Quiz: Research Ethics,
Conceptualization, and Crime Data
Points 30
Questions 15
Time Limit 60 Minutes
Instructions
The quiz:
Covers the Textbook material from Module 3: Week 3.
Contains 15 multiple-choice and essay questions.
Is limited to 1 hour.
Allows 1 attempt.
Is worth 30 points.
Question 1
1.5 / 1.5 pts
The scientific concern with validity requires that
The political distortion doesn't find particular outcomes or most
marketable results
Scientists openly disclose their methods
The honest presentation of findings by scientists occurs
Both B and C
Question 2
1.5 / 1.5 pts
When a series of similar questions is used instead of one question to
measure the same concept, it is known as
A discrete measure
A scale or index
An indiscreet measure
An ordinal set of questions
Question 3
1.5 / 1.5 pts
What famous prison simulation raised questions about the ethical treatment
of subjects?
Harvard University Jail Study
Milgram's obedience study
Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study
Humphreys Tearoom Trade
Question 4
1.5 / 1.5 pts
All _______ research, including criminological research, is the effort to connect
theory and empirical data.
tangible
reasonable
viable
social
Question 5
1.5 / 1.5 pts
The process of specifying what we mean by a term is known as
Operationalization
Conceptualization
Devising operations
Defining it
Question 6
1.5 / 1.5 pts
When the range of responses to a question cannot be adequately
anticipated, _____________ questions are preferable
Observational
Closed-ended
Open-ended
Fixed-choice
Question 7
1.5 / 1.5 pts
The _________ Report (1979) from the U. S. Department of Health, Education
and Welfare established three basic ethical principles for the protection of
human subjects.
Milgram
Nuremberg
Belmont
Humphreys
Question 8
1.5 / 1.5 pts
Milgram believed that
The obedience experiments he conducted would only apply with regard
to WWII
His controversial experiments on obedience were entirely
ethical
Most of his work showing obedience applied only to higher-ups in a
situation, but not to those of lower status
His obedience experiments were very straightforward
Question 9
1.5 / 1.5 pts
When a respondent is offered explicit responses from which to choose an
answer to a question, they are answering a(n)
Open-ended question
A poorly constructed question
A fixed-choice question
An observational question
Question 10
1.5 / 1.5 pts
Of the following violations to general ethical rules, which is the most
common and most acceptable, if properly addressed?
Deception of the subjects
Harming the subjects
Breaking confidentiality
It is never acceptable to violate ethical rules
Question 11
1.5 / 1.5 pts
After a research project is completed, a vital element in maintaining
openness and honesty is that the information should be
Kept in the researcher's file because of concerns about harm to
participants.
Open for review by the larger research community so that
questions about aspects of the research be submitted for public
discourse.
Kept secret because the researcher did all the work and shouldn't be
forced to allow others to plagiarize the work.
None of the above
Question 12
1.5 / 1.5 pts
Which of the following comes closest to describing the purpose of an IRB?
to determine if adequate safeguards for protection of subjects
is in place
to determine if the proposed research is worthy of study
to turn violators of ethical principles over to the police
to make it difficult for any social science research to be completed
Question 13
1.5 / 1.5 pts
Consistency of ratings by an observer of an unchanging phenomenon at two
or more points in time shows
Interobserver reliability
Alternate-forms reliability
Split-halves reliability
Intra-observer reliability
Question 14
1.5 / 1.5 pts
Research that uses human subjects is:
subject to international review board review
considered to be unethical
considered unreliable
subject to institutional review board review
Question 15
9 / 9 pts
Reliability and validity of research are related to one another. One of these is
required for the other to occur, but not the other way around. Which is
required to produce the other? Explain.
Your Answer:
Reliability is required to produce validity, but not the other way around.
Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of research findings when
the study is repeated under the same conditions. In other words, if a study is
reliable, it should produce consistent results when replicated (Bachman &
Schutt, 2021).
Validity, on the other hand, refers to the accuracy and truthfulness of
research findings. Researchers consider a study valid if it measures what it is
intended to measure and if the conclusions drawn from the study accurately
reflect the reality of the phenomenon under investigation (Bachman &
Schutt, 2021).
Reliability is a necessary condition for validity because if a study is
unreliable, it cannot be valid. On the other hand, suppose the results of a
study are consistent and stable. In that case, it is possible to determine
whether the study is measuring what it is meant to measure or whether the
results are a product of chance or other extraneous factors. Therefore, a
study must be reliable before it can be considered valid (Bachman & Schutt,
2021).
While both reliability and validity are essential aspects of research, reliability
is necessary for validity to occur, but validity is not needed for reliability to
occur.
Reference
Bachman, R., & Schutt, R. K. (2021). Fundamentals of research in
criminology and criminal justice (5th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage
Publications, Inc.
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