691 Ch 1 Etiological Models
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Sputnik -Catching up in tech
Virginia the first state for licensure
18025-50 temperance as abstinence movement; starting of self help groups
Volstead Act 1919 -The National Prohibition Act; police were paid in many
circumstances
The use of opium was first restricted in California during the latter part of
the 19th century when it became associated with Chinese immigrant
workers. Marijuana was legal until the 1930s when it became pejoratively
associated by white society with Mexican immigrants. LSD, legal in the
1950s, was illegal in 1967 when it became associated with the
counterculture.
Until 1903, believe it or not, cocaine was an ingredient in some soft drinks.
Heroin was even used in the 19th century as a non addicting treatment for
morphine addiction and alcoholism.
1970 Controlled Substance Act (Center for Substance Abuse Prevention,
1993), under which drugs are classified
As noted by Rigg and Murphy (2013), the incidence of prescription
painkiller abuse increased by more than 400%, from 628,000 initiates in
1990 to 2.7 million in 2000.
Policy changes These alternatives could include refocusing our primary emphasis from
attacking drugs to shrinking the black market through a targeted policy of
legalization for adults and differentiating between problem users (who
should be offered help) and nonproblem users (who should be left alone).
We could shift from a policy of punishing and marginalizing problem users
to one of harm reduction and reintegration into society and shifting from a
mandatory treatment policy to one of voluntary treatment. Abstention need
not be the only acceptable treatment outcome because many (but not all)
problem users can become occasional, nonproblematic users.
Models for Impact - Substance use and abuse has been linked to a variety of societal
Explaining the issues and problems (crime and violence, violence against women, child
Etiology of abuse, difficulties with mental health, risks during pregnancy, sexual risk-
Addictiontaking, fatal injury, etc.)
The moral belief that addicts were to be held morally responsible for their behavior and
modelthe appropriate response was to penalize the addict through scorn,
isolation, disenfranchisement, or incarceration
Discredited by those who work in the field
Psychological dependent on the underlying theory. So if either attachment, behaviors,
Modelscognitions, learning processes, or psychic drives are the primary cause of
addiction, then treatment comes from addressing those as mechanisms of
change
Cognitive-Behavioral, Learning, Psychodynamic, and
Personality Theory.
*Readers are referred to Chapter 12 of Slaying the Dragon: The History of
Biological
syndrome
model of
addiction
Multi-causal
mod-
els
Neurological
SUPRACULTU
RAL MODELS
Addiction Treatment and Recovery in America by William L. White (1998)
for a more extensive discussion of psychodynamic models in the context of
the etiology of addiction.
For example, it has been established that adopted children more closely
resemble their biological parents than their adoptive parents when it comes
to their use of alcohol (Dodgen & Shea, 2000; Goodwin, Hill, Powell, &
Viamontes, 1973); alcoholism occurs more frequently in some families than
others (Cotton, 1979); concurrent alcoholism rates are higher in
monozygotic twin pairs than in dizygotic pairs (Kaij, 1960); and children of
alcoholics can be as much as seven times more likely to be addicted than
children whose parents are not alcoholic
inheritance of genetic traits that result in a deficiency of vitamins (probably
the vitamin B complex), which leads to a craving for alcohol as well as the
accompanying cellular or metabolic changes.
- The area of the brain in which addiction occurs is the limbic system or the
emotional part of the brain. The limbic part of the brain refers to an inner
margin of the brain just outside the cerebral ventricles, and the transmitter
dopamine is key in its activity in the limbic system and the development of
addiction.
Interestingly, he categorized these attitudes as favoring (1) abstinence, (2)
ritual use connected with religious practices, (3) convivial drinking in a
social setting, and (4) utilitarian drinking (drinking for personal reasons).
The fourth attitude (utilitarian) in a culture that produces high levels of
tension is the most likely to lead to high levels of alcoholism; the other three
attitudes lessen the probability of high alcoholism rates
A culture that emphasizes upward economic or social mobility will frustrate
individuals who are unable to achieve at such high levels, increasing the
possibility of high alcoholism rates.
In 1974, Bacon theorized that high rates of alcoholism were likely to exist in
cultures that combine a lack of indulgence toward children with demanding
attitudes toward achievement and negative attitudes toward dependent
behavior in adults.
(Shaffer et al., 2004). This model suggests that the current research
pertaining to excessive eating, gambling, sexual behaviors, shopping,
substance use, and so on does not adequately capture the origin, nature,
and processes of addiction.
multiple and interacting antecedents of addiction that can be organized in
at least three primary areas: (1) shared neurobiological antecedents, (2)
shared psychosocial antecedents, and (3) shared experiences and
consequences.
