DSM-5-TR SUMMARIES 2
DSM-5-TR Summaries: Second Assignment
Substance-related and Addictive Disorders
Overview
Substance-related disorders include roughly ten separate classes of drugs. However, the
ten classes are not distinct and one needs to remember that all drugs that are taken excessively
can directly affect the brain and make any drug addictive. The term “substance use disorder” is
used to describe disorders from mild to severe state. Substance-related disorders are put into two
groups that include: substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders.
Disorders
There are several disorders that are included in the substance-related and addictive
disorders of these include:
1. Alcohol use disorder- persistent desire to use alcohol with significant impairment and it
has negative impacts on social, occupational or recreational activities.
2. Cannabis use disorder-significant impairment or distressed when cannabis is taken in
larger amounts than intended or recurrent use resulting in the failure of being able to
fulfill major obligations.
3. Phencyclidine use disorder-pharmaceutical substance is used unnecessarily and causes
major impairment that interfere with daily life.
4. Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder- reexperiencing of one or sometimes more of
the perceptual symptoms that one experienced while intoxicated with hallucinogens.
5. Inhalant use disorder- use of hydrocarbon-based inhalant that leads to impairment or
distress.
6. Opioid use disorder- problematic pattern of using opioids in turn causing one to fail to be
able to maintain their obligations.
7. Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorder-use of sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic
leading to clinically significant impairment.
8. Stimulant use disorder- the use of amphetamines that cause an increase in energy that in
turn leads to distress.
9. Tobacco use disorder- problematic patterns of tobacco use leading to impairment or
distress.
Risk and Prognostic Factors
Alcohol use disorder can be associated with problems similar to those with other
substances. Many experience their first time of alcohol intoxication by their mid-teens and then
DSM-5-TR SUMMARIES 3
the majority of individuals that develop alcohol-related disorders do so by their late 30s. Risk
factors include poverty and discrimination, unemployment and low levels of education, cultural
attitudes on drinking, the availability of alcohol and stress levels. Alcohol use disorder does run
in families with a 40%-60% variance of risk explained by genetics alone. However, men do have
a higher ate of drinking and alcohol use disorder than women do.
DSM-5-TR SUMMARIES 4
Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders
Overview
Disorders include exposure to a traumatic or stressful event. Symptoms can vary
depending on severity or type of trauma an individual experienced. This can cause intrusive
thoughts and extreme fears.
Disorders
1. Reactive attachment disorder- children rarely seek comfort when in distress as they have
learned to be emotionally withdrawn.
2. Disinhibited social engagement disorder- a child can actively approach and interact with
strangers.
3. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)- can include exposure to actual or threatened death,
serious injury or sexual violence.
4. Acute stress disorder- exposure to a traumatic event that can lead to intrusion symptoms.
5. Adjustment disorders- the development of emotional and/or behavioral issues as a
response to a major stressor.
6. Prolonged grief disorder- experiencing grief for an individual who passed away for at
least 12 months after death.
7. Other specified trauma- and Stressor-Related Trauma Disorder- symptoms characteristic
of a trauma and stressor related disorder that causes clinically significant distress and/or
impairment.
8. Unspecified Trauma- and Stressor- Related Disorder- used in situations in which the
clinician chooses not to specify the reasoning that the criteria are not met in the trauma-
or stressor- related disorder
Risk and Prognostic Factors
In Prolonged Grief Disorder risk include an increased risk of dependency on the deceased
prior to death. Grief may manifest in specific cultural ways. Bereaved women are at higher risk
for prolonged grief disorder than men. Symptoms include impairments in work and social life,
harmful health behavior such as substance use. Also, can be associated with risk for serious
medical conditions including but not limited to cardiac disease, immunological deficiency and
reduced quality of life.
DSM-5-TR SUMMARIES 5
Obsessive-compulsive and Related Disorders
Overview
Obsessions are reoccurring and are also persistent thoughts that are experienced as
intrusive, compulsive, and repetitive behaviors in individuals.
Disorders
1. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)- includes the presence of obsessions, compulsions
or even both.
2. Body dysmorphic disorder- obsessed with what is perceived as flaws or defects in
physical appearance.
3. Hoarding disorder- having difficulty parting ways with possessions, regardless of what
their true value may be.
4. Trichotillomania (hair-pulling) disorder- recurrent pulling out of one’s hair thus resulting
in hair loss.
5. Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder- recurrent picking of the skin causing skin lesions.
6. Substance/medication-induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorders- obsession,
compulsion, skin picking, hair pulling, other body-focused repetitive behaviors that are
caused by the result of taking substances or medications.
Risk and Prognostic Factors
Body dysmorphic disorder can be associated with high rates of childhood abuse/neglect
and trauma. This disorder is elevated in first-degree relatives and is an estimated heritability in
37%-49% of adolescent and young adult twins and may even be higher with woman. Body
dysmorphic disorder does not know any cultural boundaries and is reported to be an international
issue. Men and women alike suffer from body dysmorphic disorder, however, men usually have
muscle dysmorphia and are more likely to have comorbid substance use disorder, while woman
are more like to have a comorbid eating disorder.
