Jamileh Fard
Liberty University
Jamileh Fard
.(Your word is a lamp for my feet, a light on my path" ( Psalm 119:105"
Email: Jfard@liberty.edu
DSM-5-TR Summaries: Initial Assignment1
DSM-5-TR Summaries: Initial
Assignment Bipolar and Related
Disorders
DSM-5-TR SUMMARIES: INITIAL ASSIGNMENT2
DSM-5-TR Summaries: Initial Assignment
Bipolar and Related Disorders
Overview
I will discuss bipolar and related disorders as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5-TR), page 139. The chapter on bipolar and related
disorders aids in diagnosing bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymic disorder, substance- or medication-
induced bipolar, and related disorders. The chapter on bipolar and related disorders includes both
.diagnostic criteria and clinical decision-making guidelines
Disorder
Bipolar disorder is a complex mental health condition marked by extreme mood swings and
fluctuations in energy and activity levels. This disorder impacts a person's mood, thoughts, and
behavior. A person suffering from this life-altering disorder may quickly shift from extreme
happiness and hope to extreme sadness and despair. Bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder,
cyclothymic disorder, and substance- or medication-induced bipolar and related disorders are all
diagnoses. The criteria for bipolar I disorder represent a modern interpretation of the classic
manic-depressive disorder or affective psychosis described in the nineteenth century. Most
people who meet the requirements for a fully syndromal manic episode also have major
depressive episodes at some point in their lives. Cyclothymic disorder is diagnosed in adults with
at least two years of hypomanic and depressive periods without meeting the criteria for mania,
.hypomania, or major depression
Risk and Prognostic Factors
There are three distinct effects on risk and prognostic factors for bipolar. The first factor is the
environment, which includes family, socioeconomic status, recent trauma, or life-changing
events. The following two influences are genetic and physiological, suggesting that the client
may be genetically predisposed to bipolar disorder. According to research, mania and depression
can be hereditary. Because of the similarities, some mental disorders may remain "under-
.diagnosed" until more time and observations
Depressive Disorders
Overview
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Revision (DSM-5-TR)
defines depressive disorder on page 177. Depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder,
premenstrual dysphoric disorder, substance- or medication-induced depressive disorder, and
unspecified depressive disorder are all covered in this chapter. In addition, the chapter on
significant depression provides diagnostic criteria and guidelines for making clinical decisions
.and judgments
Disorder
Depressive disorders encompass disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, major
depressive disorder (including major depressive episode), persistent depressive disorder,
premenstrual dysphoric disorder, substance/medication-induced depressive disorder, depressive
disorder due to another medical condition, other specified depressive disorder, unspecified
depressive disorder. The common feature of all these disorders is the presence of sad, empty, or
irritable mood, accompanied by related changes that significantly affect the individual's capacity
to function (e.g., somatic and cognitive changes in major depressive disorder and persistent
DSM-5-TR SUMMARIES: INITIAL ASSIGNMENT3
.depressive disorder). What differs among them are duration, timing, or presumed etiology
To address concerns in the United States and, increasingly, internationally about the
potential for the overdiagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder in children, a new diagnosis,
disruptive mood disregulation disorder, referring to the presentation of children with persistent
irritability and frequent episodes of extreme behavioral , is added to the depressive disorders for
children up to 12 years of age. For a major depressive episode, the episode must: be at least two
weeks long; cause significant distress or severely impact social, occupational, or other important
life areas; not be precipitated by drug use; not meet the criteria for another mental disorder like
schizophrenia or bipolar disorder; not be better explained by grief (such as the loss experienced
after a death). Major depressive disorder rates as mild, moderate or severe. The DSM also
.recognizes MDD may occur with psychotic symptoms
Risk and Prognostic Factors
There are five different risk and prognostic factors for major depressive disorder.
Temperament (neuroticism) is a high-risk factor for major depression. Adverse childhood
experiences and other traumatic situations that affect all aspects of the client's life are considered
environmental. Heritability is approximately 40% if one or more family members have a
depressive disorder. Finally, course modifiers can be caused by substance abuse, anxiety, or
.borderline personality disorder
Anxiety Disorder
Overview
According to the American Psychiatric Association, anxiety is a normal stress reaction. It
can even be beneficial in some situations, such as increased attention and focus on a test or task.
On the other hand, anxiety disorders can range from mild anxiety or nervousness to intense
.feelings of fear or anxiety
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) defines anxiety as excessive worry and
fearful anticipation lasting at least six months about various events or activities, such as work or
.school performance
Disorders
Anxiety and worry are associated with three or more of the six symptoms listed below, at
least some of which have been present for more than six days in the previous six months:
dizziness or feeling dizzy or restless; gets tired quickly, has trouble concentrating, or goes blank;
irritation, muscle tension; sleep disturbances, such as difficulty falling or staying asleep, or
restless sleep. Anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause distress or clinically significant
impairment in critical areas of functioning such as social, occupational, or other. Separation
anxiety disorder, selective mutism, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder (social phobia), panic
disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, substance- or medication-induced anxiety
disorder, and anxiety disorder caused by another medical condition are examples of these
disorders. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (included in obsessive-compulsive and related
disorders), acute stress disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (included in trauma and stress-
related disorders) are no longer classified as anxiety disorders in the current version of the DSM.
However, these disorders are closely related to anxiety disorders, as evidenced by the sequential
.order of these chapters in the DSM-5
DSM-5-TR SUMMARIES: INITIAL ASSIGNMENT4
Risk and Prognostic Factors
The causes of anxiety disorders are unknown at this time, but they are most likely a
combination of developmental, psychological, environmental, and genetic factors. Anxiety
disorders can run in families, implying that genes may play a role. In addition, a stressful or
traumatic event, such as prolonged illness, violence, the death of a loved one, or abuse, is
.frequently associated with the development of an anxiety disorder
DSM-5-TR SUMMARIES: INITIAL ASSIGNMENT5
References
XLast Name, F. M. (Year Association, A. P. (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) (5th Edition). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc..
https://mbsdirect.vitalsource.com/books/9780890425770
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