DSM-5-TR Summary 2
DSM-5-TR Summary: Fourth Assignment
“All of the following information was taken from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th
Edition, Text Revision (American Psychiatric Association, 2022) unless otherwise noted.”
Neurocognitive Disorders
Overview
Neurocognitive disorders refer to a deterioration in cognitive abilities previously evident
in an individual's performance in a single or multiple cognitive domains. These disorders have
different causes and pathological changes in the brain and act on specific brain areas.
Disorders
Major Neurocognitive disorder is characterized by a decline in cognition that is severe
enough to compromise a person’s ability to carry out instrumental activities of daily living
(American Psychiatric Association, 2022).
Delirium is a cognitive and perceptual disorder characterized by changes in attention and
other aspects of consciousness and clinical onset over a short time.
Major or mild neurocognitive disorder is related to memory impairment due to Alzheimer's
disease, where there is a gradual deterioration and worsening of the affected cognitive
function.
Mild neurocognitive disorder is characterized by impairment, which suggests a cognitive
deterioration that does not interfere with the patient’s functional ability.
Vascular neurocognitive disorder is attributable to cerebrovascular disease.
The frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder is a clinical subtype of an account that is mainly
associated with altered personality and behavior or aphasia. In this case, both major and
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minor neurocognitive disorders with Lewy bodies are characterized by fluctuations in
cognition, visual hallucinations, and Parkinsonism (American Psychiatric Association, 2022).
Substance/medication-induced major or mild neurocognitive disorder is commonly linked to
substance use or toxic/metabolic effects of medication.
Major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury is a condition caused by
direct or indirect force, which may be blunt or penetrating, acting on the head and leading to
impact or movement of the brain in the skull.
Major or minor Neurocognitive disorder due to HIV infection is a condition that affects a
person’s cognition caused by HIV (American Psychiatric Association, 2022).
Major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to Parkinson's disease involves cognitive decline
in the context of established Parkinson's disease.
Major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease has a relation with prion-related
disorders.
Major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to another medical condition is secondary to
another medical condition (American Psychiatric Association, 2022).
Major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to Huntington's disease is associated with
Huntington's disease.
Major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to multiple etiologies implies that the condition
results from more than one etiological process.
Risk and Prognostic Factors
For major neurocognitive disorders due to Alzheimer's disease, risk factors consist of,
family history, advanced age and the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele. Positive or Protective factors are
education level, social and cognitive activity, and physical activity in the household. If early
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vascular risk factors for the knee could be detected and treated, this progression may be slowed.
In the context of the outcomes, this disorder progresses as a rule, and the life expectancy of such
patients ranges from 3 to 10 years after the diagnosis; on average, a reduction in the quality of
life is observed for 8-10 years.
Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
Overview
Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders encompass issues concerning the self-
regulation of feelings and actions. These disorders are defined by acts that harm others or place
the person in considerable conflict with the law or standards of befitting conduct.
Disorders
Intermittent explosive disorder is characterized by affective, non-planned, aggressive
behavioral outbreaks that may imply dysregulation of aggressive impulses.
Antisocial personality disorder (in those aged over 18 years) is characterized by a
persistent disregard for and numerous instances of infringing the rights of others.
Conduct disorder is also characterized by a persistent and repetitive pattern of behavior
that exhibits aggression towards others or dislike of authority figures, as well as violates
other people's rights or organizational norms (American Psychiatric Association, 2022).
Kleptomania involves recurrent failure to resist impulses to steal items not needed for
monetary value or personal use.
Pyromania is characterized by purposeful and deliberate fire-setting on at least two
occasion.
Oppositional defiant disorder is characterized by argumentative/defiant behavior,
angry/irritable mood, or vindictiveness (American Psychiatric Association, 2022).
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Risk and Prognostic Factors
The risk factors for conduct disorder consist of low verbal intelligence, difficult child
temperament, parental rejection, and neglect, inconsistent parenting, physical abuse, and
exposure to violence (American Psychiatric Association, 2022). The childhood-onset type has a
poorer outcome in that there is an increased risk of developing substance use disorders and adult
antisocial behavior. Intervention in the early years, parenting practices, and social skills
development are some ways it can be dealt with.
Feeding and Eating Disorders
Overview
Feeding and eating disorders are defined by persisting abnormal eating patterns, which
cause changes in weight intake or metabolism that impair physical health and psychosocial
development (American Psychiatric Association, 2022). The presence of symptoms such as
restrictive behaviors, binge eating episodes, and compensatory activities characterizes these
disorders.
Disorders
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder involves an eating or feeding disturbance
manifested by persistent failure to meet appropriate nutritional and energy needs
(American Psychiatric Association, 2022).
Pica involves persistent eating of nonnutritive, nonfood substances. Rumination disorder
is characterized by repeated regurgitation of food.
Bulimia nervosa is characterized by the presence of binge eating and other compulsive
behavior.
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Anorexia nervosa is defined by a refusal to maintain a minimally average rate of weight
loss, the person persistently making efforts to reduce their weight, and the individual
exhibiting a persistent fear of gaining weight even when bloated (American Psychiatric
Association, 2022).
Binge eating disorder is described by episodes of eating an excessive amount of foods in
a given period without using insufficient methods of weight control.
Risk and Prognostic Factors
In anorexia nervosa, predisposing factors are genes, perfectionism, anxiety disorders, and
cultural pressure for thinness. It is better when diagnosed early, treated by involving the family
in the case of adolescents, and effective treatment including both physical and psychological
dimensions, mostly in childhood (American Psychiatric Association, 2022). The prognosis of the
long-term outcomes is diverse, with some patients gaining complete recovery, whereas others
have a continuous course and higher chances of mortality than patients in the general population.
