Cultural Background 1
Cultural Background Paper
School of Counseling, Liberty University
Abstract
2
An important aspect of counseling is being self-aware. For a counselor to be self-aware, they
must be aware of their own cultural background and how it can affect their attitudes and beliefs.
This paper will provide information on my German cultural background. In this paper I will
explore how the German culture operates. This will include their views on gender roles, the
importance of education, and how they became known for art. I will also discuss how my
German cultural background is similar and different to my personal upbringing. During this
paper I will discuss the German cultural background on religion and how it relates to my family’s
background. Next, I will discuss how German Americans experienced discrimination and how
they handled it. Lastly, I will provide an exploration on my research and how this knowledge
gained shapes my current views and my views going forward.
Cultural Background Paper
3
An individual’s culture contributes tremendously to their personality and identity
development. Their cultural identity includes gender, race, ethnicity and this can shape their
beliefs, worldviews, interactions, and experiences. Culture identity is defined as the degree in
which an individual identifies themselves belonging to subgroups of different categories or
cultural groups. It is important for individuals to build a clear and complex cultural identity by
engaging in areas such as race, gender, sexual orientation, and ethnicity. This is referred to as
cultural identity development. Lastly, individuals must explore their ethnicity. Ethnicity is the
shared characteristics of their religion, culture, and language in which a group may identify with
(Hays & Erford, 2018). Culture plays a major part in a person’s life and it can influence their
values and worldview. Therefore, it is important for individuals to have a clear understanding of
their own culture and how it plays a role in their personal development. With this being said, I
will be exploring my dominant culture which is German-American.
German-American Heritage
One of the cultures that is predominant in my life is my German heritage. I grew up in the
home of my fraternal grandparents whose ancestors originated from Germany. My grandparents
took care of me beginning at the age of 1. My grandfather and grandmother had a tremendous
impact on who I am today. I was raised in a Christian home and taught that everything I do in life
is for Christ. My grandparents did not teach me about my culture. They never viewed culture nor
race as an important part of life. For this paper I asked my grandmother why culture was not
important to her. Her response was “God created us all to live in his image, therefore it does not
matter where you came from or your culture, the only thing that matters is that you are a child of
God and live for him”. I was always raised to not see color or culture but to see someone’s heart.
Due to the fact that my grandparents never taught me about my culture, it was not until I
was school age that I learned I was not just “white”. I always assumed I was white like my
4
family and friends. I truly believed “white” was a culture and that was the culture I belonged too.
I quickly learned that I was mixed with German and Filipino. I never associated myself with my
Filipino roots due to not knowing anyone from the culture because I was raised with my father’s
family only. I never described myself as “German” once I found out but I do refer to myself as
half Caucasian.
I have always had mixed emotions on my view of the German culture. These different
emotions began when I learned about the holocaust. The learning of these events really made me
feel ashamed of being half German. I began to stereotype the culture as evil people. I never
wanted to associate myself with this culture again. In early television era, Germans were
portrayed as incompetent, evil, mad, or not being represented as an ethnic group at all
(McGoldrick et. al., 2005). Once I learned of the holocaust events in school, I viewed Germans
as evil individuals who did not live for God. At this point I knew I did not want to be put in the
same category as this culture. Many German Americans have felt the same and have blended into
the dominant White culture and have become reluctant to claim or discuss their cultural identity.
Although most German Americans blend into the White culture, the German-American culture is
the oldest and largest immigrant groups in the United States (McGoldrick et. al., 2005).
Gender roles
In the German culture, there is a strict view on the duties that a women and man have.
The gender roles in the culture are very traditional. Women are placed in the primary caregiver
role. The woman is to live their life around the needs of their children, husband, and church
(Grunow et. al., 2018). The women are responsible for all home duties. This includes cooking,
cleaning, child rearing, and all family-related duties. The women in German culture do not work
outside the home (Giulian, 2017). As for men, their duties are very different. Men are in the role
of being the breadwinner (Grunow et. al., 2018). Men hold the responsibilities of working
5
outside the home to provide for their family and the household. Also, men hold the role of being
head of the family. In other words, the man is superior of the family (Giuliano, 2017). Next, men
held the role of disciplining the children. German-American fathers were known for being self-
controlled, stern, and strict. Also, they were known for their corporal punishment. The men were
not available to their children as much as the women are because he is there to provide financial
needs, material needs, and to make the decisions (McGoldrick et. al., 2005).
The German-American culture aligns with my up bringing in many ways. My
grandmother was a homemaker and did not work outside the home. She was responsible for
taking care of the home such as cleaning, cooking, and taking care of my brother and myself. As
a child my grandmother always woke us up for school, fed us all our meals, took us to school,
and came to all of our after school extra activities. My grandfather was a retired veteran but he
also worked. In the German culture, the man never cleaned or cooked. Although my grandfather
never cooked, he did help my grandmother clean. As a child I remember my grandfather taking
out the trash, helping my grandmother clean the kitchen after meals, cutting the grass, taking care
of garden, attending all after school activities with my grandmother, and helping my brother and
I with our homework every day after school. Although my grandfather was the man of the home
and was the breadwinner, as a child I never seen him as superior to my grandmother. Lastly, my
grandfather never used corporal punishment. He did do most of the discipline in our home and at
times could be very strict, but it was in a calm manner. I was raised that the man and women are
a team and are equal.
As for myself today, the German culture aligns with some of my views. I do believe that
the woman should take care of most of the house work such as cleaning and cooking. Although, I
do believe that the man can also do these tasks by helping their wife. Next, I am married to a
military man therefore I do most of the house work, finances, taking care of our daughter,
6
spending time with her, and doing all the discipline. In the German culture this is not something
you see most women doing.
Education
In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Catholic hierarchy only had concerns about the
development of education among the high strata of society. The German culture used academies,
medieval universities, and Latin schools to educate priests for the needs of the church. After
Martin Luther’s Reformation, German schools began to develop. In the beginning, German
schools were used for pastors to provide instructions on faith to children. In the 16th century,
German schools created a new post for schools and it was named junior deacon. This new post
taught children about prayer, writing, reading, catechism, and church singing (The German
System, 2019).
It was not until 1766 when German schools became mandatory for all young people. In
the 18th century, Johann Bernhard Basedow sought out to use school as a time to provide
education to children. At this time, German schools changed for education purposes for all young
people (The German System, 2019). From this point on, the heritage of all German groups in the
New World held a high importance to education. German parents are willing to make sacrifices
to give their children a great education. Due to German-American parents willing to make
sacrifices, in return they expect their children to succeed and work hard in school (McGoldrick
et. al., 2005).
In my immediate family, we view education as an important part of life. My grandfather
never had the opportunity to attend college because he joined the military at the age of 17. My
grandmother also did not attend college because she became a wife and mother. I am the first
person in my family to graduate college and attend graduate school. My grandparents made
sacrifices by continuing to work to provide me with a good education. Growing up I remember
7
my grandparents telling me that no one could take my education from me. They always wanted
me to dream big and chase my dreams. While growing up my grades always came first. When
getting home from school every day, the first thing I would do is grab a snack and sit at the
dining room table with my grandfather to do my homework. As a young child this was my
favorite time of the day. My grandfather made it his duty to make homework fun. Now as I have
grown older, I always think of him to motivate me to be a good student and further my
education.
Art
Art is an important part of the German-American culture. German immigrants migrated
to Pennsylvania where they settled on isolated farm lands. Most of these German natives were
small farmers, peasants, and artisans. German families had to farm for their livelihood in their
new homeland. The farmer-artisans began to do pottery to supplement the family’s income. They
began to use the rich red clay from the ground to create plates and dishes. While the men were
creating dishes for the home, the women were producing the textiles used in their homes. This
included hooked rugs, embroidered rugs, show towels, and towels. Also, the German men would
use wood to build dressers, dower chests, wooden figures, candle boxes, and other boxes to store
many things in (Pennsylvania German Folk art, n.d.).
Before starting my research for the purpose of this paper, I felt that I knew a great deal
about the German-American culture. My research surprised me when I discovered that art had a
major impact on German American culture. I was never aware that German-Americans had a
great impact on American art. I viewed many beautiful art pieces online that are in historical
museums today. This information made me feel closer to my culture background. My best friend
invited me to a pottery class many years ago and I was not thrilled to go. I did not think I would
enjoy it but I tried to be open to the experience. Since that day I have had a love for pottery. I try
8
to join pottery classes in my free time and love giving my work to family members. When I
learned this information, I spoke with my grandmother. She was unaware of the art background
of German-American culture. We spoke about the pottery art pieces that are displayed in
museums today. She said “now I see where your love for pottery comes from”. Also, the
information that the women made rugs and towels reminded me of my grandmother. My
grandmother has always love to sew, knit, and crochet. She would make our rugs, blankets, fix
out clothing, and sometimes make us clothing.
Religion
In German culture there are different religions. The two predominant religions are
Protestant and Catholic. Protestant is a form of Lutheranism and is a branch of Christianity. In
the German culture, Catholics and Protestants share traditional Christian beliefs and behaviors.
This includes giving money to the church, pray every day, fast during holy times, religion is an
important part of a person’s life, believe in God with absolute certainty, try to persuade others to
adopt Christianity, attend religious services at least once a month, and wear or carry religious
symbols (Evans, 2019).
Religion is a very important part of German culture. My family have similar views as the
German culture. I grew up in a Christian home and religion was an important part of my life. I
grew up in a Baptist church and we practiced Christianity. My grandfather was a deacon at our
church; therefore, I was very involved in the church. I attended church every Sunday morning,
Sunday night, and Wednesday nights. I was raised to live in the image of God, and help guide
others to do the same. Growing up my grandparents always taught me to lean on God for
anything. If I had a bad day my grandparents would say “you need to call onto God”. If I was
feeling sad or overwhelmed my grandparents would say “talk to God and he will take it away”. I
was raised to see God as my savior and best friend. The only difference in the German culture
9
and my views is wearing or carrying religious symbols. I believe that my love for God is not
justified by carrying a cross symbol.
Racism/discrimination
Discrimination is defined as any distinction in favor or against a specific group or
individual based on given characteristics such as religion, race, or ethnicity. German-Americans
experienced harassment and discrimination in the early twentieth century. It first began during
the outbreak of World War 1. In the beginning of the war in 1914, Americans were not against
German-Americans. In 1915 a German U-boat sunk the ocean liner RMS Lusitania causing the
death of hundreds of Americans. This event was the start of discrimination towards German-
Americans. German Americans began to be attacked by mobs and forced to buy liberty bonds.
Also, they were forced to show their loyalty to America by kissing the American flag in public
and denouncing the Kaiser. The Kaiser is referred to as the German Empire. Also, many states
banned the use of German books and German language (Fouka, 2019).
German Americans experienced discrimination so badly that they began to hide their
ethnic identity. They did not claim their German culture and wanted to change their names. They
chose their children’s names carefully by not show any association to the German culture. They
also began to change the spellings of their last names to not be detected as German. Lastly,
German associations removed all German affiliations from their titles (Fouka, 2019).
After learning this information, I now understand why many German-Americans refer to
themselves as “white”. As a German American who did not live during this time, I have felt the
same way about the culture. When you mention to others that you are German, many people
associate the culture with the holocaust or World War 1. German Americans referring to
themselves as “white” started from our ancestors who had to experience discrimination. They
were hurt, humiliated, and pushed to abandon their culture. I personally have never experienced
1
0
discrimination, but I also refer to myself as “white”. In the past when I have told someone I was
German the response I received was “oh I bet you can out drink me”. In this moment I felt that I
was stereotyped because of my German roots. I do not drink alcohol and I did not like being
associated with this type of behavior. I believe Germans are viewed as aggressive individuals
who drink alcohol. In America the month of October celebrates German culture, and it is referred
to as Oktoberfest. This event is all about drinking alcohol and eating. I have never taken part in
the celebration of my culture because it does not align with my beliefs.
R
ac
i
a
l/
C
u
lt
u
r
a
li
d
e
n
tit
yd
e
v
e
l
op
m
e
n
t
A
f
t
e
r
v
i
e
w
i
ng
m
y
r
e
s
ea
r
c
hon
m
y
G
e
r
m
a
n
c
u
lt
u
r
a
l
b
ac
kg
r
ound
,
Ir
ea
li
ze
d
c
u
lt
u
r
a
li
d
e
n
tit
y
d
e
v
e
l
op
m
e
n
ti
s
i
m
po
r
t
a
n
t
.
R
ac
i
a
l/
c
u
lt
u
r
a
li
d
e
n
tit
yd
e
v
e
l
op
m
e
n
ti
s
i
m
po
r
t
a
n
t
f
o
r
a
n
i
nd
i
v
i
du
a
lt
o
h
a
v
ea
s
t
r
ong
s
e
n
s
e
o
f
i
d
e
n
tit
y
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
e
s
p
ec
i
a
l
y
t
ho
s
e
o
f
m
i
no
r
it
y
c
u
lt
u
r
a
l
g
r
oup
s
.
I
t
w
ou
l
db
e
b
e
n
e
fi
c
i
a
lt
oh
a
v
ea
s
e
n
s
e
o
f
i
d
e
n
tit
y
w
h
e
nkno
w
i
ng
w
h
e
r
e
you
c
o
m
e
fr
o
m
.
T
h
i
s
h
e
l
p
s
a
n
i
nd
i
v
i
du
a
l
f
e
l
a
s
e
n
s
e
o
f
b
e
l
ong
i
ng
w
h
e
n
a
s
o
c
i
a
ti
ng
t
o
ac
u
lt
u
r
a
l
g
r
oup
t
h
a
t
h
e
y
ca
m
e
fr
o
m
.
I
no
w
b
e
li
e
v
e
t
h
a
tit
w
ou
l
db
e
m
o
r
e
b
e
n
e
fi
c
i
a
lt
ob
e
g
i
n
t
o
e
xp
l
o
r
e
you
r
c
u
lt
u
r
a
li
d
e
n
tit
y
a
t
a
young
a
g
e
.
A
t
a
young
a
g
e
w
e
b
e
g
i
n
t
o
e
xp
l
o
r
e
w
ho
w
ea
r
ea
nd
w
h
e
r
e
w
eca
m
e
fr
o
m
.
F
o
r
m
y
s
e
l
f
,
a
s
a
young
c
h
il
d
I
kn
e
ww
h
a
t
c
u
lt
u
r
a
l
b
ac
kg
r
ound
I
ca
m
e
fr
o
m
,
bu
ti
n
s
t
ea
do
f
l
ea
r
n
i
ng
it
I
s
t
e
r
e
o
t
yp
e
d
m
y
c
u
lt
u
r
a
l
g
r
oup
.
T
h
i
s
ca
u
s
e
d
m
e
t
oh
a
v
ec
on
f
u
s
i
onon
w
ho
I
w
a
s
a
s
I
g
r
e
w
o
l
d
e
r
,
a
ndqu
e
s
ti
on
ho
w
c
ou
l
d
I
c
o
m
e
fr
o
m
ac
u
lt
u
r
a
l
b
ac
kg
r
ound
t
h
a
t
w
a
s
fi
l
e
d
w
it
hho
r
i
b
l
e
p
e
op
l
e
.
A
f
t
e
r
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
i
ng
m
y
c
u
lt
u
r
e
t
h
a
t
I
d
i
s
o
w
n
e
d
a
l
ong
ti
m
ea
go
,
I
ca
n
a
d
m
i
t
h
a
t
Ir
e
g
r
e
tit
.
I
h
a
v
e
l
ea
r
n
e
d
t
h
a
t
m
y
f
a
m
il
y
’
s
c
u
lt
u
r
e
i
s
m
i
s
und
e
r
s
t
ood
a
nd
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
m
u
c
h
m
o
r
e
t
o
t
h
ec
u
lt
u
r
e
.
T
h
i
s
kno
w
l
e
dg
e
I
h
a
v
e
g
a
i
n
e
dh
a
s
i
n
fl
u
e
n
ce
d
m
e
t
o
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
y
r
e
s
ea
r
c
hono
t
h
e
r
c
u
lt
u
r
e
s
w
ho
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
e
d
i
n
a
s
t
e
r
e
o
t
yp
e
v
i
e
w
.
T
h
i
s
h
a
s
t
a
ugh
t
m
e
t
h
a
ti
n
m
y
f
u
t
u
r
ea
s
ac
oun
s
e
l
o
r
,
I
h
a
v
e
t
ob
ea
w
a
r
e
o
f
1
1
c
u
lt
u
r
a
l
b
ac
kg
r
ound
s
.
I
h
a
v
e
t
o
f
o
r
g
e
t
a
l
t
h
e
s
t
e
r
e
o
t
yp
i
ng
c
h
a
r
ac
t
e
r
i
s
ti
c
s
o
f
c
u
lt
u
r
e
s
a
nd
l
ea
r
n
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
s
ec
u
lt
u
r
e
s
b
e
g
a
n
a
nd
w
hy
t
h
e
yh
a
v
e
s
p
ec
i
fi
c
v
i
e
w
s
.
C
u
lt
u
r
a
li
d
e
n
tit
y
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
a
n
i
nd
i
v
i
du
a
l
’
s
a
t
it
ud
e
s
a
ndb
e
li
e
f
s
a
bou
t
h
e
i
r
e
t
hn
i
c
it
y
.
If
a
n
i
nd
i
v
i
du
a
li
s
un
a
w
a
r
e
o
f
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
yb
e
l
ongo
r
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
y
ca
m
e
fr
o
m
it
c
ou
l
db
e
h
a
r
d
t
o
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
i
r
b
e
li
e
f
s
a
nd
a
t
it
ud
e
s
.
F
o
r
m
y
s
e
l
f
,
d
i
s
o
w
n
i
ng
m
y
c
u
lt
u
r
a
l
b
ac
kg
r
ound
,
I
d
i
dno
t
und
e
r
s
t
a
nd
w
h
e
r
e
I
fi
ti
n
.
I
a
l
w
a
y
s
qu
e
s
ti
on
e
d
w
h
a
t
c
u
lt
u
r
e
d
i
d
m
yb
e
li
e
f
s
a
nd
a
t
it
ud
e
s
a
li
gn
w
it
h
.
I
t
ca
u
s
e
d
m
e
t
oh
a
v
ea
h
a
r
d
ti
m
e
w
it
h
m
a
k
i
ng
ac
onn
ec
ti
on
w
it
ho
t
h
e
r
s
w
h
il
e
I
w
a
s
i
n
s
c
hoo
l
.
I
d
i
dno
t
kno
ww
h
a
t
g
r
oup
I
fi
ti
n
w
it
h
.
I
w
a
s
a
m
i
x
e
d
c
h
il
d
w
hod
i
dno
t
w
a
n
t
a
ny
t
h
i
ng
t
odo
w
it
h
m
y
G
e
r
m
a
n
r
oo
t
s
,
bu
t
I
h
a
dno
c
l
u
e
w
h
a
t
m
yo
t
h
e
r
c
u
lt
u
r
e
w
a
s
a
ndho
w
Ir
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
it
.
T
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
h
e
l
p
e
d
m
e
r
ea
li
ze
t
h
a
t
c
u
lt
u
r
a
li
d
e
n
tit
yd
e
v
e
l
op
m
e
n
ti
s
i
m
po
r
t
a
n
ti
nyoung
c
h
il
d
r
e
n
.
T
h
i
s
kno
w
l
e
dg
ec
ou
l
dh
e
l
p
c
h
il
d
r
e
nd
i
s
c
ov
e
r
w
ho
t
h
e
y
a
r
ea
ndho
w
t
h
e
y
ca
n
r
e
l
a
t
e
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
c
u
lt
u
r
e
.
I
ti
s
i
m
po
r
t
a
n
t
f
o
r
m
ea
s
a
f
u
t
u
r
ec
oun
s
e
l
o
r
t
oh
a
v
ea
po
s
iti
v
ea
t
it
ud
e
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
a
l
c
u
lt
u
r
e
s
i
n
c
l
ud
i
ng
m
yo
w
n
.
I
n
m
y
f
u
t
u
r
ea
s
ac
oun
s
e
l
o
r
,
I
c
ou
l
dh
a
v
ea
G
e
r
m
a
n
c
li
e
n
t
a
nd
I
dono
t
w
a
n
t
oh
a
v
e
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
v
i
e
w
s
t
o
ac
u
lt
u
r
e
I
n
e
v
e
r
l
ea
r
n
e
d
a
bou
t
.
I
b
e
li
e
v
e
t
h
a
t
r
ac
i
a
l/
c
u
lt
u
r
a
l
d
e
v
e
l
op
m
e
n
ti
s
i
m
po
r
t
a
n
ti
n
a
l
p
e
op
l
e
b
eca
u
s
e
it
g
i
v
e
s
t
h
e
m
a
s
e
n
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
r
o
w
n
r
ac
i
a
l/
c
u
lt
u
r
a
li
d
e
n
tit
y
,
a
nd
i
n
r
e
t
u
r
n
t
h
e
yh
a
v
ea
r
e
s
p
ec
t
oo
t
h
e
r
s
fr
o
m
a
d
i
ff
e
r
e
n
t
c
u
lt
u
r
e
g
r
oup
.
S
o
c
i
a
l
J
u
s
ti
cea
nd
C
li
e
n
t
A
dvo
cac
y
S
o
c
i
a
lj
u
s
ti
ce
i
s
a
n
i
m
po
r
t
a
n
t
p
a
r
t
o
f
c
oun
s
e
li
ng
.
I
t
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
a
n
a
pp
r
o
ac
h
t
op
r
o
m
o
t
e
hu
m
a
nd
e
v
e
l
op
m
e
n
t
.
A
l
s
o
,
it
a
dd
r
e
s
e
s
c
h
a
l
e
ng
e
s
t
h
a
t
a
n
i
nd
i
v
i
du
a
l
m
a
y
e
xp
e
r
i
e
n
ce
.
A
s
a
f
u
t
u
r
e
c
oun
s
e
l
o
r
,
I
m
u
s
t
und
e
r
s
t
a
nd
t
h
e
i
m
po
r
t
a
n
ce
o
f
b
e
i
ng
c
u
lt
u
r
a
l
y
r
e
s
pon
s
i
v
e
.
T
h
i
s
i
n
c
l
ud
e
s
t
h
e
p
r
ac
ti
ce
o
f
a
dd
r
e
s
i
ng
s
o
c
i
o
c
u
lt
u
r
a
l
a
ndh
i
s
t
o
r
i
ca
l
f
ac
t
o
r
s
i
n
m
y
c
li
e
n
t
’
s
li
f
e
.
A
l
s
o
,
I
m
u
s
t
b
ea
w
a
r
e
1
2
o
f
i
n
e
qu
a
lit
y
t
h
a
t
c
u
lt
u
r
a
l
yd
i
v
e
r
s
e
g
r
oup
s
m
a
y
e
xp
e
r
i
e
n
ce
.
T
h
e
fi
r
s
t
s
t
e
p
i
s
t
ob
e
s
e
l
f-
a
w
a
r
e
o
f
m
yo
w
n
c
u
lt
u
r
e
.
I
a
m
a
fi
r
m
b
e
li
e
v
e
r
t
h
a
t
s
o
c
i
a
lj
u
s
ti
ce
i
s
i
m
po
r
t
a
n
ti
n
a
ndou
t
o
f
c
oun
s
e
li
ng
.
I
b
e
li
e
v
e
w
e
w
e
r
ea
l
c
r
ea
t
e
dby
G
od
a
nd
w
ea
r
ea
l
e
qu
a
l
.
W
ea
s
hu
m
a
nb
e
i
ng
s
d
e
s
e
r
v
ee
qu
a
l
oppo
r
t
un
iti
e
s
,
e
qu
a
l
r
i
gh
t
s
,
a
nd
e
qu
a
lt
r
ea
t
m
e
n
t
.
F
r
o
m
m
y
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
,
I
dono
t
b
e
li
e
v
e
t
h
a
t
G
e
r
m
a
n
A
m
e
r
i
ca
n
s
h
a
v
ea
l
w
a
y
s
b
e
n
t
r
ea
t
e
d
w
it
h
s
o
c
i
a
lj
u
s
ti
ce
.
I
h
a
v
e
b
e
n
f
o
r
t
un
a
t
ee
nough
t
oh
a
v
e
b
e
n
r
a
i
s
e
d
i
n
a
f
a
m
il
y
t
h
a
tt
a
ugh
t
m
e
t
h
a
t
I
a
m
e
qu
a
lt
o
e
v
e
r
yon
ea
r
ound
m
e
.
G
e
r
m
a
n
A
m
e
r
i
ca
n
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
n
v
i
e
w
e
d
a
s
e
v
il
p
e
op
l
ea
nd
w
e
r
e
t
r
ea
t
e
dun
f
a
i
r
l
y
.
T
h
e
y
w
e
r
e
no
tr
ea
t
e
d
w
it
h
s
o
c
i
a
lj
u
s
ti
ce
b
eca
u
s
e
t
h
e
y
c
ou
l
dno
tl
ea
v
e
t
h
e
i
r
ho
m
e
s
w
it
hou
t
b
e
i
ng
a
t
ac
k
e
d
i
f
s
o
m
e
on
e
r
ea
li
ze
d
t
h
e
y
w
e
r
e
G
e
r
m
a
n
.
T
h
e
yd
i
dno
t
r
ece
i
v
e
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
t
r
ea
t
m
e
n
t
a
s
o
t
h
e
r
A
m
e
r
i
ca
n
s
.
T
h
i
s
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
ti
on
I
h
a
v
e
l
ea
r
n
e
dh
a
s
r
e
s
u
lt
e
d
i
n
m
e
t
h
i
nk
i
ng
a
bou
t
o
t
h
e
r
c
u
lt
u
r
e
s
a
ndho
w
t
h
e
ydono
t
h
a
v
ee
qu
a
l
oppo
r
t
un
iti
e
s
a
s
m
y
s
e
l
f
.
A
l
s
o
,
it
m
a
d
e
m
e
r
ea
li
ze
t
h
a
ti
n
G
e
r
m
a
n
c
u
lt
u
r
e
w
o
m
e
n
a
r
e
s
ti
l
no
tr
ea
t
e
d
a
s
e
qu
a
l
s
.
G
r
o
w
i
ngup
I
w
a
s
t
a
ugh
t
h
a
t
w
o
m
e
n
a
nd
m
e
n
a
r
ee
qu
a
l
,
t
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
m
y
G
e
r
m
a
n
c
u
lt
u
r
a
l
b
ac
kg
r
oundd
i
dno
t
r
e
l
a
t
e
t
o
m
e
.
T
h
e
s
e
G
e
r
m
a
n
w
o
m
e
n
a
r
e
e
xp
e
r
i
e
n
c
i
ng
s
e
x
i
s
m
i
n
m
yp
e
r
s
on
a
l
op
i
n
i
on
.
T
h
e
y
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
e
d
t
ob
e
nu
r
t
u
r
i
ng
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
a
nd
t
h
e
i
r
hu
s
b
a
nd
s
a
r
e
s
up
e
r
i
o
r
t
o
t
h
e
m
.
T
h
i
s
ca
n
r
e
s
u
lti
n
t
h
e
n
e
w
g
e
n
e
r
a
ti
ono
f
G
e
r
m
a
n
A
m
e
r
i
ca
n
w
o
m
e
n
t
o
e
xp
e
r
i
e
n
ce
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
li
ze
dopp
r
e
s
i
on
.
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
li
ze
dopp
r
e
s
i
on
i
s
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
opp
r
e
s
e
d
g
r
oup
s
e
s
t
h
e
m
s
e
l
v
e
s
a
s
i
n
e
qu
a
lit
y
t
o
a
no
t
h
e
r
g
r
oup
,
a
nd
t
h
e
yb
e
g
i
n
t
od
e
s
i
r
e
t
ob
e
h
e
l
d
t
o
a
h
i
gh
e
r
v
a
l
u
e
i
n
t
h
e
i
r
o
w
n
c
u
lt
u
r
a
l
g
r
oup
.
A
s
a
f
u
t
u
r
ec
oun
s
e
l
o
r
,
iti
s
i
m
po
r
t
a
n
tt
o
m
e
t
op
r
ac
ti
cec
li
e
n
t
a
dvo
cac
y
.
I
m
a
yh
a
v
ea
f
e
m
a
l
ec
li
e
n
t
w
hodo
e
s
no
t
s
e
t
h
e
m
s
e
l
v
e
s
a
s
e
qu
a
l
.
I
m
u
s
t
b
ea
w
a
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
a
r
i
e
r
s
t
h
a
t
m
y
c
li
e
n
t
i
s
e
xp
e
r
i
e
n
cea
ndho
w
I
ca
nb
ea
n
a
dvo
ca
t
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
.
I
n
t
h
e
A
C
A
c
od
e
o
f
e
t
h
i
c
s
it
s
t
a
t
e
s
,
1
3
“c
oun
s
e
l
o
r
s
h
a
v
ea
n
e
t
h
i
ca
l
ob
li
g
a
ti
on
t
od
i
s
m
a
n
tl
ea
nypo
t
e
n
ti
a
l
ob
s
t
ac
l
e
s
o
r
po
t
e
n
ti
a
l
b
a
r
i
e
r
s
t
h
a
ti
nh
i
b
i
t
h
ec
li
e
n
t
’
s
po
t
e
n
ti
a
l
g
r
o
w
t
h
a
ndpo
s
iti
v
e
d
e
v
e
l
op
m
e
n
t
(
A
C
A
,
2014
)
.
A
f
t
e
r
l
ea
r
n
i
ng
a
bou
t
m
y
G
e
r
m
a
n
c
u
lt
u
r
a
l
b
ac
kg
r
ound
,
I
dono
t
a
g
r
e
w
it
h
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
r
b
e
li
e
f
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
I
a
m
a
w
a
r
e
t
h
a
t
I
w
i
l
h
a
v
e
po
t
e
n
ti
a
l
c
li
e
n
t
s
w
ho
f
e
lt
h
e
s
a
m
e
w
a
y
a
bou
t
h
e
i
r
c
u
lt
u
r
a
l
b
ac
kg
r
ound
.
I
no
w
und
e
r
s
t
a
nd
t
h
a
t
I
w
i
l
b
ea
n
a
dvo
ca
t
e
t
oh
e
l
p
m
y
c
li
e
n
t
r
e
m
ov
ea
nyb
a
r
i
e
r
s
a
nd
t
oh
e
l
p
t
h
e
m
fi
nd
r
e
s
ou
r
ce
s
t
oh
e
l
p
t
h
e
m
do
s
o
.
I
w
i
l
b
e
m
y
c
li
e
n
t
’
s
a
dvo
cac
yno
m
a
t
e
r
t
h
ec
i
r
c
u
m
s
t
a
n
ce
s
.
T
h
i
s
w
ou
l
d
i
n
c
l
ud
e
i
f
m
y
c
li
e
n
t
do
e
s
no
t
a
g
r
e
w
it
h
t
h
e
i
r
c
u
lt
u
r
e
o
r
i
f
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
b
e
i
ng
t
r
ea
t
e
d
i
n
e
qu
a
l
du
e
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
c
u
lt
u
r
e
.
T
h
i
s
r
e
s
ea
r
c
hh
a
s
m
a
d
e
m
e
und
e
r
s
t
a
nd
t
h
a
t
w
eca
nb
e
s
e
l
f-
a
w
a
r
e
o
f
ou
r
c
u
lt
u
r
e
,
bu
t
w
eca
n
a
l
s
od
i
s
a
g
r
e
w
it
h
t
h
e
b
e
li
e
f
s
o
f
ou
r
c
u
lt
u
r
e
.
O
u
r
c
u
lt
u
r
e
do
e
s
no
t
d
e
fi
n
e
w
ho
w
ea
r
e
,
ho
w
e
v
e
r
iti
s
a
p
a
r
t
o
f
w
ho
w
ea
r
e
.
1
4
References
Code of Ethics Resources. (2014). ACA Code of Ethics. https://www.counseling.org/knowledge-
center/ethics/code-of-ethics-resources
Beyers, J. (2017). Religion and culture: Revisiting a close relative. Hervormde Teologiese
Studies, 73(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v73i1.3864
Evans, J. (2019, February 12). Once a majority, Protestants now account for fewer than a third
of Germans. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-
tank/2019/02/12/once-a-majority-protestants-now-account-for-fewer-than-a-third-of-
germans/
F
O
U
K
A
,
V
.
(
2019
)
.
H
o
w
d
o
i
mm
i
g
r
a
n
t
s
r
e
s
p
on
d
t
o
d
i
s
c
r
i
m
i
n
a
t
i
on
?
t
h
e
c
a
s
e
o
f
G
e
r
m
a
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
U
S
d
u
r
i
ng
w
o
r
l
d
w
a
r
I
.
T
he
A
m
e
r
i
c
an
P
o
li
t
i
c
a
l
S
c
i
en
c
e
R
e
v
i
e
w
,
113
(
2
)
,
405
-
4
2
2
2
.
h
t
t
t
p
s
:
/
d
o
i
.
o
r
g
/
10
.
1017
/
S
0
0
0
030
5
5
5
419
0
0
00
0
0
17
Giuliano, P. (2017). Gender: An historical perspective.
Grunow, D., Begall, K., & Buchler, S. (2018). Gender ideologies in Europe: A multidimensional
framework. Journal of Marriage and Family, 80(1), 42-60.
1
5
Hays, D. G., & Erford, B. T. (2018). Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence. Pearson.
Mcgoldrick, M., Giordano, J., Garcia, P. N., & Garcia-Preto, N. (Eds.). (2005). Ethnicity and
family therapy, third edition. ProQuest Ebook Central https://ebookcentral-proquest-
com.ezproxy.liberty.edu
Pennsylvania German Folk Art from the Index of American Design. (n.d.). National Gallery of
Art. Retrieved August 30, 2021, from
https://www.nga.gov/features/slideshows/pennsylvania-german-folk-art-from-the-index-
of-american-design.html
Rippley, L. (n.d.). German Americans - History, Modern era, The first germans in america.
Countries and Their Cultures. Retrieved August 31, 2021, from
https://www.everyculture.com/multi/Du-Ha/German-Americans.html
