretty close, give or
take
What about the
Days?
Six days of creation, one day of
rest Gen 1:1-2:3
Hebrew word for day is
.
Yom
Can have different
meanings.
Rotational day
(24 hours)
Daytime Time in life (in Noah's day...)
always indicates a rotational day (24
hours)
Evening and
Morning "Yom"
with a number (first, second, twelve) always means that number
of days Gen. 1:1-2:3 is ;
non-fictional; written as a historical narrative.
Exodus 20:11
confirms 7 normal
days Historical
accounts
Historical accounts, eye witness testimony only goes back about a
few
thousand years
Records of ancient civilizations
If this is true, why do some scientists say the earth is millions
of years old?
Types of Geological Dating
...
Relative Dating
older/younger compared to something
else No numerical dates
Mostly fossils and rock
positions "Absolute" Dating
Gi
ve
s
a
g
e
s
i
n
tho
us
a
nd
s
/
mi
ll
i
o
ns
o
f
yea
r
s
Uses decay of radioactive materials Ex: Carbon-14,
Uranium So how are rocks dated?
The geologic timescale was established based on patterns of
fossils in stacked rock assemblages.
Relative Dating
Placing rocks in sequence
...
Basic rules: Original horizontality
Superposition
Cross-cutting relationships,
etc. Index Fossils
Are widespread fossils with short durations in the rock record.
They define particular time periods (ex.: Cambrian) Usually
marine invertebrates, plankton, or pollen. They are not dependent
upon "bottom conditions" Sandy vs. muddy ocean floor
Fossil Dating Assumptions:
Fossils are organisms that existed for a certain period of
time.
The duration of a fossil in the rock record
approximates the time if
existed on the planet.
Therefore, this assumption requires that not all fossil organisms
existed
at the same time
Geologic time scale (according to old-Earth assumptions)
The names and ordering of geological ages are based on
fossils (relative dating). Dates were assigned later from
radiometric techniques ("absolute" ages)
Radioactive Isotopes
Amount of parent (ex: 14C) decreases exponentially the amount
of daughter (ex: 14N) increases exponentially
a half-life is the length of time for 1/2 of a radioactive element to
decay The 14C System
14C formed in upper
atmosphere Solar rays
convert 14N into 14C
14C incorporated into food chain through photosynthesis in
plants.
Plants consumed by animals, fungi, bacteria
When an organism dies, it stops taking in
.
14C
14C then decays into 14N (half-life: 5,730 years)
Ratio of 12C to 14C is used to determine the "age" of the
object. Wood, Charcoal
Shell
s
Bone
Limitations to 14C dating
Does not give million-year
ages Contamination
Steady-state production of 14C in
atmosphere
Competing Models: 14C
...
Young-Earth + Flood Model
Original 14C values less than present? Earth's magnetic field
may have been stronger before the flood
Depletion of 14C during Flood
"Resets" the atmospheric 14C reservoir Gives artificially
old ages for post-Flood objects
Old-Earth Model
Steady state of 14C over
time
Ratios
=
Ages
Bible never
consulted An
Interesting Test...
•
D
r
.
A
nd
r
e
w
S
ne
ll
i
ng
s
a
mp
l
e
d
p
e
tr
i
fi
e
d
w
oo
d
f
r
o
m
J
u
r
a
ss
i
c
r
o
ck
s
i
n
England
•
Rocks dated at 189 million years by other methods
•
No 14C should be left
•
But the wood still has 14C!!!
•
14C "date" was about 23,000 years
•
Consistent with young-Earth
predictions. Conclusion
Radioactive dating is strong evidence for an ancient Earth ONLY IF
we neglect the Bible's account of creation, fall, and flood.
With the Bible guiding our science, we make predictions others
cannot (14C in "ancient" rocks).
Creation scientists can do good work that remains consistent
with God's revealed Word.
Noah and the Flood
Our views of Noah's ark and the Flood are influenced by our
experiences with images and ideas What did the ark look like?
How long was the flood?
FLOOD FACTS
Hebrew word is " " (only used in OT for this event)
Greek word (used in NT) is "
" Both indicate far more
than just
"flood"
The Flood's Totality: OT
"I am going to bring floodwaters on the earth to destroy life
under the heavens, creature that has the breath of life in it.
Everything on earth will perish. Genesis 6:17
"The waters rose and increased greatly on the earth, and the ark
floated on the surface of the water. They rose greatly on the earth,
and all the high mountains under the whole heavens were
covered. The waters rose
and covered the mountains to a depth
of more than twenty feet.
-Genesis 7:18-20
The Flood's Totality: NT
•
"God waited patiently in the days of Noah while the ark was
being built. In it only a few people, eight in all, were saved
through water;" -I Pet. 3:20
•
"...long ago by God's word the heavens existed and the earth
was formed out of water and by water. By these waters also the
world of that time was deluged and destroyed. By the same word
the present heavens and earth are reserved for fire, being kept
for the day of judgement of ungodly men. -II Pet. 3:5-7
The Flood's Totality
•
Both OT and NT authors argue that all people, except Noah
and his family, were killed during the flood.
•
The Flood is directly compared with Christ's return, and his
judgment of all people.
•
The Flood's destruction was universal for humanity, and
global in scope.
A Choice to Make: Geology and the Flood
...
The geologic record (including fossils) is a record of
either: Recent creation and the Flood or...
Billions of years of life on
Earth Tectonics and the
Flood
...
Two questions for any model of the Flood:
Where did the water come
from?
Where did it go?
The Flood is essentially a
geological
/
tectonic event.
It is tectonic movements that will answer the two
questions. Plate Tectonics
The lithosphere is a group of mobile units (plates) composed of
some of the upper mantle, and capped by oceanic and/or
continental crust.
Patterns and Tectonics
Certain Earth features indicate that the continents have not
always been in their present location:
Continents seem to
together fit
Matching chains across the Atlantic
Ocean Mountain
Similar across the Atlantic
Ocean Fossils
Matching geologic units across
.
Oceans
Locations of and
.
earthquakes and volcanoes.
Additional discoveries about the ocean floor indicated that the
ocean floor has moved over time.
Extremely long, volcanic mountain chains (called ocean
ridges) Magnetic reversals recorded in ocean crust.
It appears that the ocean floor is younger near the ridges, and
older further away.
The Created World Was Different
Prior to the flood, the existing continents were in different
locations Prior to the Flood, the world had little tectonic
activity:
No ocean ridges
No plate movements
No massive mountain chains (e.g., the
Himalayas) Little or no earthquakes or
volcanoes Catastrophic Plate Tectonics (CPT)
First proposed by creationist geologists in Austin et al. in
1994 Envisions rapid continental "sprint" during the Flood
The Flood began with the onset of
.
subduction
The pre-Flood ocean crust began to sink into the mantle near its
border with the continents.
As the ocean crust sank, it cracked near its center, allowing new
magma to rise up from the mantle, creating an ocean ridge
The sinking of the old ocean crust created a runaway feedback;
continents moved at several miles per hour.
Water sources for the Flood
...
Genesis 7 lists 2 sources of Flood water:
•
Fountains of the great deep
•
Windows of heaven
Both of these were caused by the ocean ridges, themselves
made during the Flood.
How to Flood the World in 4 Awful Steps
...
During CPT, the water from the oceans moved over the
continents in four ways:
•
Geysers at the ocean ridges vaporize water, which
condenses to form massive rains ("geshem")
•
Subduction of ocean crust "drags" the continents
downward (lets ocean water cover more of the continents)
•
The new ocean crust is warmer and lighter than the old ocean
crust, effectively elevating the ocean floor (more water forced
on continents)
•
Ocean water is warmed during the flood, and expands
(same amount of water takes up more space)
Stopping the Catastrophe
...
After 150 days,
"God remembered Noah"
As the old, pre-Flood crust is replaced, the new, warmer ocean
crust
Slows down subduction
Less subduction means
less volcanics at ocean ridges, slowing the geysers Less friction
on continents, allowing them to "bounce back" upward
of ocean water and new ocean crust pulls Flood
waters back into the oceans, off of the continents.
Cooling
CPT Answers the Questions
...
Where did water for the Flood come
from? The Oceans
Where did it go when the Flood
ended? Back to the oceans.
Successful Predictions of CPT
...
Two important predictions now
confirmed Extremely rapid magnetic
reversals.
Existence of cold material (pre-Flood ocean crust) in the deep
mantle.
T
he
J
ud
g
e
d
W
o
r
l
d
I
s
Different
Because of the Flood, none of the continents are in the
Same place (even "Pangaea" was a mid-Flood
configuration) Because of the Flood, new mountain ranges,
like the
and
, now
exist Rockies and
Himalayas
Because of the Flood, geological disasters are
Common
We are constantly reminded of the judgment of God on
humanity, and our own for even "natural" disasters
Responsibility
Evidence that organisms lived in
the past Fossils
Types of fossils:
Preserved body
parts
Ca
s
t
s
/
M
o
l
d
s
Imprints
Amber
Petrificatio
n
Formation of Fossils Requires:
•
Rapid burial of organisms,
•
Rapid deposition of sediments
is required, because organisms must escape
destruction and decomposition.
Rapid burial
Sedimentary rock is formed by:
Erosion and deposition in
layers and Lithification
Sediment changing into rock
Lithification
Predictions of the fossil records (evolution):
Gradual sequence from simple to complex organisms, Transitional
forms should be abundant, Living species significantly different
than fossil ancestors, Modern species should not be found in rocks
older than rocks containing supposed ancestors
Predictions of the fossil records (creation):
Sudden appearance of complex organisms with no transitional
forms, Organisms remain essentially the same to present or
become extinct, Fossilized modern species could be found in rock
containing extinct species, Different combinations of fossil
species in different strata indicate ecological zones not
evolutionary history
rapid, violent, major events that could radically shape the planet
very quickly
Catastrophism
The present is the key to the
past Uniformitarianism
Believed that a series of catastrophes were supposedly
responsible for geologic formations. He also thought that God
supernaturally
repopulated the earth after every catastrophe, and did not take a
straightforward approach to scripture
Cuvier
First theory to suggest that the earth was very old
Uniformitarianism
Viewed Earth and universe as continuously changing with no
beginning and no end
Uniformitarianism
Only processes observed today can be used to describe past
events Uniformitarianism
Group who objected to old earth
compromises Scriptural Geologists
Old earth geologists ignored what Bible
verse? Genesis 6-9
What was in Genesis
6-9? Noah's Flood
What are the geological objections to old earth geology?
Deposition of sediments was rapid, polystrate fossils, some fossil
human remains were found with extinct animals. Geology was in
its infancy.
Fossils that exist through more than one
strata Polystrate Fossils
Example of a polystrate fossil:
Fossilized or petrified trees which cross
strata William Smith
Principle of Biological
Succession Principle of
Biological Succession
Fossils increase in complexity with time and fossils could be used
to identify (date) strata around the globe
Charles Darwin
Theory of Natural Selection ( origin of species through
time) Biological Succession
Different types of organisms are found in different types of
strata "Oldest" rocks containing abundant fossils are from
the
period. Cambrian
The Cambrian Explosion is
Evolutions...
Big Bang
Three mains lines of evidence for evolution:
Microevolution,
Fossil Record,
Vestiges and
Mistakes Large
changes
Macroevolution
Only observed in the fossil record
Macroevolution
Reptile to Mammal Evolution
Anapsids and alleged evolutionary descendants (synapsids)
appear at the same time.
Some specimens are only known by and
fragments Teeth
and Jaw
No fossil evidence for origin of
Modern
Mammals
Monotremes
Marsupials
Placentals
Means "the whale from
Pakistan" Pakicetus
The history of most fossil species includes two features
particularly inconsistent with .
Gradualism
Most species exhibit no directional change during their tenure on
earth. They appear in the fossil record looking much the same as
when they disappear; morphological change is usually limited and
directional.
Stasis
In any local area, a species does not arise gradually by the
steady transformation of its ancestors; it appears once and
"fully formed" Sudden appearance
According to evolutionists, some organisms remain unchanged
through "millions of years of evolution":
Crocodiles, Horse-shoe crab, sharks, coelocanth, Ginko Bilboa
(tree) Evolution of Vertebrates
Amphibians present in "lower"
layers birds present "upper"
layers
Extinct armored
fish Placoderms
Sharks and
rays
Chondrichthys
Bony fish (most modern
fish) Osteichthys
Four-limbed
vertebrates
Tetrapods
Supposed intermediate between dinosaurs and birds. Has fathers,
has teeth, has claws on its wings. IS A BIRD.
Achaeopteryx
Fossil Record of Mammals
•
Many different types of mammals throughout the rock record.
•
More modern groups first appear in rocks of "Cenozoic".
•
May represent post-Flood recolonization.
An animal can be intermediate in form between two organisms
without being a between them.
Genealogical transition
There are genealogical transitions within each created kind, but
not
the created
kinds Between
Overall, there are purported genealogical
transitions in the fossil record.
very few
Most groups make their first appearance in the fossil record
suddenly, and with no clear .
ancestral group
Long periods of stasis. Short periods of rapid change.
Punctuated Equilibrium
correlating fossils and strata, it covers the relationships of
sedimentary rocks
stratigraphy
According to this idea, the organisms the lived during different
time period were unique
Principle of biological succession
we should expect to find progression of fossils of increasing
complexity and we should find transitional
Evolution framework
The Evolution model must account for:
-
speciation, diversity
-
origin of life
-
origin of the solar system
-
o
r
i
g
i
n
o
f
m
a
tte
r
/
e
ne
r
g
y/
un
i
ve
r
s
e
abiogenesis
origin of life
The creation model already accounts for:
-
speciation, diversity = God made all life to reproduce after its
kind
-
origin of life = God said, "Let there be..." and there it was
-
origin of the solar system
=
"The heavens declare the glory of
God"
-
o
r
i
g
i
n
o
f
m
a
tte
r
/
e
ne
r
g
y/
un
i
ve
r
s
e
=
J
o
b
38
-
41
Matter has , occupies
.
space, space
T/F: An atom is the smallest particle of an element with the
properties of the element.
True
Molecules consist of two or more bonded
together. atoms
is the capacity to do work.
Energy
(Origin of Matter/Energy) Creation Model:
matter/energy/laws came from a Creator... Complete, complex,
conserved, but subject to decay bc of the fall.
(Origin of Matter/Energy) Evolution Model:
matter/energy/laws came from nothing to form subatomic
particles (plasma) and the complex forms of matter (atoms,
molecules, stars) What do we "know" about the universe?
scientific laws, such as the 1st and 2nd Laws of
Thermodynamics 1st Law of Thermodynamics
conservation of matter/energy; matter/energy can neither be
created nor destroyed, but can be converted from one form to
another.
2nd Law of Thermondynamics
"Everything goes from bad to worse"; Every system left to itself
goes from order to disorder; energy is transformed into less
useful forms (entropy); Spontaneous entropy increases
2
Evolutionary Theories on Origin of Matter that are inconsistent
with the laws of thermodynamics
1. Steady-State (1st law), 2. Big-Bang (difficulty with initial ordered
state; the Universe is "clumpy")
Evidence for the Big Bang
most popular explanation; expanding Universe
T/F: An expanded universe is inconsistent with biblical creation.
False
Carl Sagan suggested that skipping a step and assuming the
universe has always as an explanation of what came before the
Big Bang. Existed
T/F: The Universe can created
itself. False
Assuming a Creator is assuming an agent; assuming the
Big Bang is assuming an agent.
Adequate, inadequate
1600s
suggested initial material in universe rotated
like a whirlpool.
Rene Descartes
Mid 1700s thought a rotating cloud of gas would contract
in the middle and flatten.
Kant
Late 1700s proposed cooling, shrinking, rotating cloud
would leave rings that would eventually become planets.
Laplace
suggested the sun was hit by a comet and pieces flew off
to form the planets.
Buffon
Nebula
Model
Heavy elements produced in stars and released through
super nova Solar systems form from of gaseous material
in a nebula. Condensation
and
produce spinning disk with central
bulge.
The disk material condenses to form planets. [Nebula
Model] Gravity, angular momentum
Predictions of the Nebula Hypothesis
sun should be spinning quickly, material of planets should be
similar; orbits in same plane; no retrograde rotation
What do we know now that contradicts the Nebula Model?
98% of angular momentum is in the planets; Mercury, Pluto,
comets,
a
s
te
r
o
i
d
s
a
r
e
no
t
i
n
o
r
b
i
ta
l
p
l
a
ne
;
V
e
n
us
,
U
r
a
nu
s
,
a
nd
3
/
12
o
f
J
up
i
ta
r
's
moons have retrograde rotation.
The Creation definition of the Nebula Model
each celestial body was individually created and therefore they do
not need to be similar in content, orbital plane, or rotation.
Theories of the Origin of the Moon
part of the Earth and separated (prob: angular momentum, the
moon lacks iron/nickel); formed somewhere else and was
captured (Prob: similar O isotope ratios), Mars-sized body collided
with the early earth (prob: such an impact could preclude liquid
water on earth)
T/F: Earth is the only planet in the solar system with solar
and lunar eclipses.
True
T/F: There is no good naturalistic explanation for the origin of the
solar system.
True
The origin of the universe is a question and thus beyond
the reach of science.
Historical, empirical
Special Theory of Relativity...aka the Twin Paradox
the passage of time is observer dependent, or relative to the
observer's speed. There is no absolute reference frame from
which we can measure absolute velocity, position, or time.
General Theory of Relativity
space-time is not flat, but curved...gravity affects time
Copernican Principle:
the earth is not stationary at the center of the universe, but
instead revolves around the sun.
3
Key Bases of Modern Cosmology:
1. No preferred location within the Universe. Copernican Principle,
2. Speed of light is constant. No absolute reference frame for
time, 3. Gravity is the distortion of space-time and can slow time.
2 Assumptions of the Big Bang:
1. Red shifts of galaxies mean the universe is expanding. 2.
The cosmological principle/there is no preferred location in
the universe. 2 Evidences of the Big Bang:
1. Cosmic Background Radiation. 2. Elemental
abundances. Fossils:
evidence that organisms lived in the
past Types of fossils:
p
r
e
s
e
r
ve
d
b
o
d
y
p
a
r
ts
,
ca
s
ts
/
mo
l
d
s
(
e
xte
r
na
l
s
h
a
p
e
)
,
i
mp
r
i
nts
(
f
oo
tp
r
i
nts
,
tunnels), amber (insects trapped in sap), petrification
T/F: There is fossil
dung. True
Formation of fossils requires rapid of organisms and rapid
of
sediments. Burial,
deposition
T/F: Rapid burial is required because organisms must escape
destruction and decomposition.
True
Formation of Sedimentary rock
1. Erosion and deposition in layers. 2. Lithification: sediment
changed into rock (CaCO3 - calcium carbonate, limestone,
co
mp
r
e
ss
i
o
n
/
co
mp
a
cti
o
n)
Fossil Record Predictions—Evolution
1. Gradual sequence from simple to complex, 2. Transitional
forms should be abundant, 3. Living species sig. different that
fossil ancestors,
4. Modern species should NOT be found in rocks older than rocks
contatining supposed ancestors.
Fossil Record Predictions—Creation
1.
Sudden appearance of complex organisms with few transitional
forms,
2.
Organisms remain essentially the same to present or become
extinct,
3.
Fossilized modern species could be found in rock contatining
extinct species, 4. Different combinations of fossil species in
different strata indicate ecological zones not evolutionary
history.
Until the mid-late-1700s, common belief was that
sedimentary
r
o
ck
s
/
f
o
ss
i
l
s
we
r
e
a
ll
d
e
p
o
s
i
te
d
i
n
.
Noah's flood
Catastrophis
m
rapid, violent, major events could radically shape the planet
very quickly; Cuvier (not a creationist)
Uniformitarianism
"the present is the key to the past"; only processes observed
today can
b
e
us
e
d
to
d
e
s
cr
i
b
e
p
a
s
t
e
ve
nt
s
;
J
a
me
s
H
utt
o
n
a
nd
Cha
r
l
e
s
L
ye
ll
;
fi
r
s
t
theory used to suggest super old earth; viewed
earth and universe as continually changing with no beginning or
end
T/F: Biblical views were challenged by the Spiritual
Geologists. False
Scriptural Geologists
objected old earth (including Gap and Day-Age); theological and
geological objections
Scriptural Geologists' Theological objections
old earth ignores Gen 6-9 (Noah's flood); old earth postulates
long ages of violence and death
Scriptural Geologists' Geological objections
deposition of sediments was rapid; polystrate fossils; fossil
human remains were found with extinct animals of a supposed
earlier geologic age; geology was in its infancy
Polystrate fossils
s
o
m
e
f
o
ss
i
l
s
e
xi
s
t
th
r
o
ug
h
mo
r
e
tha
n
one
s
tr
a
ta
;
e
x.
F
o
ss
i
l
i
ze
d
/
p
e
t
r
i
fi
e
d
trees which cross strata
William Smith: Principle of
: fossils increase in
complexity with time and fossils could be used to identify
(date) strata around the globe.
Biologic Succession
Charles Darwin: Theory of
: Origin of species
through time
Natural Selection
Fossil Predictions: Creation VS Evolution
Creation—sudden appearance, fully formed, few transitional forms;
Evolution—gradual progression, simple to complex, a lot of
transitional forms
"Oldest" rocks containing abundant fossils are from the
period. Cambrian
Cambrian Explosion
sudden appearance of a wide variety of living things with no
apparent
ancestors
What is the evidence for evolution?
Microevolution (similarities), fossil record, vestiges and
mistakes Macroevolution can only be "observed" in the
.
Fossil record
What is the evidence of Macroevolution?
Reptile to mammal evolution
Problems with macro- fossil record
anapsids and descendants, synapsids, appear at the same time;
some specimens are known only by teeth and jaw fragments
There is no fossil evidence for origin of modern mammals:
monotremes (platypus), marsupials (koala), placentals
(hippos) T/F: The evolution of whales is actually beautifully
documented. False
Many alleged intermediates of whales appear only as
.
Contemporaries
Whale evolution
Pakicetus -> Aetiocetus -> Beluga Whale
Why might the human ancestor, Australopithecines have a
cranial capacity 1/3 - ¼ our own?
Maybe it's an ape, beloved!
[Stephen J. Gould said] The history of most fossil species includes
2 features particularly inconsistent with gradualism:
1.
Stasis (no directional change during time on earth, appear in
fossil
r
eco
r
d
much
l
i
k
e
whe
n
the
y
d
i
s
a
pp
e
a
r
,
ch
a
ng
e
i
s
l
i
mi
te
d
/
d
i
r
e
ct
i
o
n
l
e
ss
)
;
2.
Sudden appearance (a species does not arise gradually,
but all at once and 'fully formed')
Some organisms who have remained unchanged through
"millions of years of evolution" are:
crocodiles, horse-shoe crabs, sharks, coelacanth, ginko bilboa
(tree) T/F: The fossil record is worse today than it was in
Darwin's day.
True (and it wasn't too great in his day either, which he
recognized in
The Origin of Species
Different kinds of fish
placoderms (extinct armored fish); chondrichthys (sharks and
rays); Osteichthys (bony fish...most modern fish)
Tetrapods
four-limbed
vertebrates
Archaeopteryx
supposed intermediate between dinos and birds...has feathers,
teeth, claw on wings. THIS IS A BIRD.
T/F: An animal can be intermediate in form between 2 organisms
without being a genealogical transition between them.
True. (ex. Duck-billed platypus = reptile +
mammal)
Are there transitional forms?
Sure, but few. They are found within each kind, not between
different kinds. (dog/wolf, lion/tiger
=
okay ... dog/cat
=
BAD)
Most groups make their first appearance in the fossil record ,
and with no clear group.
suddenly, ancestral
Punctuated
equilibrium
long periods of stasis (no change), short periods of rapid
change; proposed by -Stephen J. Gould and Niles Eldridge
(1973-74 ish)
...
evolutions answer to the fossil record lack
of transitional forms
T/F: There is data for the fossil tree diagram to show where the
branches connect.
False
trace fossils
footprints, tunnels, and tracks left by
animals amber
insects and other organisms trapped in tree
resin Body fossils
the mineralization of the hard parts of an organism (bone, shell,
teeth). and occasionally plants and soft bodied organisms too.
imprints
impressions from bones or other types of
tissue coprolite
fossilized dung
.
