DISCUSSION QUESTIONS RESPONSE 1
Reply to Emanuel;
I agree that victimization surveys give us information concerning the dark side of
crime. According to Mosher (2011), victimization surveys produce information concerning
crimes people report to the law enforcement agency. These surveys also have a profound
impact on the crime causation theories. Routine activities, opportunities, and rational choice
theories have flourished in the criminology discipline in the previous years due to the
availability of victims’ survey data.
Some people support, and others criticize police cooperation with the citizens.
Anderson 1999; Rosenfeld, Jacobs, and Wright 2003 asserts that '' stop snitching'' has
widened in a street code that critiques any cooperation with law enforcers or other authorities.
A few people might adhere to the ''no snitching'' concept from retaliation fear, and others
might believe genuinely that cooperation with police officers generates more harm.
Nevertheless, the newest incarnation for this ethos among lawbreakers has trickled into the
larger society segment (Morris, n.d.). Thus, data should be collected from individuals.
However, members might obscure because of the pact made by their network.
In addition, the National Crime Victimization (NCVS) plays a significant role in
providing validity of the information. As a criminal justice leader at NCVS, I provide the
concerned reason because of unconscious bias caused by data collected accuracy. People hold
information for various reasons and because of regulations. For example, China's internet
control symbolizes an ''imperfect control'' that aims to keep the majority from sensitive
information (Liang, 2010). These kinds of regulations can make individuals operate from
dark and government fear.
NCVS has numerous advantages. The NCVS offers information on reported as well
as unreported misconducts such as rape that are never reported to law enforcers. Also, NCVS
provides a range of illegal victimization variables such as data concerning crime victims,
such as their ethnicity, age, occupation, marital status, and education level. Also, NCVS
information is high response rates. Thus, NCVS is beneficial in numerous ways. Also, UCR
has its benefits. Its advantages are it's the oldest reporting available system currently.
Besides, it gives resource which reviews hate lawbreaking statistics in the U.S and its
accessible by most people. In addition, it collects information concerning certain crimes in
various classes and places.
The biblical perspective concerning the issues is very simple. According to proverbs
10:8, "He who conceals hatred has lying lips, and he who spreads slander is a fool" (Biblica,
2021). Also, Isaiah 29:15 says that woe to the people who hide their plans from God and
whose activities are done in the dark. Therefore, whatever you hide shall come out, and there
shall be effects for it.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS RESPONSE 2
References
Biblica, (2021). The holy bible. NIV. colorado springs, CO. Retrieved January 20, 2021,
from https://www.biblehub.com/niv/
Liang, B. (2010). Internet Development, Censorship, and Cyber Crimes in China2. Retrieved
January 23, 2021, from https://learn.liberty.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-44521760-dt-
content-
rid523593332_1/courses/CJUS601_B04_202120/CJUS601_LUO_8WK_MASTER_I
mportedContent_20180723123237/Internet%20Development%2C%20Censorship%2
C%20and%20Cyber%20Crimes%20in%20China.pdf
Morris, E. (n.d.). “Snitches End Up in Ditches” and Other Cautionary Tales. Retrieved
January 23, 2021, from
https://learn.liberty.edu/bbcswebdav/courses/CJUS601_B04_202120/CJUS601_LUO
_8WK_MASTER_ImportedContent_20180723123237/Snitches%20End%20Up%20i
n%20Ditches%20and%20Other%20Cautionary%20Tales.pdf
Mosher, C. J., Miethe, T. D., & Hart, T. C. (2011). The mismeasure of crime. Thousand
Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications.
Reply to Sierra;
I believe that both articles provide challenges in the criminal justice public policy
development. As a criminal justice leader, I feel that NCVS gives me a lot of concern since it
varies in giving reports compared to UCS because there are unreported misconducts. NCVS
provides an advantage over UCR as well as NIBRS as it sees prior unreported crime and
finds a comparison of being proactive in the future. Also, as a school safety leader ‘’
“Snitches end up in ditches and other cautionary tales” concerns and must cause people to
act. There is the necessity of being proactive to youths to avoid adult offending. Most of these
youths might be gang correlated. According to NIJ (2014), the Pittsburgh youth research
found 52%-57% of juvenile criminals continue offending up to 25 years. Censorship, too,
should be considered since it impacts youths. But what capacity of censorship can be
regarded as much censorship? According to ACLU (2021), the supreme court removed the
Communications Decency Act in Reno vs. ACLU in a free speech right victory. Virginia
state proposed a bill that blocked software at public-libraries because of communicating e-
materials that are dangerous to minors causing criminal penalties. The type of censorship
could affect cyberbullying and assist in avoiding it. According to Romans 7:12, "So the law is
holy, and the commandment is holy and righteous and good." If the law is proposed, there is
a need to trust the Lord and ensure that people's hearts are in the correct place and the law is
for people's good.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS RESPONSE 3
References
ACLU (2021) Online censorship in the states. Retrieved from
https://www.aclu.org/other/online-censorship-state...
NIJ (2014) From juvenile delinquency to young adult offending. Retrieved from
https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/juvenile-delin...
please respond to the following discussion question with 250 EACH, 1 reference
EACH AND a biblical viewpoint EACH!
This is the original post. You DO NOT have to respond to the original post. Only
respond to the two classmates: After reading Chapter 5 of the Mosher textbook, the
article entitled "Internet Development, Censorship, and Cyber Crimes in China" by
Liang and Lu, and the article entitled "'Snitches End Up in Ditches' and Other
Cautionary Tales" by Morris, discuss the following prompts:
Although presented differently, how do the research articles affect the
development of criminal justice public policy?
As a criminal justice leader, does the National Crime Victimization Survey
(NCVS) give you a reason for concern? How/Why?
What are the advantages of the NCVS versus the Uniform Crime Report
(UCR)/National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data?
As a criminal justice leader or school safety leader, does the "'Snitches End
Up in Ditches' and Other Cautionary Tales" article cause you to act? In what
way?
1) Emanuel-According to the textbook (Mosher, 2011), victimization surveys elicit
information about crimes that citizens report to the police and those they do not.
Therefore, victimization surveys provide us with further information regarding the
dark figures of crime. These surveys have also had a profound effect on theories of
crime causation. “Routine activity, opportunity, and even rational choice theory have
flourished in the discipline of criminology in recent years in part because of the
availability of victim survey data” (Mosher, 2011).
In the article “Snitches End Up in Ditches” and Other Cautionary Tales, evidence
suggests that “stop snitching” has broadened into a more general “street code”
(Anderson 1999; Rosenfeld, Jacobs, and Wright 2003), which criticizes any
cooperation with police or other authorities. Some might adhere to the “no snitching”
precept from simple fear of retaliation, and some might genuinely believe that
cooperating with police creates more harm than good. Regardless, “the newest
incarnation of this longstanding ethos among criminals has trickled out into larger
segments of society, including otherwise law-abiding people (Kahn 2007)” (Morris,
n.d.). Therefore, data must be collected from individuals but at the same time, its
members could obscure it due to the pact they make through their network. Despite
the fact they are doing something wrong, they rather protect the people next to them,
giving them a sense of accomplishment when in fact, they become guilty by
association.
Additionally, interviewees recounted stories of police bias, invasive surveillance, and
brutality. In logical extension, these interviewees reported acute distrust of police and
no desire to aid law enforcement. Even if interviewees stated that they themselves
were victimized, they still disavowed seeking police help. These offenders thus
adhered to a “code of the street” (Anderson 1999) in which “respect, security, and
status come only to those with the proven ability to take care of their own business”
(Rosenfeld et al. 2003: 298). These offenders emphasized resolving their own
conflicts, without interference from external sources of authority” (Morris, n.d.).
As a criminal justice leader, the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) gives
me a reason for concern due to unconscious bias from both sides and the
accuracy/validity of the information collected. You can see for different reasons
people hold information or censor it due to personal or federal regulations, such as in
China. “China’s Internet control represents an “imperfect control,” aiming at keeping
the vast majority from sensitive materials and preventing the nonconforming small
minority from mounting a real challenge (Hartford, 2000)” (Liang, 2010). These sorts
of regulations make people operate in the dark and in fear for their government;
however, people are smart and will always find a way around it.
Some of the advantages of the NCVS provide data on reported and unreported
crimes, such as rape, which are not reported to the police. The second advantage of
NCVS data is that they offer a wide range of criminal victimization variables, including
information about crime victims such as their age, gender, race, Hispanic ethnic
origin, marital status, income, and educational level. Moreover, a criminal offender's
gender, race, approximate age, drug/alcohol use, victim-offender relationship, and
the crime context like the time and place of occurrence, use of weapons, nature of
the injury, and economic consequences. The third advantage of NCVS data is the
high response rates. UCR also has its advantages. Some of its benefits begin with
the fact that its oldest reporting system currently available in the country. It also
provides a resource that reviews hate crime statistics in the United States, and it is
highly accessible by everyone; it collects information about specific crimes in several
different categories and places the data into a usable format.
Finally, the information presented in Snitches End Up in Ditches' and Other
Cautionary Tales article causes a reaction, not an action, to the data collected. The
article suggests that Bourdieu’s notion of habitus helps explain the problem of anti-
snitching. “Habitus can capture the fact that “stop snitching” has indeed become
codified in certain communities. However, because of the flexibility and experiential
basis of habitus, it does not imply that anti-snitching is rooted in torpid oppositional
values” (Morris, n.d.). The article suggests it's not a function of race, urban location,
or criminal activity necessarily, but rather a collective response to institutional
marginalization, which may be found within a number of disadvantaged communities.
But this seems to excuse the fact that their actions clearly define them in that
environment. So how can these be dismissed exactly? The only rationale I can give
to maybe make some sense of these results is that the previous oppression had
suppressed and marginalized the population to operate in fear. Yet, they are working
in the dark to commit crimes and cover for one another. Despite previous
experiences, the law doesn’t consider the past it weighs your actions in conjunction
with the immediate now and the future. Are you doing what’s right as a law-abiding
citizen, or are you doing what you want against the law…?
A Biblical perspective on the issue is pretty simple. Proverbs 10:18 says, “He who
conceals hatred has lying lips, And he who spreads slander is a fool” (Biblica, 2021).
Isaiah 29:15 also goes on to say that “Woe to those who deeply hide their plans from
the Lord, And whose deeds are done in a dark place, And they say, “Who sees us?”
or “Who knows us?” (Biblica, 2021). So eventually, what you hide will come to light,
and there will be repercussions for it. Something that is very excusable with this new
culture reform wave we see erasing our very own morals and values in society today.
References
Bachman, R., & Schutt, R. K. (2008). Fundamentals of research in criminology and
criminal justice. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
Biblica, (2021). The holy bible. NIV. colorado springs, CO. Retrieved January 20,
2021, from https://www.biblehub.com/niv/
Liang, B. (2010). Internet Development, Censorship, and Cyber Crimes in China2.
Retrieved January 23, 2021, from https://learn.liberty.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-
44521760-dt-content-
rid523593332_1/courses/CJUS601_B04_202120/CJUS601_LUO_8WK_MASTER_I
mportedContent_20180723123237/Internet%20Development%2C%20Censorship%2
C%20and%20Cyber%20Crimes%20in%20China.pdf
Morris, E. (n.d.). “Snitches End Up in Ditches” and Other Cautionary Tales. Retrieved
January 23, 2021,
from https://learn.liberty.edu/bbcswebdav/courses/CJUS601_B04_202120/CJUS601
_LUO_8WK_MASTER_ImportedContent_20180723123237/Snitches%20End%20Up
%20in%20Ditches%20and%20Other%20Cautionary%20Tales.pdf
Mosher, C. J., Miethe, T. D., & Hart, T. C. (2011). The mismeasure of crime.
Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications.
2) Sierra- Both articles present challenges in the development in criminal justice
public policy. What is acceptable? What is going to far in law? As criminal justice
practitioners we want to be proactive. As a criminal justice leader the NCVS does
give me concern because as previously discussed it varies in reports compared to
the UCS in that there are un-reported crimes. Why are these crimes not being
reported? Could it be out of fear? Such as being considered “a snitch.” The NCVS
gives an advantage over the UCR and NIBRS to see previously unreported crime
and get a comparison to be more proactive in the future. As a criminal justice leader
or a school safety leader “Snitches end up in ditches and other cautionary tales” is
concerning and should cause anyone to act. We should be proactive to youth to
prevent adult offending. Many of these youth could be gang related. The Pittsburgh
youth study found that 52 to 57 percent of juvenile delinquents continue to offend up
to age 25 (NIJ, 2014). Next looking at censorship, we should consider this as well
because it can impact our youth. However, what amount of censorship is too much
censorship? In a sweeping victory for free speech rights in cyberspace the Supreme
Court struct down the Communications Decency Act in Reno vs. ACLU in June 1997
(ACLU, 2021.) One state Virginia, proposed a bill blocking software at state-funded
libraries for communicating online material that is harmful to minors, resulting in
criminal penalties. This form of censorship would impact cyber bullying and help
prevent it. Romans 7:12 says, “So the law is holy, and the commandment is holy and
righteous and good.” When we propose law we should put our trust in God and
ensure that our hearts are in the right place and that it’s for the good of the people.
References
ACLU (2021) Online censorship in the states. Retrieved
from https://www.aclu.org/other/online-censorship-state...
