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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
Annotated Bibliography
Kelvin L. Heiligh
Liberty University
Helms School of Government
CJUS750: Qualitative Methods of Research
Dr. Denny Powers
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 2
Table of Contents
Title
Page.........................................................................................................................................1
Table of Contents.........................................................................................................................2
Annotated Bibliography...............................................................................................................36
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................7
References.....................................................................................................................................7
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 3
Annotated Bibliography
Butler, T. A. (2022). African American Students’ Experiences of the School-to-Prison
Pipeline: A Phenomenological Study. Journal of Cultural Analysis and Social Change .
In this research entitled “ African American Students’ Experiences of the School-
to-Prison Pipeline: A Phenomenological Study ” authored by Butler (2022) the
researcher examines the phenomena of African American students with disabilities and
the school to prison pipeline concept. This research highlights how easy it is for
delinquency in young students to easily lead to criminality and potential run-ins with
the criminal justice system. This article details a phenomenological qualitative research
study that explored the lived experiences of Black students with disabilities, who, by
virtue of experiencing school discipline and juvenile detainment, have become involved
in the school-to-prison pipeline (Butler, 2022).
The research shown in this study is useful in understanding how the path to
criminality and delinquency can be easily followed by African American students in a
disproportionate manner, thus creating higher rate crimes and increasing the chance of
contact with the criminal justice system. The point being that minority communities
are underfunded and ill-equipped to handle delinquency, which creates criminality in
young people and potentially future criminals. The research shown here would help in
understanding how the crime rate became so high in minority communities requiring
bold police responses and changes in policing strategies.
However, the weakness in this research is in the participants themselves. The
researcher seemingly targeted communities that were experiencing a period of socio-
economic depression. The researcher did not examine minority neighborhoods that
represent middle class minorities compare or contrast the delinquency of those African
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 4
American children. It appears the researcher was specifically attempting to sway the
mind of the reader by only studying particular African American communities.
Charmaz, K., & Thornberg, R. (2021). The Pursuit of Quality in Grounded Theory.
Qualitative
Research in Psychology , 18 (3), 305-327.
The Pursuit of Quality in Grounded Theor y, written by Charmaz & Thornberg
(2021), is an article that talks about the concept of Grounded Theory. Grounded Theory
was conceptualized by sociologists in the 1960’s when authenticity of qualitative research
was being questioned within academia. In grounded theory studies, the researcher’s
analytic focus emerges during the research process, rather than being determined before
empirical inquiry begins (Charmaz & Thornberg, 2021).
This article is important the chosen research because it explains the concept of
Grounded Theory, why Grounded Theory is important, and how research can utilize this
qualitative research design to better understand the participants or subjects of the research
and their experiences over the life of the research as data is being analyzed and the
results are being developed.
The weakness in this research is that it advocates Grounded Theory as an
approach that
appears to make the researcher a bit too involved and connected to the research.
Although the concept is to have the researcher’s focus be developed over the course of
the research, that can seemingly place the researcher at odds to which may persuade to
move away as an independent observer to more of a participant, actively misinterpreting
the true data. This is important especially when trying to understand the lived experiences
of African American or minority communities interacting with the law enforcement
officers.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 5
Foley, G., Timonen, V., Conlon, C., & O’Dare, C. E. (2021). Interviewing as a
Vehicle for Theoretical Sampling in Grounded Theory. International Journal of
Qualitative Methods , 20 ,
1609406920980957.
This research article entitled “ Interviewing as a Vehicle for Theoretical Sampling
in Grounded Theory ” written by Foley et al., 2021, we examine how interviewing is a
technique that is often used as a tactic for collection of research data, within the method
of grounded theory research. Theoretical sampling is the major component within
Grounded Theory. Theoretical sampling is used as a way to collect information from a
sample of participants with a set of theoretical considerations. But theoretical sampling
also occurs in data generating, such as in interviewing. This research article speaks on
how interviewing can be the best approach for theoretical sampling.
This article is important to my research because it explains why interviewing can be
utilized to gather data using the Grounded Theory methodology. When collecting data for
my research, I planned on using studies that collected much of the data directly from
interviews with people within minority communities, law enforcement officers, and those
who have had contact with the criminal justice system.
Jardine, C. (2024). Prison Ethnography by Correspondence? Criminology & Criminal
Justice ,
24 (2), 362-378.
In Prison Ethnography by Correspondence? authored by Jardine (2024), we
examine
how prison ethnographic studies can allow researchers to have a special insight into the
daily lives and connections inside correctional facilities. But due to strict rules within
prisons, the rigors of academia, issues can arise and often cause problems for prison
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 6
ethnographers. This research article explains how cultural probes can help sustain
ethnographic research when in-person studies aren’t possible. This research article
investigates the challenges and ethics of using this method while exploring if it provides
a more inclusive and respectful approach to remotely understanding life in prison.
This research is important in understanding the inner workings of what happens
after arrest and post-conviction of criminal offenders. Understanding the incarceration
process and what happens after offenders are in contact with the criminal justice system
are important in learning how to promote changes within prisons, with the goal of
reducing recidivism rates, thus lowering crime rates and changes in policing strategies
within minority communities.
Biblical Worldview
In the biblical text it teaches love and understanding of different people and to
respect
others this concept is highlighted in Ephesians 4:32 it says, “Be kind and compassionate
to one another, forgiving each other, just as in Christ God forgave you” ( New
International Bible , 1978/2011). This passage relates to the study of policing strategies
in minority communities through the understanding that we are all humans created by
God. In understanding that it is important to treat each other with love and respect.
Police departments should be able to implement policing strategies that tackle high crime
rates, ensure community safety, and balances enforcing the law with respecting the god
given rights of others, especially those living in minority communities.
Conclusion
To conclude, these chosen works in this annotated bibliography are important in
creating a comprehensive look at policing strategies in minority communities. These
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 7
works cover one of the causes of criminality in minor communities such as delinquency
and the school-to-prison pipeline, that cause of high crime rates through the analysis of
the inner working of prisons and the changes necessary to reduce recidivism, and the
various qualitative methods that can be used to successfully conduct this research.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 8
References
Butler, T. A. (2022). African American Students’ Experiences of the School-to-Prison
Pipeline: A Phenomenological Study. Journal of Cultural Analysis and Social Change .
Charmaz, K., & Thornberg, R. (2021). The Pursuit of Quality in Grounded Theory. Qualitative
Research in Psychology , 18 (3), 305-327.
Foley, G., Timonen, V., Conlon, C., & O’Dare, C. E. (2021). Interviewing as a Vehicle for
Theoretical Sampling in Grounded Theory. International Journal of Qualitative
Methods , 20 , 1609406920980957.
Jardine, C. (2024). Prison Ethnography by Correspondence? Criminology & Criminal Justice ,
24 (2), 362-378.
New International Bible . (2011). The NIV Bible. https://www.thenivbible.com/ (Original
work published 1978)
