READING AND EVALUATING PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL LITERATURE
Professor Presley
Liberty University
Evaluation Form
NAME: Jasmyn McLean Date: 10/12/2018
Brum, R., Cornell, D. G., Modzeleski, W., & Jimerson, M. J. (2010, January 1). What Can Be Done About
School Shootings? (27-37
Retrieved from; http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3102/0013189X09357620
1.
3.
1. OUTLINE: Use the exact titles
and subtitles used in the article
Use alphanumeric style
I. (APA level 1)
A. (APA level 2)
1. (APA level 3)
a. (APA level 4)
(1) (APA level 5)
II. (APA level 1) and so on
I. Introduction
II. Literature review
III. Hypothesis
IV. Methods
A. Research settings
B. School shooting analysis
C. random allocation
D. Apparatus
E. Measures
1. Guns
2. Students safety
3. Bullying
4. Police
5. Security at schools
V. Results
A. Murder
B. reduce schools shootings
VI. Discussion
A. Do teachers need a handheld gun
B. Provide more cops on campus
C. Metal detectors
VII. Conclusion
2. PURPOSE: (Cite, as accurately
as possible, the author’s purpose
for writing the article. What was
the research question?)
Explanatory, evaluative,
exploratory or descriptive
Was a theory or
theoretical perspective
presented?
[Abstract, summary, conclusion]
“Aseries of high-profile school shootings in the
1990s focused America’s attention on the problem of
school violence. Public fear generated by these
emblematic events drove a dramatic shift in security-
related policies and procedures in our nation’s
schools.”pg27
3. KEYWORDS: (Keywords)
[Keywords after the abstract]
“at-risk students; school psychology; school
shootings; student behavior/attitudes; threat
READING AND EVALUATING PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL LITERATURE
Professor Presley
Liberty University
1.
4.
A.
assessment; violence” pg27
4. LITERATURE REVIEW
(Identify the most important and
relevant studies, prior literature)
[Introduction, previous
literature says, other studies]
“A major difficulty in identifying effective practices
to maintain school safety and prevent serious acts of
violence is that school shootings receive such
intense publicity, and are such”pg1
“Threat assessment is identified as a promising
strategy for violence prevention that merits further
study. The article concludes with an overview of
the need for schools to develop crisis response
plans to prepare for and mitigate such rare events”
pg27
5. MOST IMPORTANT
INFORMATION: Key
transitions Transition signals
1. Addition-also, another,
next, first, other
2. Cause and effect-because,
since, therefore, as a
result
3. Comparison-like, equally,
just as
4. Contrast-but, yet, on the
contrary, however
5. Emphasis-most, above all, key
factor, especially
6. Illustration-for example,
for instance
7. Conclusion – finally, in
sum, in conclusion
“In recent years schools across the country are
combining basic security measures, such as
searching lockers (53%), placing school staff in
hallways (90%), locking entrances and/or exit doors
during the school day (54%), and requiring visitors
to sign in 93%” Pg28
“In a similar vein Schools have been engaged in
target hardening and other security measures for
decades. They began with the creation of school
security agencies in urban schools (primarily high
schools) during the era of desegregation and have
evolved into widespread use of metal detectors and
cameras to monitor and document behavior, and
stationing police officers on premises” Pg28
““Despite systematic review of targeted shooting
incidents conducted by the U.S. Secret Service and
the U.S. Department of Education revealed no
accurate or useful demographic or social profile of
school attackers”pg29
“In fact In the 10-year period from 1996–1997 to
2005–2006, 207 student homicides occurred in U.S.
schools, an average of 21 deaths per year. Dividing
the nation’s approximately 125,000 elementary and
secondary schools (U.S. Department of Education,
2008) by 21, any given school can expect to
experience a student homicide about once every
6,000 years.1 pg27
READING AND EVALUATING PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL LITERATURE
Professor Presley
Liberty University
“The two field therefore, test studies suggest that a
threat assessment approach can be carried out with
seemingly positive outcomes, but both are limited by
the absence of comparison groups, and there is a
need for studies with a more rigorous, randomized
controlled design. Nevertheless, many schools
across the country have adopted a threat assessment
approach, often devising their own methods and
procedures”pg32
“However, the familiar conclusion that “more
research is needed” poses special challenges when it
comes to school shootings. At the outset, there are
problems in defining what kinds of cases should be
studied. The term school shooting may evoke images
of an attack committed by a student at school, but
there are cases involving”pg36
Even more difficult “Student threat assessment can
be distinguished from profiling in part because the
investigation is triggered by the student’s own
threatening or concerning behavior rather than by
some broader combination of student
characteristics.”pg31
In many ways “disciplinary consequences and
counseling. The remaining 30% were substantive
threats that required protective action and the
development of a plan to address the underlying
conflict or problem that drove the student to make a
threat.” Pg33
for example “Research is needed on ways to help
students overcome the code of silence, bystander
passivity, and other psychological barriers that
can prevent them from seeking help in appropriate
situations”pg34
Likewise “The term zero tolerance describes a range
of policies that seek to impose severe sanctions—in
schools, typically suspension and expulsion—for
minor offenses in hopes of preventing more serious
ones. Pg28”
even though “These initiatives are based on the
READING AND EVALUATING PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL LITERATURE
Professor Presley
Liberty University
theory of deterrence; however, after nearly a decade
of widespread adoption (nearly 75% of schools
report having such policies) and well-documented
increases in school suspensions and expulsions”pg28
Still, “The use of profiles and warning signs to
prevent school shootings is not supported by existing
research”pg29
Furthermore “Victims tended to be males, students in
senior high schools, and students in central cities” pg29
Theoretically “homicide rates did not differ
significantly in rural versus urban areas or public versus
private schools.” Pg30
However “These findings conflict with perceptions that
school homicides are a rural or small-town
phenomenon or that they afflict only public
schools”pg32
Thus “the highly publicized series of school shootings in
the late 1990s that culminated in the 1999 Columbine
shooting occurred at a time when student victimization
was declining.”pg33
In total, “students ages 12 through 18 declined
approximately 60%, from 13 violent crimes at school
per 1,000 students in 1994 to 5 violent crimes per 1,000
students in 2000”pg34
Specifically “decline was consistent with other
indices of a downward trend in violent juvenile crime
more generally throughout the United States”pg33
Nevertheless “report also presents basic principles for
multidisciplinary teams to use in conducting threat
assessments and managing potentially dangerous
situationpg36
But “These incidents and the young people
responsible for them have been labeled in a variety of
ways, pg34 including “classroom avengers” and
“rampage killers.” Pg32
Therefore “Information about these attacks, of course,
is only as accurate as the source from which it is
derived”
READING AND EVALUATING PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL LITERATURE
Professor Presley
Liberty University
pg. 40
In short, “the reports by the FBI and by the Secret
Service and Department of Education laid the
groundwork for developing threat assessment as a new
approach to violence prevention in schools.” Pg39
6. METHODOLOGY(Key
methods used)
[Methods: What model is used,
what is the experimental design,
our data was from, Are there
any stated hypothesis? If so
what are the independent of
dependent variables? What are
the units of analysis (sample)?
Were there any instruments
used? Was this a cross sectional
or longitudinal design or other
design like experiment, survey,
or observation? What are the
sample characteristics-selection,
participation rate?]
“Exaggerated perceptions of risk can lead to
inefficient or ineffective policies such as zero
tolerance that do little to create a sustainably safe
and secure learning environment. Research on
school homicides is needed to educate policy makers
and the public alike in order to counter
misperceptions and quell unrealistic fears and to
guide the development and dissemination of
effective violence prevention strategies.”pg36
“There is also a need for research on crisis response
plans and methods for facilitating recovery after a
traumatic event such as a school shooting as well as
after a potentially catastrophic event has been
averted.pg33
However, the familiar conclusion that “more
research is needed” poses special challenges when it
comes to school shootings.”pg34
“At the outset, there are problems in defining what
kinds of cases should be studied. The term school
shooting may evoke images of an attack committed
by a student at school, but there are cases involving”
pg37
7. RESULTS/DISCUSSION
(Tables, data, graphical
representations, meaning)
[Results: Were there any causal
assertions? Did data support the
conclusions or assertions? the
results show, Table 1 shows]
“These studies are notable—in part—because they
rejected efforts to develop a profile of persons who
commit school shootings, discouraged the simplistic
use of lists of warning signs or checklists, and
shifted the field toward threat assessment as a
prevention strategy”pg33
8. LIMITATIONS/DISCUSSION
(Limitations of the study)
[Limitations, Discussion: One
limitation of our study is, other
limitations, Other studies
show…]
“There is a paucity of empirical evidence to guide school
administrators in developing emergency preparedness
and crisis response plans for school shootings. School
personnel presently must rely on insights from
emergency management strategies used in workplace
settings and lessons learned in the aftermath of school
shootings and other traumatic events.”pg34
READING AND EVALUATING PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL LITERATURE
Professor Presley
Liberty University
9. CONCLUSION
(The main conclusion(s) of the
author(s))
[Conclusion: In summary,
Finally, In conclusion,
Future studies?]
“Exaggerated perceptions of risk can lead to inefficient
or ineffective policies such as zero tolerance that do little
to create a sustainably safe and secure learning
environment. Research on school homicides is needed to
educate policy makers and the public alike in order to
counter misperceptions and quell unrealistic fears and to
guide the development and dissemination of effective
violence prevention strategies.”pg34
"There is also a need for research on crisis response
plans and methods for facilitating recovery after a
traumatic event such as a school shooting as well as after
a potentially catastrophic event has been averted. “Pg. 34
“However, the familiar conclusion that “more research is
needed” poses special challenges when it comes to school
shootings. At the outset, there are problems in defining
what kinds of cases should be studied. The term school
shooting may evoke images of an attack committed by a
student at school, but there are cases involving” pg34
10. YOUR OPINION OF
THE PAPER
This paper was very good it really gave good
advised on how to prevent school shooting etc., but
also I think it should talk more about schools helping
their students because most school shootings are
within the children that attend their school. More
counseling for these kids and also in their home.
