READING AND EVALUATING PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL LITERATURE
Professor Presley
Liberty University
Evaluation Form
NAME: Victoria Barnhill Date: 08-30-2019
References
Schönhöfer, J. (2016). Political determinants of efforts to protect victims of human trafficking.
Crime, Law, and Social Change, 67:153–185. DOI 10.1007/s10611-016-9643-5
1.
A.
B.
C.
D.
1. OUTLINE: Use the exact titles
and subtitles in the article
Use alphanumeric style
I. (APA level 1)
A. (APA level 2)
1. (APA level 3)
a. (APA level 4)
(1) (APA level 5)
II. And so on
I. Introduction
II. The UN Anti-Trafficking Protocol
III. Explaining anti-trafficking efforts
IV. Methods
V. Hypotheses
VI. Data and methods
A. Case selection
B. Measures
1. Dependent variable
2. Independent variables
3. Control variables
C. Analytic strategy
VII. Results
VIII. Discussion and conclusion
2. PURPOSE: (State, as
accurately as possible, the
author’s purpose for writing the
article. What was the author trying
to accomplish? What portion of the
article leads you to identify the
author’s purpose?)
[Abstract, summary, conclusion]
“In focusing on characteristics of national cabinets and
parliaments, this paper seeks to understand domestic
factors that are conducive to the enforcement of policies
which protect victims of human trafficking in 33
democratic member countries of the European Union
(EU) and the Organization for Economic Co-Operation
and Development (OECD).” p. 153
“This paper aims to examine compliance with articles
concerning victim protection of the UN Anti-Trafficking
Protocol.” P. 154
3. KEY QUESTION: (Your goal
is to figure out the key question
that was in the author’s mind when
he or she wrote the article. In other
words, what key question is
addressed?)
[the key issue is…., the main
point is…]
The key question addressed is:
Does UN Anti-Trafficking protocol help protect
victims of human trafficking?
READING AND EVALUATING PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL LITERATURE
Professor Presley
Liberty University
E.
F.
4. LITERATURE REVIEW Previous research on the adaptation and enforcement of
anti-trafficking policies has predominantly drawn on
theories of international relations: states are
conceptualized as unitary, coherent and rational actors
whose decisions depend on the structure of the
international system, irrespective of their internal,
political composition. Hence, counter trafficking efforts
are often seen as a product of what happens in the
international system, rather than being brought about by
processes within states themselves such as advocacy and
political representation. p. 155
5. MOST IMPORTANT
INFORMATION: Key
information, suppositions, facts,
data
[the main point is…, the
most important point…]
Transition signals
1. Addition-also, another,
next, first, other
2. Cause and effect-because,
since, therefore, as a
result
3. Comparison-like, equally,
just as
4. Contrast-but, yet, on
the contrary, however
5. Emphasis-most, above
all, key factor, especially
6. Illustration-for example,
for instance
7. Conclusion – finally,
in sum, in conclusion
“Hence, counter trafficking efforts are often seen as a
product of what happens in the international system,
rather than being brought about by processes within
states themselves such as advocacy and political
representation.” p. 155
“Hence, understanding what drives the enforcement of
victim protection policies warrants a closer examination
of domestic legislators, which are responsible for
policymaking.” p. 155
“Consequently we know little about how the ideological
composition of governments and parliaments shape
victim protection efforts of nation states and whether the
positive association between the percentage of female
parliamentarians and compliance with anti-trafficking
treaties remains significant when other government
characteristics are controlled for.” p. 155
“However, this positive association between women in
parliament and comprehensive victim protection policies
might change, once other characteristics of the legislative
are taken into account.” p. 160
“In addition, left parties in cabinet and their
parliamentary environment should have a combined
effect on the existence and enforcement of victim
protection policies.” p. 160
READING AND EVALUATING PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL LITERATURE
Professor Presley
Liberty University
“Hence, the effect of the share of left parties in cabinet on
benevolent 160 J. Schönhöfer protection policies is
conditional on the overall supportive attitudes towards
social justice and the inclusion of minorities in
parliament.” p. 160
“Firstly, the study focuses on internal government and
parliament characteristics of states.” p. 161
“Yet, the literature review has shown that
international factors do play a role in explaining
compliance with international treaties like the UN
Anti-Trafficking Protocol.” p. 161
“Secondly, the countries in the sample are predominantly
transit or destination countries of human trafficking. As
such, they are the site of transport and exploitation for
trafficking victims.” p. 161
“Hence the study addresses the provision of protection
measures for trafficking victims where the existence of
the latter is most pressing, namely where victims find
themselves most vulnerable, in a foreign environment
and under the strain of exploitation.” P. 161
“Lastly, the eradication of human trafficking has been
promoted as priority issue by EU and OECD member
countries for the last 15 years [21, 22, 101–103].” P.
161
“Furthermore, the latter countries have played a key role
in creating and promoting the UN AntiTrafficking
Protocol.” P. 161
“As a result, it is interesting to see whether this is “cheap
talk” [29] or whether these states actively enforce their
self-made international standards of the UN Anti-
Trafficking Protocol to protect end empower victims of
human trafficking within their national borders.” P. 161
READING AND EVALUATING PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL LITERATURE
Professor Presley
Liberty University
“Hence, the following analyses employ the sub-index of
“protection-policies” of the 3P Index as dependent
variables despite the criticism associated with its
information sources.” P. 162
“Model 1 furthermore corroborates evidence for a
positive (significant) and strong link between women in
parliament and the existence of comprehensive protection
policies for trafficking victims, even if other parliament
and cabinet characteristics are controlled for.” P. 170
“Furthermore, by ratifying the UN Anti-Trafficking
Protocol states indicate their awareness of human
trafficking and its countermeasures.” P. 164
“However, it may take some time before the ratification
results in the enforcement of proceedings to protect
victims of trafficking.” P. 164
“Hence, the analysis contains a time variable counting
the years since ratification of the protocol to control for a
state’s interest in suppressing human trafficking.” P. 164
“Lastly, to account for the relevance of binding regional
treaties to victim protection efforts a dummy variable to
indicate whether a country has ratified the 2005
Warsaw Convention was included in all models.” P.
164
“Nevertheless, this study advances our knowledge of the
substantive representation of minority interests by female
members of parliament: the gender effect remains stable
and significant even when other parliamentary and
government features, which are conducive to the
protection of trafficking victims are controlled for.” P.
172
“Contrary to assumptions this positive effect of left
parties in cabinet is most visible when there are low
levels of parliamentary support for social justice.” P. 173
READING AND EVALUATING PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL LITERATURE
Professor Presley
Liberty University
G.
“However, high levels of parliamentary support for the
strict enforcement of law and order policies promote
higher levels of efforts to protect victims of human
trafficking.” P. 173
“Lastly, future research should investigate the role of
domestic political factors for the two other policy
dimensions addressed in the UN AntiTrafficking
Protocol: are government characteristics less important
for compliance to prevention and prosecution, because
states have a lower level of discretion regarding the
implementation of these policy dimensions in their
domestic legislation and practices?” p. 175
6. METHODOLOGY(Key
methods used)
[Methods: What model is used,
what is the experimental design,
our data was from, Are there any
stated hypothesis? If so what are
the independent of dependent
variables? What are the units of
analysis (sample)? Were there
any instruments used? Was this
a cross sectional or longitudinal
design or other design like
experiment, survey, or
observation? What are the
sample characteristics-selection,
participation rate?]
Studies have identified a positive relation between the
share of parliamentary seats held by women and
endeavors to fight human trafficking in regards to
prosecution but also concerning prevention and the
protection of victims [8, 9, 12, 14, 16]. (p. 159)
1. This experiment had both dependent and independent
variables.
Dependent: “The outcome of interest for this study is a
country’s enforcement of victim protection policies as
stipulated in the UN Anti-Trafficking Protocol. This is
assessed with the sub-index “protection” taken from the
3P Anti-Trafficking Index [8].” P. 161
Independent: “Four variables were used to measure the
descriptive and ideological composition of national
parliaments and cabinets. The presence of women in
parliament is measured by the percentage of
parliamentary seats held by female parliamentarians,
available from the Comparative Political Data Set III
(CPSD III) [70].” pp. 162-163
2. Previous research shows the correlation between anti-
trafficking policies and international relations.
“Previous research on the adaptation and enforcement of
READING AND EVALUATING PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL LITERATURE
Professor Presley
Liberty University
H.
anti-trafficking policies has predominantly drawn on
theories of international relations: states are
conceptualized as unitary, coherent and rational
actors whose decisions depend on the structure of the
international system, irrespective of their internal,
political composition” p. 155
3. This experiment showed that there are
characteristics of national cabinets are associated with
better policy efforts to protect victims of human
trafficking.
“This study assessed the link between domestic political
factors and compliance with victim protection as
stipulated in the UN Anti-Trafficking Protocol in a
sample of 33 countries from 2000 to 2011. It contributes
to the broader question as to what drives compliance with
international treaties lacking enforcement mechanisms: is
compliance only caused by international actors and
power politics, or can local actors also contribute to
shaping the implementation and enforcement of policies
[101]? The results showed that certain characteristics of
national cabinets and parliaments are indeed significantly
associated with more comprehensive policy efforts to
protect victims of human trafficking.” p. 173
8. LIMITATIONS/DISCUSSION
(Limitations of the study)
[Limitations, Discussion: One
limitation of our study is, other
limitations, Other studies
show…]
“However, research has not yet scrutinized which
features of government and parliament beyond the share
of female parliamentarians are associated with the
provision and enforcement of comprehensive victim
protection policies.” p. 159
9. CONCLUSION
(The main conclusion(s) of the
author(s))
[Conclusion: In summary,
Finally, In conclusion,
Future studies?]
“These findings suggest that compliance with the
dimension of victim protection is more driven by a law-
and order agenda than by a social justice agenda.” p. 173
“The results of this study suggest that the fate of
trafficking victims is not entirely a product of
international power politics and interests. It is also the
result of complex interactions on the local level between
governments, parliaments and the legal system, the
different interests and agendas of actors, and the
structures in which they operate.” p. 175
10. YOUR OPINION OF
THE PAPER
This was a very well written paper. The experiment very
was detailed.
