CJUS 310 Liberty University Online Criminal Justice Paper assignments 2021.pdf

CJUS 310

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RESEARCH PAPER: OUTLINE ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS

OVERVIEW

You must provide an in-depth outline of the research paper you plan to write based on the topic

you selected upon completing your Quiz: Research Paper – Topic Selection.

INSTRUCTIONS

Your outline must contain headings that correlate to your chosen topic. You must use the current

APA recommended alphanumeric outline format below:

I. (APA level 1) (Author, year)

A. (APA level 2) (Author, year)

1. (APA level 3)

a. (APA level 4)

(1) (APA level 5)

II. (APA level 1) (Author, year) and so on

You must include the appropriate author and year (author, year) in your outline point. Generally,

you will need author and year citations for most Roman numeral Levels (e.g., I. II, III and so on)

or capital letter (e.g., A, B, C and so on) level points. You must describe each point with 1–2

sentences. See the outline example below.

Your outline must also include a Reference page with at least 5 peer reviewed journal articles. A

peer reviewed journal article has been reviewed for content by generally three reviewers with

expertise in the discipline. Please see the Research Paper: Outline Example.

Note about per reviewed journals: Not all published literature in criminal justice is peer-

reviewed. For example, NIJ Journal/Bulletin and some other National Institutes of Justice

publications are not peer reviewed. For example, NIJ Journal articles may not have an abstract

or will only contain notes—not References. Some articles related to criminal justice published on

the Internet are not necessarily peer reviewed. This does NOT mean that NIJ Journal and

Internet articles are not informative and useful. Peer reviews only ensure that several

professionals with expertise in the specific area have critically read and reviewed an article;

however, not adequately addressing the comments of peer reviewers could result in the rejection

of the paper for publication.

Indicators of Peer Reviewed Literature:

There are a number of indicators that may help one identify peer-reviewed literature. In general,

the surest way to determine if a journal is peer-reviewed is to go the JOURNAL’S website which

explains the journals process for peer review. Other than that, below are 10 good indicators of

whether a journal is peer-reviewed or not.

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1. Journal is generally in the title

Journals related to criminal justice include, but are not limited to,:

Journal of Criminal Justice

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology

Journal of Quantitative Criminology

Journal of Sociology

International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences

Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy

Homicide: An Interdisciplinary and International Journal

Journal of Forensic Sciences

Criminology

Criminology and Public Policy

American Journal of Criminal Justice

2. Always has an Abstract, and most have keywords

3. Authors have a Ph.D. and are affiliated with a university

4. Could be two types of articles:

a. Empirical studies (Original research: Hypothesis, Experimental Methods, Data,

Graphs and Charts, Discussion, Conclusions, Appendices with data)

b. Literature reviews (Compilation of other studies-meta-analyses)

5. Generally, has appropriate headings (outline) throughout the paper

6. Technical or discipline specific language and keywords

7. References (Bibliography, Works Cited) at the end of the article

a. This list is usually extensive (one page or longer)

8. Content is generally greater than 5-pages long

9. No or very few advertisements on any of the pages

10. Is generally in a relevant database in the Library, such as Criminal Justice

Abstracts

You will receive written explanation if your outline needs to be modified.

Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.

CJUS 310

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RESEARCH PAPER: OUTLINE EXAMPLE

Thesis Statement: Several factors contribute to the actions of juvenile homicide offenders

including lack of parental supervision and guidance, negatively influencing peer groups, and lack

of school resources. Contributing Factors to Juvenile Homicide

I. Introduction

II. Lack of parental supervision (Dolan & Smith, 2001)

A. Need for guidance

B. Need for discipline

III. Negatively-influencing peer groups

A. Gang affiliation (Klein et al., 1986)

B. Negative peer pressure

IV. Lack of school resources

A. Need for after school programs (Frensch et al., 2009)

B. Need for gang resistance education and training [GREAT] and drug abuse

resistance education [DARE] (Esbensen et al., 2011)

V. Recidivism of juvenile homicide offenders [JHOs] (Vries & Liem, 2011)

VI. Conclusion

References

Dolan, M., & Smith, C. (2001). Juvenile homicide offenders: 10 years’ experience of an

adolescent forensic psychiatry service. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 12(2), 313-

329. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585180110056858

Esbensen, F., Peterson, D., Taylor, T., Freng, A., Osgood, D. Carson, D., & Matsuda, K. (2011).

Evaluation and evolution of the gang resistance education and training (G.R.E.A.T.)

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program. Journal of School Violence, 10, 53-70.

https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2010.519374

Frensch, K., Cameron, G., & Preyde, M. (2009). Community adaptation of youth accessing

residential programs or a home-based alternative: School attendance and academic

functioning. Child Youth Care Forum, 38, 287-303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-009-

9083-9

Klein, M., Gordon, M., & Maxson, C. (1986). The impact of police investigations on police-

reported rates of gang and nongang homicides. Criminology, 24(3), 489-512.

Vries, M. A., & Liem, M. (2011). Recidivism of juvenile homicide offenders. Behavioral

Sciences and the Law, 29(4), 483-498. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.984

CJUS 310

RESEARCH PAPER: ROUGH DRAFT ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS

OVERVIEW

Now that you have a good understanding of your topic and have a generalized sense of what the

issues are associated with your topic; you are ready to critically examine the problem, discuss

alternative perspectives, and propose a likely solution.

INSTRUCTIONS

 Submit a rough draft based on the research paper outline you created in your Research

Paper: Outline Assignment.

 Expand on your outline and address all sections thoroughly in at least 5 pages, excluding

the title page, abstract, table of contents, reference list, and appendices.

 Each section, from the introduction to the conclusion, is effective and labeled.

Information flows in an organized and meaningful manner.

 The paper must follow current APA format and includes at least 5 primary references and

5 biblical references that are significant to the topic.

 There is a clear and meaningful connection between all the resources.

 The instructor will provide written feedback.

Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.

Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency

Name of student

Professor

Course

Institute

Date

Introduction

The importance of young people in society calls for strict measures to be taken to help

nurture responsible and competent individuals to ensure its continuity and make it better. The

criminal justice system and other stakeholders in the community are assigned the responsibility

of providing effective recommendations to help young individuals avoid deliquescent behaviors

that can lead to imprisonment and thus ruin their capability of them to have a stable future. Many

resources, time, and strategies have been utilized to help prevent juvenile delinquencies in

society, but the rates are still high (Siegel, 2021). However, many factors have prevented the

proposed strategies from effectively reducing deliquescent behaviors in society. It is critical to

examine the gaps that exist preventing strategies of reducing juvenile deliquesces behaviors

effectively and determine the most effective recommendations that can be applied to make future

solutions more effective.

Problem Description

Despite a significant focus on helping prevent and minimize juvenile delinquency

behaviors, the records of juvenile arrests still remain high. According to the Office of Juvenile

Justice and Delinquency Prevention (2019) report, the number of people under 18 years arrested

dropped by 58% between 2019 and 2010. However, the number of juveniles arrested still

remained high despite the significant drop. In 2019, more than 650,000 individuals under the age

of 18 years were arrested in the United States. The prevalent crimes committed by the juveniles

were simple assaults (126,130), burglary (20,700), vandalism (31,950), drug abuse violations

(81,320), liquor laws (26,650), larceny-theft (83,690), aggravated assault (27,070), and

disorderly conduct (53,990) (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2019).

The problem with the high rate of juvenile deliquesces is the cost associated with it.

According to Sneed (2014), it costs a state an average of $400 to lock up a single juvenile

explaining why the average estimated amount that the states spend to deal with juvenile

deliquesces is $21 billion annually. Apart from that, locking up juveniles significantly affect

their ability to have a stable life. Many juvenile systems do not have sufficient resources to

provide juveniles with the required training and skills to help them venture into different careers

when they return to society (Nisar et al., 2015). Most juveniles reported having more defiant

behaviors when they get out of the juvenile system than when they were sent there. The

resources and programs meant to help juveniles integrate back into society are also insufficient.

It explains why the probability of a juvenile being re-arrested as an adult is very high (Nisar et

al., 2015). There is always a big gap that a juvenile has compared to a youth that does not go to

the juvenile system. Therefore, there is a need to reduce the number of juvenile delinquencies

further.

Alternative Perspectives of the Problem

The significant reduction in juvenile arrests in the United States is due to changes in the

judicial system legislation on juveniles. The majority of the reforms focused on juvenile

delinquencies prevention and rehabilitation programs. The first proposed solution was education

for youths (Omoniyi, 2011). According to the strategy, juveniles should be provided more

insights into the different types of crimes and their consequences. More insights about crimes

and possible implications have been linked to reduced crime among young adults. It helps

improve their decision-making process and oral perception of things in society. The other

strategy that has been utilized in developing a community program that helps provide social

services needs to young adults at risk of different crimes (Gill et al., 2014). Due to the sufficient

knowledge about juvenile deliquescent behaviors, the current criminal justice system

policymakers have insights into the factors that are likely to increase the probability of a juvenile

committing deliquescent behaviors and ways to prevent them. Therefore, communities develop

programs in regions linked with high juvenile deliquescent behaviors to provide resources they

lack, causing the increased risk of performing the deliquescent behaviors. For example, the

biggest problem in low-income societies causing juvenile delinquency is a lack of basic

resources and role models. Therefore, a community program developed can help provide basic

needs like education and housing for the juveniles to prevent the risks of them engaging in

deliquescent behaviors as well as provide more information about how to make a good decisions

in their life to help them become better individuals that will help others found in the same

situation as them (Siegel, 2021).

Another example of a prevention and rehabilitation program is the bullying prevention

program (Impact Law). The program aims to help young adults avoid aggressive behaviors and

learn to respect others. The reason is that one of the highest crimes young adults commit is due

to their irrational behaviors. Another program has been based on increasing parent-children

interaction and engagement (Impact Law). The reason is that multiple research found that the

main factors that make young adults commit crimes are because they lack appropriate support

and guidance from parents. The deliquescent behaviors are mainly a sign of a call for help to the

parents as the child is missing important aspects like love, support, or attention. Therefore,

helping create a positive relationship between the child and the parent will significantly reduce

the probability of the young adult engaging in deliquescent behaviors. Other programs that aim

to prevent juvenile delinquencies focus on prenatal and infancy care and support (Impact Law).

The reason is that early childhood development is linked to many deliquescent behaviors of

young adults. The way a person is provided support and care when they are young will

significantly affect their morale and ethical perception. For example, when children at a young

age are neglected and witness a lot of violence, they are likely to display a lot of deliquescent

behaviors.

MacKenzie & Farrington (2015) states that developing prevention programs within the

Juvenile Justice System helps prevent juvenile deliquescent behaviors. That is, developing

educational programs about crime in juvenile systems will help young adults know the laws and

crimes and thus make more informed decisions in the future that will help them from committing

deliquescent behaviors. Other programs that have been proposed within the criminal justice

system are providing education and training programs. The educational programs focus on

juveniles choosing which careers to pursue, like business management, entrepreneurship, social

work, and computer programming. Examples of the training programs provide technical skills

like mechanics, electronics, tailoring, and carpentry (Mallett, 2018). Equipping them with these

skills helps them have a strong foundation for establishing a career that can help improve the

quality of their life as they grow without necessarily having to be employed. The problem with

the solution is that there are not enough resources to adequately provide these prevention and

rehabilitative programs to the youths in the carinal justice systems.

Conclusion

Juvenile delinquency is a big problem with many adverse effects on different

stakeholders despite the availability of many preventive and rehabilitative measures to manage

them. Even though juvenile arrests have significantly reduced over the years in United States, the

numbers remain significantly high. The high juvenile arrest rate still costs states billions of

dollars each year, and it is not effectively helping young adults amend their actions and have a

chance to better their lives as they grow up. Several strategies have helped reduce the rate of

juvenile arrests in United Sates over the years based on preventive and rehabilitative programs in

the community and the criminal justice system. Community educative and supportive programs

target young adults at risk of deliquescent behaviors and offer resources, skills, and knowledge

they need to help show them why it is not appropriate to do different things that might result in

breaking the law. Developing more effective actions can help reduce the significance of the

problem in the future.

Recommendations

Scholars have found that multiple factors cause juvenile delinquency in contemporary

society. The problem is that multiple factors vary based on social demographical traits. Some

factors may be more prevalent among a specific group of people but are not the same for a

different group. It means that applying the same strategies to one geographical location or based

on a specific group of people may have varying results because of the differences in the nature

and factors that cause juvenile delinquency in the two different groups of locations. It explains

why, even though multiple strategies can help prevent juvenile delinquency, the problem still

remains. Due to this factor, using modern technology to understand the dynamics of juvenile

delinquency for better decision-making can act as an effective strategy to overcome the problem

(Brayne & Christin, 2021). For instance, the data record, retrieval, storage, and analysis software

can offer more specific trends and patterns that enhance informed decision-making in the

strategy utilized to prevent juvenile delinquency in a specific region.

Collaboration is another effective strategy that can further help prevent juvenile

delinquency (Becan et al., 2018). The multiple studies examining juvenile delinquency show that

it has an impact on almost all aspects of society. By this, it means that all the societal

stakeholders like individuals, the local government, businesses, private entities, social service

institutes, juvenile delinquency correctional systems, and the educational system, among others.

Also, it shows that the lack of collaboration prevents the current prevention and rehabilitation

programs from effectively accomplishing their objective. The solutions developed are only based

on narrow perspectives of the field of study, while the problems and factors that cause juvenile

delinquencies are many and varying.

References

Becan, J. E., Bartkowski, J. P., Knight, D. K., Wiley, T. R., DiClemente, R., Ducharme, L., ... &

Aarons, G. A. (2018). A model for rigorously applying the Exploration, Preparation,

Implementation, Sustainment (EPIS) framework in the design and measurement of a large-

scale collaborative multi-site study. Health & Justice, 6(1), 1-14.

Brayne, S., & Christin, A. (2021). Technologies of crime prediction: The reception of algorithms

in policing and criminal courts. Social Problems, 68(3), 608-624.

Gill, C., Weisburd, D., Telep, C. W., Vitter, Z., & Bennett, T. (2014). Community-oriented

policing to reduce crime, disorder, and fear and increase satisfaction and legitimacy among

citizens: A systematic review. Journal of experimental criminology, 10(4), 399-428.

Impact Law. "Juvenile Delinquency Prevention."

Lipsey, M. W., & Howell, J. C. (2012). A broader view of evidence-based programs reveals

more options for state juvenile justice systems. Criminology & Pub. Pol'y, 11, 515.

MacKenzie, D. L., & Farrington, D. P. (2015). Preventing future offending of delinquents and

offenders: what have we learned from experiments and meta-analyses?. Journal of

Experimental Criminology, 11(4), 565-595.

Mallett, C. A. (2018). Disproportionate minority contact in juvenile justice: Today's, and

yesterday, problems. Criminal justice studies, 31(3), 230-248.

Nisar, M., Ullah, S., Ali, M., & Alam, S. (2015). Juvenile delinquency: The Influence of family,

peer and economic factors on juvenile delinquents. Applied Science Reports, 9(1), 37-48.

Omoniyi, M. B. I. (2011). Juvenile Crimes and Its Counseling Implications. Journal of

Psychology, 2(1), 1-6.

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (2019). "Statistical Briefing Book;

Juvenile Arrests". Retrieved from https://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/crime/qa05101.asp

Siegel, L. J. (2021). Juvenile Delinquency: The Core, Sixth Edition. United States of America

Sneed, T. (2014, Dec). What Youth Incarceration Costs Taxpayers. U.S News.

Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency Outline

Name of student

Professor

Course

Institute

Date

Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency Outline

I. Introduction

A. The importance of young people in society calls for strict measures to be taken to

help nurture responsible and competent individuals to ensure its continuity and

make it better.

B. Thesis Statement: It is critical to examine the gaps that exist in preventing

strategies of reducing juvenile deliquesces behaviors effectively and determine

the most effective recommendations that can be applied to make future solutions

more effective.

II. Problem Description

A. Despite a significant focus on helping prevent and minimize juvenile delinquency

behaviors, the records of juvenile arrests still remain high (Office of Juvenile

Justice and Delinquency Prevention (2019).

1. The number and common types of juvenile delinquency

B. The economic and social cost

2. Economic cost (Sneed, 2014)

3. Social cost (Nisar et al., 2015)

III. Alternative Perspectives of the Problem

A. Preventive and rehabilitation programs based on society and individual

1. Community programs (Gill et al., 2014)

2. Youths' education (Omoniyi, 2011)

B. Other examples of preventive and rehabilitation programs (Impact Law)

1. Bullying prevention programs

2. Parent-children interaction and engagement programs

3. Prenatal and infancy care and support programs

C. Preventive and rehabilitation programs based on Criminal Justice System

1. Education (MacKenzie & Farrington, 2015)

a. Entrepreneurship

b. Business Management

c. Computer science and programming

2. Training on technical skills (Mallett, 2018)

a. Mechanics

b. Electronics

c. Tailoring

d. Carpentry

IV. Conclusion

A. Juvenile delinquency is a big problem with many adverse effects on different

stakeholders despite the availability of many preventive and rehabilitative

measures to manage them.

B. Developing more effective actions can help reduce the significance of the

problem in the future.

V. Recommendations

A. Use of information technology systems (Brayne & Christin, 2021).

B. Collaborative strategies (Becan et al., 2018)