ABSTRACT
England is a small island nation surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean and two seas (North and Celtic
seas). Geographically situated South of Scotland, East of Ireland, North of France, and West of the
Netherland. England, and France, are separated by the English Channel. France is the closes
geographically located alley.
England has gone several official name variations since the 18th century as they integrated
several of their European neighbors [Scotland and Northern Ireland], creating a globally
recognized coalition as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The United
Kingdom today is a multicultural and multiethnic metropolis. The United Kingdom has a
population of 67.89 million people. The Capital of the United Kingdom is London, and the Head
of the country is currently Queen Elizabeth II
Throughout England's history, it was considered an industrialized country. Its cities were littered
with factories producing various goods including but not limited to heavy machinery, agriculture,
fishing, shipbuilding, and oil. The English contribution to the world experience was in arts,
philosophy, literature, and science. However, many believe that England made its most
significant contribution to the government and the legal profession. Terrill et al. (2016), their
most important and striking contribution to the historical evolution of civilization has been
creating common law and the development of parliamentary democracy (p.18).
Maritime influence and the geographical location of England have allowed it to grow into a
financial and industrial superpower. They explored and colonized hundreds of countries,
spreading their influence throughout the world, both past, and present. Civilization has been the
creation of the common law and the development of parliamentary democracy. Philosophy
ENGLAND
Britain has had groups of people living on its aisles for eons. Many periods in its history
have seen groups of people transiting to and from the aisles. The early populous were primarily
hunter-gathers following the seasonal prey throughout the land, which followed the Last Glacial
Period (L.G.P.). As people moved away from a nomadic lifestyle, they established organized
societies, requiring rules and control mechanisms instituted.
In 1707, the Act of Union, a legal document passed by the Scottish paramount in 1706
British parliament in 1707, united Britain and Wales, incorporating Scotland leading Great to the
creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1922 United Kingdom of Great Britain
incorporated the free states of Ireland and again changed its name, this time to the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
As previously stated, England is a small country with 58,350 square miles, including
Wales, which is the approximate size of a state like Michigan in the United States. The country has
an estimated population of 57 million. Like most industrialized countries throughout Europe, a
significant portion of its residents’ cities live near their place of employment.
At one time, England was a global leader in the manufacturing of heavy machinery. Its
geographical location makes the Atlantic Ocean and North and Celtic seas, making fishing,
agriculture, and oil industries vital to the British economy. Other essential parts of the British
economy include financial trading and investing markets, vital to the global markets. Now people
relocate to the cities for other sources of employment in nontraditional areas like tourism. Terrill et
al. (2016) the English have made significant contributions to science, literature, and the arts, but
their most crucial striking contribution to the historical evolution.
People and Society
Historically the English people would leave the countryside to find stable work in the
factories. Now people relocate to the cities for other sources of employment in nontraditional
areas like tourism. Traditional employment sectors in England have been in decline for some
time. Jobs in the factories and shipbuilding yards jobs that have been the mainstay of the English
economy have gone away with automation for centuries. England's primary industries are
tourism, banking, finance, oil and gas, transportation, and steel, the growing aerospace sector.
London has always been the center of employment for the English people. Today's generation
is no exception as the tourism industry is the leading employer for many. Over two million
tourists file into the city to enjoy the many historical sites like Buckingham Place, London
Tower, and Big Ben. Walking through the streets that many historical figures have walked
through has a magical appeal for many.
London is also the center of the European financial world. Billions of pounds travel through
their banks and trading center. Outside of New York's Wall Street, the most effective banking
system outside the continental United States. With all its affluence and resources, London is a
primary target for various crimes, including white-collar crime, domestic terrorism, ecoterrorism,
assaults, racially motivated crimes, violent sexual assaults, and larceny, to name a few. The United
States and England are mirror images of each other. Many of the social ills that affect. How their
criminal Justice system addresses those issues is where England also affects the United States they
differ.
Economy
The United Kingdom has the sixth or seventh largest economy globally, with a Gross
Domestic Product (G.D.P.) for 2020 was 2.98 trillion pounds sterling. The British pound
is the oldest currency in continuous use in the world. The United Kingdom's economy comprises
ten significant sectors: professional services, information, STEM, Health, Finance, education,
Education, Retail, Administration, and Energy. The global economy has replaced a significant
portion of traditional employment sectors in England. Employment in the factories and
shipbuilding yards has been the mainstay of the English economy for centuries.
London has always been the center of employment for the English people for centuries.
Today's generation is no exception as the tourism industry is the leading employer for many.
Over two million tourists file into the city to enjoy the many historical sites like Buckingham
Place, London Tower, and Big Ben. Walking through the streets that many historical figures have
walked through has a magical appeal for many.
London and its associated financial institutions are the centers of the European financial
world. It placed the second leading financial district in the global only behind Wall Street in New
York. Banks and trading centers. Outside of New York's Wall Street, the most effective banking
system outside the continental United States. With all its affluence and resources, London is a
primary target for various crimes, including white-collar crime, domestic terrorism, ecoterrorism,
assaults, racially motivated crimes, violent sexual assaults, and larceny, to name a few. The
United States and England are mirror images of each other. Many of the social ills that affect.
How their criminal Justice system addresses those issues is where England also affects the
United States they differ.
Transnational Issues
As the globe becomes more accessible to the average individual, so do the crimes that
follow with the advent of the internet. Technological savvy criminals and criminal organizations
have taken advantage of the ubiquity of the world wide web to commit new forms of crime and old
ones. The most prevalent crimes conducted via the internet are cyber, prostitution, white slavery,
and fraud. One crime that has continued and has grown exponentially with the internet is Organ
Trafficking or Organ Harvesting by Transnational Organized Crimes syndicates. These groups and
their criminal conduct affect law enforcement in both the United Kingdom and The United States.
Alnour, Sharma, Halawa, & Alalawi (2021) organ trafficking is the recruitment, transport,
transfer, harboring, or receipt of a living or deceased persons or their organs using the threat, force,
or other forms of coercion of abduction, or fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or a position
of vulnerability or the giving to or the receiving by, a third party of payments or benefits to achieve
the transfer of control over the potential donor, for exploitation by the removal of organs for
transplantation (p. 2).
Transnational Crimes, by their nature, are complicated for law enforcement to apprehend,
prosecute, and convict. One of the difficulties in prosecuting such crimes is the
multijurisdictional borders that they cross to commit the offenses. Many offenders have escaped
legal scrutiny by aligning themselves with leaders of European countries throughout the
continent. Manzano, Monaghan & Potrata (2014) the characteristics of organized transnational
crime jeopardize possibilities of detection, prevention, and prosecution. As indicated, organ
trafficking offenses are complex and span several jurisdictions, with sellers from different
continents to the recipients. As with layering in money laundering, organ brokers and traffickers
often locate their operation bases in unrelated countries, further complicating traceability (p.3).
Relationship between England and the United States
The relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom has remained strong
Throughout the years. The United Kingdom is the most powerful and most reliable ally to the
United States in peace and war times. In every conflict the United States has involved itself in
the United Kingdom has stood its side.
The United States and Great Britain share D.N.A., which is evident in how both countries
govern, the system design, and populations generally view each other. Both countries have gone
through difficult times economically, politically, and socially.
The criminal justice in England is as follows: After the Home Office hierarchy Office of
Inspectorate of Constabulary, National Crime Agency, Independent Police Complaints
Commissions, Metropolitan Police Services, City of
English Governmental Structure
The English governmental structure, including the criminal justice system, operates in a
multi-level model, with Parliament acting as the umbrella for the other three branches. Terrill
(2016), the British government has operated under the constitutional principle that the country
should be governed by a fused power rather than a separated one. (p. 23) The three levels of
government are the order of import, The Monarchy, The House of Lords, and The House of
Commons.
The Monarch
The First Branch of the British Parliament is the Monarchy. The monarchy's influence on
British governmental affairs has lessened through the years. The lessening of the influence of the
monarch is a direct result of changing constitutional and democratic principles. The role of the
monarchy in today's British democratic system is solely symbolic. The monarch still retains
some rights in the British system. One such right is the gathering of Parliament after a national
Election and dismisses Parliament as needed. She calls on the winner and leader of the winning
political party to meet with her to form a government.
The House of Lords
The next branch of Parliament is The House of Lords, which relics when English Nobles
from around the country would gather and advise the king on addressing domestic and foreign
affairs. Three categories this was the group. In 2016, Terrill et al. consisted of archbishops of
York and Canterbury; the bishops of London, Durham, and Winchester; and 21 senior bishops of
the church of England. Also included were the law lords responsible for performing judicial
duties for the House, which was the highest appeal court (p.24).
The second category is hereditary peers. These members, which numbered up to 800, made
up most of the House, did not have any exceptional lawyering or legislative experience and held
royal nobility titles (Duke, Earl, and Viscount). This group can pass down their titles to them
children and membership in Parliament.
The final category is the life peers. These are the lifelong public servants that made
significant contributions to their industries and or professions. Unlike the hereditary category,
these individuals cannot pass down their membership in Parliament to their children.
It is the British equivalent of the American Senate. The current House of Lords has a total
number of elected 92 members.
The House of Commons
British government. Members of the House of Commons are associated with either the third
branch of the British Parliament is the House of Commons. This branch is the most significant
numerically, with 650 elected members and the most crucial section of the three branches of the
Prime Minister
The Prime Minister under the British Constitution is the leader of the majority party. In
American politics, this person is the President of the country. Unlike in the United States where
the people pick the leader of the country. This duty is left to the party with most seats in
the House of Commons in England, thus controlling.
Criminal Justice governmental Structure (Home Office)
The English criminal justice system model is a standard pyramid hierarchal organizational
structure with The Home Office at the top and the other departments directly descending order.
The Home Office is where The Secretary of State for the Home Office is a senior civilian position
who also is part of the Prime Minister's Cabinet and a member of Parliament. In 2016 Terrils notes
Home Security was responsible for setting the strategic policing plan for the country. This plan
includes national threats and regional issues associated with organized crime, terrorism, and
national borders. He or she also offers guidance on local police and crime plans, whether national,
regional, or local policing (p. 33). London Police, and 41 Provincial Police Forces. The City of
London Police Forces is considered its distinct policing district.
Basis of English Law
English Law has three primary sources Common Law, legislation, and equity. The first
two of the three are the primary source of English common law. Common Law derived from a
complex set of local customs that the king instituted throughout the land in English history.
Before these laws, each region had its legal customs and manner of punishing the violators.
Common laws created a standardized set of rules (laws) to which everyone had to adhere.
Milsom (2014), the materials for the common law, therefore, were the customs of actual
communities whose geographical boundaries had in some cases divided peoples and cultures, not
just areas of governmental authority (P.2).
Some of the violated offenses included as common laws came were punishable by the
death penalty or mutilation. These violation(s) were labeled felonies which included Murder,
robbery, arson, and larceny. The lesser violations were labeled misdemeanors. By the 19th
.
Conclusion
Exodus 21:16 Whoever steals a man and sells him, and anyone found in possession of
him shall be put to death.
Deuteronomy 24:7 ESV / 63 If a man is found stealing one of his brothers of the people of Israel,
and if he treats him as a slave or sells him, then that thief shall die. So, you shall purge the evil
from your midst.
References
Alnour, H., Sharma, A., Halawa, A., & Alalawi, F. (2021) Global practices and Policies of Organ
Transplantation and Organ Trafficking.
Experimental and Clinic Transportation (2021). DOI: 10.6002/ect.2020.0251.
Monaghan, M. A., Monaghan, M, & Potrata, B (2014) The Invisible Issue of Organ Laundering.
The University of Leeds https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000000333
