Sexual Crimes Against Children Through Technology
Liberty University
Table of Contents
1. Abstract...............................................................................................................................3
2. Terms and Definitions.........................................................................................................4
3. Internet Technology…........................................................................................................4
4. Grooming…........................................................................................................................5
5. Child Pornography…..........................................................................................................7
6. Pedophile Subculture..........................................................................................................8
7. Characteristics of Sexual Predators....................................................................................9
8. Characteristics of Child Victims.......................................................................................10
9. Contact and Noncontact Sexual Offenders.......................................................................12
10. Peer-to-Peer File Sharing…..............................................................................................12
11. Effects of Internet-Related Sexual Abuse on Children….................................................14
12. Law Enforcement..............................................................................................................16
13. Conclusion…....................................................................................................................17
14. References..........................................................................................................................18
Abstract
Childhood sexual abuse and child pornography are crimes that permanently alter the lives of
their victims. Technology has made it easier for perpetrators to go undetected and these
criminals often never pay for the harm they have caused. Predators use technological advances
to their advantage, which allow for them to engage in the criminal activity without fear of being
caught. The author will detail the types of childhood abuse via technology, as well as the ways
this kind of abuse goes undetected.
Keywords: Child pornography, technology, crime
Terms and Definitions
When trying to grasp the horror of child pornography and child sexual abuse, there are
key terms and definitions that one must understand. A child pornographer is an adult who uses a
sexual depiction of a child for his or her own personal interests or for commercialization (Prat &
Jonas, 2013, p. 6). A pedophile is “an individual who fantasizes about, is sexually aroused by, or
experiences sexual urges toward prepubescent children (generally less than 13 years), for a
period of at least six months [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth
Edition (DSM-IV)]” (Holt et al., 2010, p. 6). According to Wells et al. (2007), internet child
pornography has no uniform definition, and varies for each state (p. 271). Internet child
pornography includes children under the age of 18,, with sexually explicit content including
sexual intercourse, bestiality, masturbation, and “lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic
area” (Wells et al., 2007, p. 271). Purposeful disclosure in the “intentional and deliberate
revelation of abuse with clear intent of revealing its existence,” while accidental disclosure is “a
statement made without forethought or intent to reveal the abusive relationship” (Schaeffer et
al., 2011, p. 344).
Internet Technology
Glasgow (2010) states that Internet technology and its functions have significantly
evolved. This has made access to and obtaining sexually explicit material (SEM) much easier for
an offender in search of a victim. In particular, “men tended to describe their use of the Internet
as compensating for interpersonal problems which often relate to intimacy and sexuality”
(Glasgow, 2010, p. 90). This can include crises such a breakdown in intimate relationships.
Offenders have “rules” that discriminate preferred SEM to non-preferred SEM. Rather than files
that have never been decompressed, offenders prefer files that have been renamed to something
meaningful. They also prefer files that have been saved to a DC or DVD, those contained in a
“database of or accessed by media management software,” files moved or copied to external hard
drives or hand-held devices (such as a phone), and files where the containing folders are
“camouflaged by name or location” (Glasgow, 2010, p. 94).
According to Glagow (2010), at one time or another, there is not an individual who has
not had deviant or harmful thoughts, or ill-will wishes they want to see fulfilled. However,
offenders who use sexually explicit material on the Internet generally fulfill that internal fantasy.
Grooming
A significant number of individuals involved in child pornography groom their victims.
Grooming is defined as “a process by which a person prepares a child, significant adults, and the
environment for the abuse of a child” (Katz, 2013, p. 1536). Kloess et al. (2013) state that
grooming describes an offender’s actions during the initial stages of sexual abuse of the victim,
through opportunities to gain the victim’s trust , either directly or through the use of technology
(p. 128). Sexual grooming is “the process whereby an offender prepares a child for sexual abuse”
(Kloess et al., 2013, p. 127). Tang et al. (2015) state that cyber sexual grooming is a planned
behavior by predators, with the intention of gaining the trust and cooperation of the victim, via
online means (p. 42). There are several types of grooming. According to Tang et al. (2015),
grooming a child is the most established type of grooming, which serves to “achieve submission
to the predator’s sexual gratifications and avoid disclosure of the sexual encounter(s)” (p. 44).
Kloess et al. (2013) state that self-grooming refers to a perpetrator’s justification or denial of
their offending behavior (p. 128). This type of grooming is thought to play a significant role in
the initial predatory stage before a predator commits an offense against a victim (Kloess et al.,
2013). Grooming the environment and significant others establishes confidence and trust in order
to secure cooperation in gaining access to a potential victim, “while minimizing the likelihood of
discovery and disclosure by creating an atmosphere of normality and acceptance” (Kloess et al.,
2013, p. 128). This is accomplished by developing exclusive relationships with victims while
building trust, by making the victim feel special and providing the victim with attention. This can
also be achieved by isolating the child away from those in his or her life who provide protection,
giving the offender control over the child (Kloess et al., 2013).
Online grooming provides offenders with new opportunities to sexually exploit children.
There are four stages involved in sexual offending: “an offender’s motivation to sexually abuse,
overcoming internal inhibitors, overcoming external inhibitors, and overcoming the resistance of
the child” (Kloess et al., 2013, p. 129). An offender may be drawn to sexually abuse a child
because they feel a child can satisfy their needs more effectively than another adult can. If an
offender feels that their “normal” sexual outlets are blocked in any way, the Internet can serve as
“a medium for sexual gratification due to its anonymous nature and the easy access to a wide
range of sexually explicit material as well as available contacts for sexual purposes” (Kloess et
al., 2013, p. 129). Sexual grooming via the Internet also allows the offender to pose as a child
when approaching children in chat rooms. These offenders often make profiles to appeal to the
child(ren) they want to attract and pursue. Offenders create a profile with a similar age and
opposite sex, and wait for a child to initiate a conversation. Entering a chat rooms and observing
conversations gives the offender a baseline for what they need to put in their profile to attract a
specific child. Once the child has engaged with the offender, the topic of conversation includes
hobbies, interests, and what the child does on a daily basis. Eventually, coercion, persuasion,
bribes, and threats are used to get compliance from the child. At this point, the offender
convinces the victim to watch sexually explicit material (pictures, videos, or live/streaming) to
desensitize the victim and normalize the behavior the child is viewing (Kloess et al., 2013).
Child Pornography
Child pornography falls into four major categories, according to Seto et al. (2010). These
categories are (1) those who fuel existing or developing sexual interests in children, (2) contact
sexual offenders who also use child pornography as part of a larger pattern of offending, (3)
impulsive and curious individuals, and (4) those who deal with child pornography for non-sexual
reasons, such as financial gain (Seto et al., 2010, p. 170).
There is evidence that being sexually interested in children is an important (but not the
sole) explanation for child pornography offending...Child pornography offenders were
more significantly aroused by stimuli depicting children than were contact offenders with
either child victims or adult victims (Seto et al., 2010, p. 170).
Some of the explanations for access of child pornography, given to law enforcement, include
accidental access, curiosity, Internet addiction, lack of recall, pornography addiction, and as
a substitute for contact offending. (Seto et al., 2010)
There are also six categories of explanations for the use of child pornography: (a) as a
means of achieving sexual arousal, where images were used as either a substitute or a stimulus
for contact sexual offending, (b) as a source of pleasure through collecting a complete series of
images, (c) as a means of enabling online social relationships with like-minded others, (d) as a
replacement for absent or unsatisfying relationships in the real world, (e) as therapy for exploring
and dealing with one’s problems, and (f) as a manifestation of the addictive properties of the
internet (Seto et al., 2010, p. 170). Individuals involved in child pornography, as well as those
who access it, typically make efforts to hide their activities. They also tend to participate in
online communities, trade pornography with other individuals, and have access to a large
volume of images and other digital files (Seto et al., 2010).
Pedophile Subculture
Holt et al. (2010) state that “the development of the Internet and computer-mediated
communications has the fostered growth of a wide range of deviant sexual behaviors along with
deviant subcultures that support and approve of these behaviors” (p. 3). The Internet allows for
sexual minorities (such a pedophiles) to identify with resources and forums where individuals
can share explicit materials. As a result, sexual subcultures have developed, creating
communities where sexual deviants can receive validation, support, and safety. There are
numerous ways that pedophiles use the Internet to facilitate criminal behavior (Holt et al., 2010).
Pedophiles use the Internet to identify, trade, and distribute pornographic and sexual materials,
in the form of comic books, films, pictures, and stories.
Computer-mediated communication gives pedophiles a pool of potential victims who can
be groomed for offline sexual contact. Exchanges between individuals “provide information on
the ways individuals become interested in relationships with children and how to justify these
behaviors” (Holt et al., 2010, p. 4). Users in online pedophile forums “clearly recognize that their
sexual orientations were different, causing them to face extreme social stigma in the real world
because of their sexual preferences” (Holt et al., 2010, p. 8). Pedophiles in these forums
conveyed that they feel that they have been pushed to the fringes of society, having to defend
themselves against those with differing sexual orientation. Online forums allow pedophiles to
discuss their sexual interests, attractions, and desires in a place of safety, in a community filled
with like-minded individuals.
Kloess et al. (2014) states that the Internet fosters feelings of belonging, a sense of
community, communication with other like-minded individuals, and a supportive environment
that validates and reinforces beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors (p. 132). At the same time, online
community can result in “increased social isolation and further intimacy deficits, negatively
impacting family life and other relationships” (Kloess et al., 2014, p. 132). Some individuals use
the Internet to avoid negative feelings while others engage in online sexual behavior as a result
of “personal factors, such as dissatisfaction with current persona, early sexualized experiences,
and poor adolescent socialization” (Kloess et al., 2014, p. 132)
Pedophile communities feel very strongly towards laws that condone their sexual
preferences and orientation. According to Holt et al. (2010), several forums included
conversations geared toward the legalization of child pornography. Some pedophiles stated
that child abductions and murders would decrease if child pornography was legalized. Others
stated that the “punishments given to pedophiles were unjust and largely because of unfounded
concerns over the harm they may cause” (Holt et al., 2010, p. 14). Also discussed was the
argument that individuals who caused serious harm to children should receive harsh
punishments.
Thus, individuals who treat children in a way that shows no love or care deserve to be
harshly punished. Those who act within the acceptable normative boundaries of
pedophile subculture do not, however, merit cruel and harsh punishments (Holt et al.,
2010, p. 15).
Characteristics of Sexual Predators
Offenders of online/Internet sexual crimes tend to be Caucasian males, more likely to be
unemployed when compared to the general population, and they tend to be younger than offline
sexual offenders. They are also more likely to be involved in a romantic relationship than offline
offenders. Online offenders also tend to have less emotional identification with children, but
greater victim empathy (Kloess et al, 2014). There is a higher level of sexual deviancy in online
offenders, when compared to offline offenders. Loneliness and low levels of self-esteem seem to
drive online offenders to pursue sexual gratification in an online environment. According to Prat
and Jones (2013), most child pornographers are between the ages of 25 and 50, with no previous
criminal record. They are usually well-educated, have a job, and unlike those who sexually abuse
child, child pornographers are typically married. These offenders often have experienced
violence and sexual assault in childhood. Studies have shown that child pornographers who think
of children as disposable object have major cognitive distortion (Prat & Jonas, 2013). Tang et al.
(2015) state that cyber sexual grooming (CSG) involves a lone offender, typically a male adult.
Adolescents are the primary target of CSG. In 85%-95% of cyber sexual grooming, the victim
knows the offender (Tang et al., 2015, p. 42).
Characteristics of Child Victims
Child victims on Internet predators are vulnerable. These vulnerabilities include a
poor relationship with parents and/or friends, bullying, and problems at school , as well as
low self- esteem, difficulties with behavior, immaturity, and emotional suffering (Kloess et
al., 2014).
Direct victims of pornography are those portrayed in images and who have suffered
abuse. In more than half the cases, victims are young girls, typically under age 10. The level of
victimization depends on nature of image; victim is typically pressured and silenced by the
offender, with the threat of images being broadcast (Prat & Jonas, 2013). Indirect victims of
child
pornography are those to whom images are sent to groom them for subsequent gratification of
the pornographer’s fantasies. These victims are typically between the ages of 14 and 17, due to
their “greater use of communication technology” (Prat & Jonas, 2013, p. 9).
Victims of cyber sexual grooming are often 13-16-yer-old prepubescent girls, though
boys may also fall prey. Girls are frequently targets due to early maturity. Low self-esteem and
low confidence, as well as family dysfunction, are manifest by high levels of conflict and low
levels of communication within a victim’s family. There are also instances of low parental
supervision. Children are often exploited “because of their natural pubertal interest in sexuality
and their inadequate technological skills” (Tang et al., 2015, p. 43). Tang et al. state that
children of parents with “specific stressors” or of single-parent mothers are typically targeted
because they are easy to access; “their parents perceive the predators to be a good help and an
additional source of care and affection for their offspring” (Tang et al., 2010, p. 43).
Child victims are often afraid to report sexual abuse. The biggest fear is of what will
happen if abuse is reported. According to Schaeffer et al. (2011), victims of sexual abuse felt
that “they could not rely on their parents, distrusted adults and professionals, and were ashamed
of what happened” (p. 344). Some victims did not want to burden their parents or wanted to
keep the abuse a secret. Victims who did not have parental support were more likely to keep
their abuse a secret. Other reasons child victims fail to disclose sexual abuse are threat of harm
by the offender, the offender is a family member, the child is afraid of getting into trouble, and
the child is afraid what will happen to them and the offender is they say anything (pp. 349-350).
Some of the reasons child victims decide to tell someone about the abuse are that the child wants
the abuse to stop, the child wants help, the child’s body was “checked” by an adult, physical
evidence of abuse was discovered, and the abuse was witnessed by another person, (Schaeffer et
al., 2013).
Contact and Noncontact Sexual Offenders
According to Long et al. (2012), studies have shown that there is a relationship between
the possession of indecent images of children (IIOC) and contact child sexual offenses. There are
several levels of child abuse imagery; “(1) images depicting erotic posing with no sexual
activity,
(2) nonpenetrative sexual activity between children, or solo masturbation by a child, (3)
nonpenetrative sexual activity between adults and children, (4) penetrative sexual activity
involving a child or children, or both children and adults, and (5) sadism or penetration of, or by,
an animal” (Long et al., 2012, p. 372). These levels increase in severity of indecent images of
child victims. Long et al. (2012) state that one in five online contact offenders produce their own
indecent images of children (IIOC) themselves, or they convince the victim to take photos of
themselves or friends, for the benefit of the offender.
Tied in with the levels of child abuse imagery are Sentencing Advisory Panel (SAP)
levels. When an offender has contact with a victim that involves sexual touching, without
penetration, this is categorized as Level 3. Sexual abuse with penetration is considered Level 4.
Level 5 offenders have penetrated their victim and exhibited one or more of the following:
“violent rape, causing physical trauma to victim (e.g., bleeding),” “physical abuse, such as
hitting victim in commission of offense,” “bondage, trying up victims (e.g., using rope,
handcuffs),” “evidence of enjoyment of pain inflicted (e.g., one offender produced his own
IIOC movie where victims were visibly seen to be crying and in pain)” (Long et al., 2012, p.
379).
Peer-to-Peer File Sharing
Peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing allows users to download and upload files from other
users (Liberatore et al., 2010). The primary goal of every p2p file sharing system is to “support
efficient distribution of content shared among peers” (Liberatore et al., 2010, p. S96).
One such file sharing system is Gnutella. With Gnutella, peers bootstrap the process of
joining network by first contacting a known Web server that provides partial list of current peers.
Peer topology unstructured and somewhat random, and each peer is identified by a unique, self-
assigned and randomly chosen ID. Gnutella users search for shared files by issuing queries to
neighbors. According to Liberatore et al. (2010), “the querying peer downloads content by
selecting a file from received query responses” (p. S96). If both peers are behind a firewall, a
connection is not possible and the file cannot be shared.
BitTorrent is another file sharing system used to download and upload child pornography.
This file sharing system requires ancillary support to search for files and find peers with those
files (Liberatore et al., 2010). Users create a torrent, and “torrent describes a set of files that can
be obtained through the BitTorrent protocol, and provides enough information to enable this
process” (Liberatore et al., 2010. P. S97). In order for a file to be downloaded, a peer either
connects to a remote peer, or in contacted by a remote peer. BitTorrent has a mechanism known
as a tit-for-tat, which encourages peers to upload as well as download files.
When gathering evidence using the Gnutella protocol, there are four primary avenues.
One of Gnutella’s main design goals is to ensure that content is successfully located. One avenue
of gathering evidence in queries. “Query hits are an excellent source of leads, as in practice they
are not typically falsified” (Liberatore et al., 2010, p. S100). The second avenue is swarming
information. This allows the downloading peer the chance to request portions of a file from many
peers in parallel. This is also a good source of information for investigators, though it can be
falsified. The third avenue, browse host, provides information directly from the remote machine,
making for strong evidence by courts for probable cause. With browse host, “the remote peer
will report the names and SHA-1 hash values of its shared files” (Liberatore et al., 2010, p.
S100). A hashing algorithm condenses data to a fixed size. The last avenue of gathering evidence
through Gnutella is file download. According to Liberatore et al. (2010), “the remote peer
directly transmits the requested portions of the file, and the content (and its hash value) can be
validated directly by the investigator” (p. S100).
With BitTorrent protocol, the four primary methods of gathering evidence are tracker
messages, piece information exchange, peer exchange, and file download (Liberatore et al.,
2010). The primary purpose of the tracker is to “track peers’ interests in torrents, and distribute
contact information among peers interested in the same torrent” (Liberatore et al., 2010, p.
S101). Piece information exchange means that when a peer connects for a download, they
transmit a list of which pieces of the file they have. This can be strong enough evidence to issue
a search warrant., since this information is relayed directly. The final avenue, file download,
occurs when a peer requests and downloads blocks (small fragments or pieces of a files that are
typically 16 KB). These blocks are put together to verify that they are correct.
Effects of Internet-Related Sexual Abuse on Children
Investigative interviews play a key role in the accurate identification of child abuse and
Internet-related crimes, to protect children and provide these children, their families, and the
perpetrator with the appropriate care and services (Katz, 2013). The National Institute Child
Health and Development (NICHD) developed protocol for interviewing children, “which was
implemented in the United States, Israel, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Canada” ( Katz,
2013, p. 1537). This protocol improved the quality of investigative interviews, as well as
showed
beneficial effects on assessment credibility, investigative leads, and case disposition and case
resolution.
Katz (2013) explains five key categories of Internet-related sexual abuse. Category one is
the suspect’s grooming process. This involves approaching the victim through the Internet,
communication with the child through the Internet and building a rapport, asking the child for a
phone number or attempting to schedule a meeting with the child, and meeting with the child
(when the sexual assault occurs). When the offenders felt that the children felt “comfortable and
safe” with them, “they escalated the process and began to talk with them about sexual content”
(Katz, 2013, pp. 1538-1539). Category two is the offline meeting. Victims were confused and
surprised when they saw someone much older than what was portrayed in chat rooms. Offline
meetings often end in the sexual assault of the victim. Category three is “He can do anything”
(Katz, 2013, p. 1539). In this category, the thoughts and emotions of the victims towards their
perpetrators in this category “included feelings of love, desire, curiosity, and needing, as well as
feelings of fear, anger, and considering the suspects as superheroes who can see and do anything
to them” (Katz, 2013, p. 1539).
Category four, the secret, involves the victim keeping the sexual abuse from the
perpetrator from their parents, siblings, or other adult figures in their lives. According to one
child who was interviewed following their abuse, “Well, I told my friend about meeting with
him, and you know what happened, that is how I got to you, because she told on me to my father
and then he came and tracked us” (Katz, 2013, p. 1539). The fifth and final category is the
dynamic with the investigative interviewer. Katz (2013) states that these interviews are
conducted when there is firm evidence indicating the alleged abuse, which includes chat
documentation, medical exams, eyewitness testimony, and the admission of perpetrators. Many
of the children interviewed resisted from the beginning of the interview, even when asked
neutral questions that would build a rapport with the interviewers. The victims “displayed
feelings of self-blame, shame, guilt, and embarrassment toward the interviewers” (Katz, 2013, p.
1540).
Law Enforcement
According to Wells et al. (2007), computer technology can provide law enforcement
officers with the forensics evidence that is lacking in “conventional” child sex crimes (p. 271).
Everything on the Internet leaves a digital trail that can be traced by digital forensics. Part of the
success of strategies used to bust individuals involved in online cyber sexual abuse is exploiting
the same anonymity used by offenders. “Police investigating online child grooming may
assume the identity of a child or young person and engage in chats or email or SMS
communication” (Urbas, 2010, p. 410). In order for an offender to gain the trust of a child and
establish a relationship, offenders have to assume a different identity and adopt the lingo of
those they are looking to exploit and groom. Law enforcement officers must conduct
themselves within the scope of the law. Urbas (2010) states that some jurisdictions require that
an actual child is communicated with, in order for there to be a grooming offense. An
entrapment defense can be claimed by a defendant if he or she is coerced into a course of action
that was not predisposed.
One dilemma in investigating Internet child pornography cases is multiple jurisdictions.
Individuals can possess child pornography that is created or distributed from around the world.
Another challenge involves proving that images fit the definition for child pornography. The
majority of child pornography depicts explicit sexual activity or images that focus on a child’s
genital area. Yet another challenge with Internet child pornography cases is that there is not
always a consensus as to what classifies an image as graphic or explicit enough to be considered
pornography. According to Wells et al. (2007), “statutory definitions of child pornography vary
by state and it is probable that even within states, prosecutors may use some discretion in
determining which images to accept as evidence” (p. 277).
Conclusion
Victims of childhood sexual abuse and child pornography are targeted in numerous ways.
They are trapped and deceived by offenders, threatened, coerced, and physically and mentally
harmed. Child victims are chosen because of their vulnerabilities. The use of technology allows
offenders to access a larger pool of victims, all while flying under the radar. Technology also
allows offenders to share pictures with other predators. Advances in technology have given
predators the means to exploit children for their personal gain and personal satisfaction, yet have
also allowed for law enforcement to better recover deleted files from a phone, computer, or other
digital forms. Law enforcement officers would have an easier time if there was a universal
definition of what constitutes child pornography.
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