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Cjus entire course summarized
Criminal Justice Research and Writing (Liberty
University)
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Criminal Justice 230-entire course outline
Liberty University
Fall 2019
•Culture-Patterns of human activity or the way of life for a society: codes, rules
of manners, dress, language, behavior, rituals, systems of belief
•police culture/subculture-combination of shared norms, values, goals, career
patterns, lifestyles, occupational structures that is different from the combination
held by rest of society
•honor (risk-taking), loyalty (first on scene to aid fellow P.O), individuality (handle
any situation his/her way)
•Three major principles police subculture is based on. -"Gallows humor"
•Officers use this as a coping strategy, appear disinterested in the suffering of others
•blue wall of silence
•protective barrier by police in which officers protect one another, even refuse to aid
police superior/law enforcement officials in investigating wrongdoing of other
officers
•blue curtain
•situation which police officers only trust other police officers and do not aid in
the investigation of wrongdoing by another officers-William Westley
•developed the concept blue curtain, which is a barrier that isolates police officers from
rest of society-police personality-traits common to most police officers-
Authoritarianism, suspicion, hostility, insecurity, conservatism, cynicism-Traits of police
personality reported by scholars-Danger, authority, isolation from the public-Three key
features of an officer's working personality-terminal values (family, security, love,
accomplishments)-Officers place a higher emphasis on what values than on social values
(equality)?
•Are police officers psychologically healthier, less depressed/anxious, more
social/assertive?
police academy, field training, patrol experience
Most studies found police personality comes from the socialization process in what?
shortly after induction into policing environment
Unmistakable evidence stated that personality characteristics (more cynical, paranoid,
depressed, angrier, dominant, hostile) of officer's change when?
most- Black
females least-
white females
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What female officers were the least/most affected group-regarding personality change?
most- Black males
least- white
males
What male officers were the least/most affected group-regarding personality change?
Police cynicism
an attitude, there is no hope for the world and view of humanity at its worst - it increases with
length of service in police department
Dirty Harry Problem
moral dilemma faced by officers who may feel forced to take certain illegal actions to achieve
greater good (Scorpio/Harry/oxygen girl)
"Gun run"
a dispatcher's order to patrol units to respond to location due to report over 911 that a person
has a gun in possession-immediate police response
Stress
body's reaction and stimuli that caused it (physical, mental,
emotional) flight-or-fight response
body's reaction to highly stressful situations which it is getting prepared for extraordinary
physical exertion
Yes-most stress!
Is policing ranked in the top ten most stressful-producing jobs in the US?
external, organizational, personal, operational
What are the 4 categories of stress that the police confront?
Personal stress
stress is produced by interpersonal characteristics: difficulties in having a good relationship with
other officers
External stress
stress produced by real threats/dangers: responding to gun runs or auto pursuits
organizational stress
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stress produced by elements in quasi-military character: odd work hrs., working holidays, strict
discipline on officers, workplace conditions, lack of influence over work, workplace bias
operational stress
stress produced in daily need to confront the tragedies of life: deal w/ criminals, mentally
disturbed, drug addicted and to protect the public
Physical exercise, activities, or hobbies, sharing problems
What are some healthy coping mechanisms in response to stress?
absenteeism, avoiding discussion w/ supervisors, oversleeping, drinking, smoking
What are some unhealthy coping mechanisms in response to stress?
suicide by police officer
a person wishing to die places an officer in a life-threatening situation, causing officer to use
deadly forces against that person
11 percent
What percent did suicide by police incidents account for
shootings? 57 years
What is the average life expectancy of a police
officer? police suicide
intentional taking of one's own life by a police officer
95 state/local LEO
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigations) (Federal Bureau of Investigations) reported how many
LEO's killed in the line of duty year 2009?
20-30 percent
What percent of police officers have alcohol probs?
discrimination
what phenomenon followed the death of Michael brown to hold the officer accountable
The Ferguson effects
When the public accepts the police as legitimate, they are more likely to do what
Corporate and comply
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The increase in violence in police officers have led some community activates to do which of
the following
All of these
Police must balance the legal authority with-Constitutional confections
After the death of Freddy Grey which specific type of crimes spiked?
Homicide
Of the following which routine of police officers which is the subject of the greatest degree
Use of force
When a group of citizens protest a force, they are implying what-Police which are an extension
of the government do not have trustworthy motives
Which of the following definitions fits best with the Greek word those police were derived
Citizens actively involved in the government
Where did the highly publicized case of Freddy Grey occur?
Baltimore
What led Freddy grey to be released of custody-Switch blade knife
Police officers in the United States are influenced by what
All the above
Police use this during their daily duties-discretion
Policing has international roots in the US and most of these can do traced where? England
Who is credited with policing in London-Robert Pill
Which of following in not to be considered as an original task of police-Collecting taxes
Which city has been described as a pool of corruption and violence-New Orleans
This is based on ethical practice and good policing
Professionalism
During the political era, the primary mission as a police officer was to?
Garner votes
was formed in 1931 to investigate the rise in crime rates
The wicker submission
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Besides professionalism which of the following was promoted
Higher education
Which of the following was developed in the 1960s as a result as social order
college degree programs
As the community police model gave momentum in the 1980s and other policing strategies
Probable policing
Define what is considered a security threat group within the prison system
Any organization or group of 3 or more persons having as one of its primary activities the
commission of one or more criminal acts within prison.
Point out the history of prison gangs and gang culture.
Political prisoner-a political prisoner is someone who is imprisoned for his or her participation in
political activity
Identify the major prison gangs within American prisons. What is the mission or purpose of
each gang?
Mexican Mafia(Hispanic, large in TX), Texas Syndicate(Spanish Syndicator Tejano), Bloods, Arian
brotherhood
Illustrate how correctional staff handles security threat groups and gangs within the prison
system.
Put leaders of gangs in secure housing units
Explain how security housing units are used to control the gang population within the prison
system.
Isolation from rest of gang, especially if isolating a kingpin or gang leader. Can decrease
activity of gang since they aren't being lead and given orders.
Name five items correctional investigators look for when focusing on gang membership within
the institution.
Common ways; like snitches, informants, victims, arrested with other gang members, or if
individual admits it(bucking)
Explain the term "Bad News List" as defined within the textbook.
List of dangerous violent inmates who fail to confine
What is a step-down program and how is the program used within various prison institutions?
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help get you out of Isolation and stepdown to a less confined place and get out of gang activity
Describe various prison tattoos and their meanings.
Gang tattoos have various meanings usually depicting gang relation
Describe the functions of a correctional investigator.
They gather information on STGs, propose isolation and are good at recognizing security threat
groups(STG)
Explain the role of intelligence in coping with prison
gangs. is important because info that a government
collects What are treatment services?
any in-prison program designed to meet an inmate's needs and lower recidivism.
What is rehabilitation?
Need counseling, education, and drug programs
What is backfilling?
When custody staff take off they must be
replaced What is meant by "autocracy"?
Leader who dictates what needs to be done. Ran all by one person (warden)
What is meant by "hierarchical management"?
Bureaucracy with different levels. Warden on top- can delegate
What are the three themes that impact correctional management?
1.) Restraint & reformation Administrator's see offenders as morally, psychologically, physically
and educationally inferior humans.
2.) Administrators use a gradualism approach to change by using non-scientific means to exact
change.
3.) The syndrome of isolation and withdrawal that conceals from the public the realities of life in
prisons which perpetuates stereotypes and myths.
Who was George Beto?
Developed control model with emphasizes work, discipline, and education
Who was Howard Gill?
From Massachusetts Founded the institute of correctional administration in Washington D.C.
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What is classification?
is the process of categorizing inmates for assignment to institutions and
programs. What is external classification?
Is the process assigning inmates to a specific institution
What is internal classification?
Assigning inmates to specific types of programming, work, and cell locations
What is reclassification?
Is the process used to change inmate control and programming
Know the importance of providing Health and Medical Services to Inmates, Religious Assistance
and Services to Inmates, and Educational and Training Programs for Inmates.
If inmate is sick in prison then inmate can be treated and gain as much health before going back
into the real community. Religious Assistance is to help inmates find them selves and better
their life. Educational training is so inmates will be able to go back into the community and not
be so far behind.
What is the vocational-rehabilitation model?
It is any training program designed to increase job readiness and skills for inmates
What is the reintegration model?
A treatment approach to prevent relapse and recidivism by use of existing community services,
often bundled into a reentry plan to lower recidivism
What is meant by "sick call"?
It's an opportunity for inmates to seek medical treatment
What is meant by "goldbrickers"?
Inmates seeking sick calls for other than medical needs
What is meant by "cognitive intervention"?
A structural process that attempts to change how an offender thinks and sees the world
through cognitive restructuring
What is meant by "therapeutic communities"?
A term applied to a participative, group-based approach to treating criminal behavior and drug
addiction
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What is meant by the "gradualism approach"?
It is a "go-slow" approach to design and implementation of new programs
What is meant by "isolationism and withdrawal"?
Implementing programs without a systematic rational scheme
What is meant by the "control model"?
Emphasizes work, discipline, and education
What was the fee system?
Fees charged to state and federal prison system to house inmates in local jails
What are the weaknesses of jails?
Funding, Presumption of innocence, Treatment, ability to make bail
What is the new generation jail?
Developed in the 1970s, a facility designed for maximum interactions between staff and inmates
What are the differences between jails and prisons?
Jails are locally ran confinement facilities and can house people who have a year sentence or
lower. Prisons are funded and operated by the state, house people with more than a year
sentence.
What are the differences between first, second, and third generation jails?
First: had multimap cells, liner maintenance surveillance/ Second: cells were arranged in a pod
with popular/remote surveillance Third: new jail, cells continue to be laid out in a line
What are the characteristics of jail inmates?
Gang members, drug abusers, alcoholics, and poor, young males 20
What are some problems that individuals bring to the jail?
Psychological problems, medical issues, security threat groups, gangs, nature of crimes
committed
What is meant by the term
"rabble"? Poor and uneducated
What is the overriding emphasis in a maximum security prison?
Security and Custody
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What is the history of confinement?
Correctional institutions are both a blessing and a curse, reflecting a positive and humane
movement away from the cruel punishments of the eighteenth century. But, in terms of
reforming inmates so they can lead a noncriminal life in the free world, prisons have mostly
failed. There appears to be some abatement in the growth of the state prison populations, due
in part to the budget shortfalls that are afflicting most states.
What is meant by the "Big Four"?
group of local institutions: Cook County Department of Corrections, New York City Department
of Corrections, Washington. DC, Department of Corrections and Philadelphia Prison System.
What is meant by an industrial prison and an agricultural prison?
The large industrial prisons of the northeast United States are more in evidence in the major
industrial states The agricultural prison begun in the southern states.
Describe the nature of inmate life in a supermax prison unit?
Violent behavior inmates
Supermax Prisons -
A free-standing prison or designated area within a prison that functions to control and
contain dangerous, violent, disruptive, and other serious behavior in a prison facility. Built in
response to increasing violent behavior of inmates
Why is the classification process so important to the inmate?
the process by which offenders are assigned to types of custody and treatment programs,
based on such factors as offense category, escape potential, substance abuse patters, previous
experience with the criminal justice system, and so on. (Determines how inmate will be treated)
A state legislator says, "We ought to make all prisons maximum security again." What are
some criticisms that you can direct at his proposal?
Maximum security prisons cost more per inmate
Prisons have historically taken advantage of cheap prison labor. What ways in which this was
done?
Lumber camps, road prisons, prison farms, industry
What factors most hamper inmates getting the services that they need?
Understaffing, under budgeting, and lack of citizen interest or involvement often become
excuses for allowing conditions to deteriorate and sink to the lowest levels
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What are the five major offender-based institutional models?
Treatment model, the vocational rehabilitation model, the reintegration model, control model,
guided group interaction
What is meant by "model muddle"?
finds that co-correctional institutions suffer from a unique muddle of programmatic and
nonprogrammatic models that clash over institutional goals to value the male-female
relationship on the one hand and to serve system needs on the other.
Describe the development of state correctional systems.
Each type of state correctional system has developed as a matter of historical accident as
much as in response to a state's particular needs
What can be said about the capacity of jails?
-small and overcrowded
-Many of our largest jails are under court order to limit population and to improve specific
conditions of confinement
-occupancy is 84% of total capacity.
What is meant by "Guided group Interaction"?
The unique reformatory technique of the institution, attempted to pierce individual defenses
against rehabilitation and undermine delinquent attitudes
what are some causes of overcrowding in jails?
When released, they commit more crimes & go back, Money, A lot waiting trial mandatory
sentences, get tough polices, increase pressure, holdback policies
The criminal law seeks to prove that the defendant is guilty of the criminal action (men's rea)
and intended to cause the harm (actus rea)
true
false
false
Code of Hammurabi gives us a reference point for future.....
A-criminal investigation
B-prison policy
C-trial methods
D-all of the above
C
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who introduced trial by
battle A-napoleon
B-William I
C-pope innocent III
D-henry II
B
Who established the corpus juris
Civilis A-Hammurabi
B-emperor Justinian
C-napoleon
D-henry II
B
Henry VIII was responsible for creating the church of England
true
false
True
under which law are all crimes are considered to be an offense against
god A-Israelite law
B-Hammurabi code
C-Greek law
D-roman law
A
crime may only be a social
construct true
false
False
the US has firmly adopted which body of
law A-common law
B-civil law
C-canon law
D-religious law
A
during the dark and middle ages there was no distinction between a felony and misdemeanor
true
false
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true
under which law tradition the decision of judges . creates a binding
precedence A-common law
B-civil law
C-canon law
D-criminal law
A
Roughly
% of aggravated assaults are cleared by arrest A-
59
B-53
C-36
D-20
B
Participation in the UCR is
voluntary true
false
true
What percentage of murders result in
imprisonment A-30
B-50
C-70
D-90
C
the criminal justice system is often referred to a due to the considerable number
of cases that enter the system, but a small amount gets dealt with
A-inverted
cone B-triangle
C-funnel
D-syphon
The UCR adopts the rule when including offenses in the
report A-hierarchy
B-first report
offenses C-all-
inclusive
D-victim-reported
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The volume of crime far exceeds the capacity of the criminal justice system
true
false
Part 1 Crimes comprise of
A-murder, non-negligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle
theft and arson
B-murder, non-negligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle
theft and carjacking
C-murder, non-negligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle
theft
D- Theft, carjacking, rape, murder, arson non-negligent manslaughter,
robbery A
What is the dark figure of crime?
A- the actual amount of crime which is impossible to detect
B-the really high amount of violent crime
C-the number of arrests
D- victimization data
A
the UCR and NIBRS provide the same picture about the incidence of crime in the US
true
false
true
murder is included in NCVS
true
false
false
The police system in the US was influenced
by A- Anglo-Saxons
B-Nordics
C-French
D- all of the above
D
What was the name of the first statewide police agency in
America A- the Pennsylvania State Constabulary
B- the Virginia State Constabulary
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C- the Texas State Constabulary
D- the Washington State
Constabulary A
the early role of the police constable in America resembled far more of the English Body than
the French Sergeant de vile
true
false
false
The first person to hold office in America was William Stone, in which state did he hold that
office
A- Texas
B- Pennsylvania
C- Virginia
D- Tennessee
C
The nations that adhere to the common law model, the police forces usually adopt military or
quasi military style of policing
true
false
false
in what year did the first uniformed officers-of the London metropolitan police patrolled
across the city
A- 1812
B-1817
C-1823
D-1829
1829
Which king signed the Magna
Carta? A-king john
B- William the conqueror
C- King Henry III
D-king Luis XIV
A
in 1800 the British government passed the police bill which
A-formalized police force in the city of London
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B- formalized a uniformed public policing of the river Thames
C-enforced armed police patrol on the streets of London
D- all of the above
B
who was responsible for the creation of a military police force in
France A- King Luis XIV
B- Jean Baptise Colbert
C- Napoleon
D- Joseph Fouche
C
at the beginning Eugene Vidocq was known as a thief and criminal who later went on
to become the celebrated chief of
A- Gendarmerie National
B- Police National
C- Commissaries de police
D- Pariis Sureet
Police D
The largest sheriff's department in the world
is A- Texas county sheriff's department
B- Los Angeles sheriff's department
C- Las Vegas sheriff's department
D- Main County sheriff's
department B
What percent of new recruits successfully complete
training A-66
B-78
C-86
D-94
86%
the first statewide police force in the US was....
A- Maine State Police
B- Hawaii State Police
C- Pennsylvania State Police
D- Texas State
Police C
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Having a misdemeanor conviction completely excludes you from becoming a police office
true
life
false
in the state of Texas, police officers are required to have a basic police officer certificate,
which is obtained after months of service
A- 2 months
B- 6 months
C- 1 year
D- 1 year and 6
months C
what percent of US police forces require applicants to have 4-year college
degree A- 1%
B-5%
C-10%
D-25%
A
there are no significant differences in relation to policing priorities, recruitment and training
among the different law enforcement agencies in the US
true
false
false
in 1999, Robert Jordan was declined employment with the New London, Connecticut, police
department of his relatively high IQ
true
false
true
generally, police recruits must be physically fit, not have a criminal record and be
of age
A- 18
B- 21
C-25
D-28
B
which of the following states does not have a designated force in name, but operates under the
department of public safety?
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A- Maine
B- Virginia
C- Hawaii
D- Oklahoma
C
which federal agency was originally established to prevent counterfeiting of US
currency A-US Marshalls
B- ATF
C-Secrete
Service D-FBI
C
the FBI can take over any state criminal investigation
true
false
false
the oldest federal agency in the US is....
A- the secret service
B-Texas Rangers
C- US Marshals Service
D-Office of inspector General
C
To be eligible to become an ATF special agent, you need to be between the ages of 21 and 36, a
US citizen and hold a four-year college degree
true
false
true
there are how many agencies with federal arrest authority that are authorized to carry
firearms while on duty
A- 58
B-62
C-73
D-68
C
the offices of the inspector general investigate what type of
class A-fraud, bribery, waste and abuse related to federal
programs
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B-A-fraud, bribery, waste and abuse related to state
programs C-Both A&B
D- Neither do they investigate
cases A
the four largest federal agencies are: Customs and border protection, US immigration
and customs enforcement, Federal Bureau prisons and
A- ATF
B- DHS
C- ICE
D- FBI
D
the department of Homeland Security was established in response to
A- Oklahoma City bombing
B- 9/11 Attacks
C- Increase in violent Crime
D- increase in drug trafficking and availability of drugs
B
For how long the president and their spouse can can remain under the protection of the
secret service after they leave office
A- 10 years
B- 20
years C-25
years D-
lifetime
D
there are how many US
Marshals A-77
B-85
C-94
D-101
C
what amendment provides the right to speedy and public trail and impartial
jury A- 4th amendment
B- 5th amendment
C- 6th amendment
D- 8th amendment
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C
a police officer can search a person's vehicle or seize evidence without a warrant under what
circumstance
A- Consent
B- Incident to arrest
C- inevitable discovery
D- all the above
D
The two conditions which trigger "Miranda" warnings are:
A- arrest and interview
B- custody and interrogation
C-investigation and
interview D- arrest and
interrogation
B
which amendment provides protection against self-incrimination and double
jeopardy A- 4th amendment
B- 5th amendment
C- 6th amendment
D- 8th amendment
B
the protection against unlawfully seized evidence by prohibiting their use in criminal trials
is known s
A- the inclusive rule
B- the exclusionary rule
C- the evidentiary rule
D- the hearsay
rule B
which amendment provides protection against unreasonable searches and
seizures A- 4th amendment
B- 5th amendment
C- 6th amendment
D- 8th amendment
A
the particularity requirement, requires that the warrant specificities the places to
be searched and the items to be seized
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A- somewhat
B-mostly
C- nearly all
D- precisely
D
Exigent Circumstances allow police to search places without warrant
true
false
true
probable cause is a set of and that would induce a reasonably intelligent and
prudent person to believe that particular person has committed a specific crime
A- facts and evidence
B- evidence and circumstances
C- facts and circumstances
D- opinion and vice
C
if a suspect decides to wave their Miranda rights, they must do so voluntarily and knowingly
true
false
True
Tithe term men's rea refers
to The guilty mind
The English case R v. Wilson (1996) deals with the issue of
consent between heterosexuals
What does the conflict model identity have as the key to law and order:
power
which of the following are concerned with the effect that breaking laws has on society?
criminologists
the public health perspective of criminal violence focuses on
prevention
in 2011, the FBI did not have a known offender in approximately what percentage of homicide
cases?
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35%
which model states that politically and economically powerful groups make laws that protect
their interests and keep the poor at a disadvantage?
conflict
a tort is a form of
civil harm
Uniform Crime Reports, UCR are
not accurate and do not capture all crimes
male athletes represent 3.3% of society but represent what % of domestic violence offending
19%
the ford pinto scandal and the British petroleum (BP) environmental catastrophe are both
examples of
corporate violence
the NCVS data is drawn from
sample of population, 100,000 individuals all over 12 years of age. and drawn from 50,000 US
households
murder rates are measured by a constant multiplier of:
100,000
other than homicide (via the supplementary Homicide Report), the UCR only provides
aggregate and summary information about offenders and arrests
true
as a general statement, male rape is:
Rarely reported
NCVS does not collect data on homicides, commercial crimes or arson
true
NIBRS
national incident-based reporting system
XXXX is an annual publication that summarizes and synthesizes information on crimes
reported by the police
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UCR
the UCR records some crimes as part 1 and others as part 2. Which of the following
statements is accurate?
genocide is a part two crime
the term Doli incapax refers
to:
a child is incapable of committing a
crime NIBRS gathers data on:
46 group A and 11 Group B
offenses The trail of tears
commenced in 1835
The first victim of the revolutionary war
was Crispus Attucks
the outlaw Frank James died a natural death in Missouri in
1915
The WHO produces comparative crime data from XXXX countries
110
in terms of the WHO, report rates of homicide in most Europe (certainly the original EU
countries) are well recorded
true
the 1916s there was a XXXX detection rate for murders:
93%
Prohibition in the US was effective
from 1920-1933
al Capone spent 7 years in prison for tax evasion released in 1939, he died of syphilis in Miami in
1947
the original treaty between Georgia and the Cherokee was in
1791
Robert matron is the main proponent of
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strain and subculture theory
The differential association theory was extended by burgees and archers to the
social learning theory
one key concept of Shaw and McKay's theory is that
people compete for desirable space in cities
social control theory attempts to explain why it is we do not all commit crime rather than
explain why those who do commit crime elect to do so
true
A problem with Archers is that most of the applications have been to major crime
false
Sutherland believed learning criminal behavior has the same characteristics as other
conventional learning patterns
true
on crime and punishment was written
by Beccaria
Robert Anegre found that gender ability to cope is
different true
according to Freud, the personality is divided into
id, ego and superego
subculture theory has been used to extensively explain
police misbehavior
The UCR divides criminal homicide murder and non-negligent manslaughter and manslaughter
by negligence
true
Less than 0.5% of all murders are serial
killers false
the model panel code has abolished voluntary manslaughter
true
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under the model panel code negligent manslaughter is the unintentional killing of a
human being caused by the negligent of the defendant
true
for violent and property crimes and the gender of the victim appears to have a significant
impact on the clearance factors
false
Clifford Clark, of Knoxville, TN faced charges of
criminal trespass and aggravated assault
20% of serial killers are black
true
few murders are planned. most are violent, and therefore the idea that aggressive actions
compel or deter others to achieve a favorable social identity is linked to
symbolic interaction theory
an attack or attempted attack with a weapon regardless of whether injury occurs is the
definition of an aggravated assault according to
NCVS
