DSM-5-TR SUMMARIES: SECOND ASSIGNMENT 2
DSM-5-TR Summaries: Second Assignment
All the following information was taken from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th Edition
(American Psychiatric Association, 2022) unless otherwise noted.
Substance-related and Addictive Disorders
Overview
Substance-related disorders involve ten distinct categories of substances: alcohol,
caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics, stimulants, tobacco,
and other unidentified substances. Substance use disorders typically highlight factors such as
substance intoxication, substance withdrawal, and medication-induced mental disorders across
all classes of substances. They are divided into two subcategories: substance-use disorders and
substance-induced disorders.)
Disorders
Alcohol use disorder is characterized by a problematic pattern of alcohol consumption,
encompassing symptoms like tolerance, withdrawal, and unsuccessful efforts to cut down or
control use, with severity ranging from mild to severe.)
) ) ) )Caffeine use disorder involves excessive and problematic consumption of caffeine leading
to physical or psychological distress, with specific criteria addressing the quantity and impact of
caffeine use.)
) ) ) )Cannabis use disorder may be diagnosed when problematic cannabis use is presented with
criteria related to impaired control, social impairment, and risky use, with severity categorized
based on the number of symptoms present.)
DSM-5-TR SUMMARIES: SECOND ASSIGNMENT 3
) ) ) )Hallucinogen use disorder features problematic use of hallucinogenic substances leading
to significant impairment, with criteria addressing issues such as recurrent hallucinations and
flashbacks.
) ) ) )Inhalant use disorder features the misuse of inhalants with symptoms like cognitive
deficits and repeated use in hazardous situations. It is also distinguished by the unique inhalation
route of administration.
) ) ) )Opioid use disorder features problematic opioid use with criteria including tolerance,
withdrawal, and a pattern of unsuccessful attempts to cut down or control use, with severity
levels ranging from mild to severe.
) ) ) )Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorder features the misuse of medications like
benzodiazepines, featuring criteria related to continued use despite negative consequences and
the development of tolerance.
) ) ) )Stimulant use disorder involves problematic use of stimulant substances, leading to issues
such as neglect of major responsibilities and the development of clinically significant
impairment, with criteria addressing specific stimulant-related symptoms.
) ) ) )Tobacco use disorder features persistent and problematic tobacco use, with criteria
addressing aspects like unsuccessful attempts to quit and continued use despite knowledge of
associated health risks.
) ) ) )Other (or unknown) substance use disorders feature problematic substance use not falling
into the other categories above, with criteria focusing on the substance in question and the
associated impact on the individual's life.
DSM-5-TR SUMMARIES: SECOND ASSIGNMENT 4
Risk and Prognostic Factors
The risks and prognostic factors associated with alcohol use disorder encompass both
environmental and genetic/physiological influences. Environmental factors include socio-
economic disparities such as poverty and discrimination, unemployment, low levels of education,
cultural attitudes toward drinking, alcohol availability, personal experiences with alcohol, and
stress levels. On the genetic and physiological front, alcohol use disorder tends to run in families,
with 40%–60% of the risk attributed to genetic influences. The condition shows higher rates in
close relatives, with the severity of alcohol-related problems affecting the risk.)
Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders Overview
Overview
In trauma- and stressor-related disorders, all conditions share exposure to a traumatic or
stressful event as a fundamental diagnostic criterion. This category encompasses diverse
disorders, including reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder,
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders, and prolonged
grief disorder, all linked by their association with distress following such events.)
Disorders
Reactive attachment disorder is characterized by inhibited, emotionally withdrawn
behavior toward caregivers and a lack of positive social responses, often stemming from early
childhood neglect or disruptions in caregiving. What distinguishes reactive attachment disorder
is the profound difficulty in forming and maintaining emotionally significant relationships,
reflecting a pervasive pattern of social and emotional impairment.
DSM-5-TR SUMMARIES: SECOND ASSIGNMENT 5
) ) ) )Disinhibited social engagement disorder involves a pattern of indiscriminate social
interactions, lacking appropriate selectivity in forming attachments. Distinguishing features
include a lack of hesitation to approach and interact with unfamiliar individuals, marked by
reduced or absent checking back with caregivers in unfamiliar settings.
) ) ) )Posttraumatic stress disorder arises following exposure to a traumatic event and is
characterized by symptoms such as intrusive memories, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli,
negative alterations in mood and cognition, and heightened arousal. What sets posttraumatic
stress disorder apart is the enduring nature of its symptoms, persisting for more than a month and
significantly affecting daily functioning.
) ) ) )Acute stress disorder is a time-limited reaction to trauma, sharing similarities with
posttraumatic stress disorder but typically occurring within three days to four weeks after the
traumatic event. Distinguishing features include dissociation, intrusive symptoms, negative
mood, avoidance, and arousal, and if symptoms persist beyond the designated timeframe, a
diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder may be considered.
) ) ) )Adjustment disorders involve maladaptive reactions to identifiable stressors, resulting in
significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
The key feature distinguishing adjustment disorders is the temporal relationship between the
stressor and the onset of symptoms, with symptoms emerging within three months of the stressor
and not persisting beyond six months after its termination.
) ) ) )Prolonged grief disorder is characterized by persistent and intense grief reactions lasting
beyond the expected time frames following the death of a loved one. What distinguishes it is the
enduring nature of grief-related symptoms, including longing for the deceased, difficulty
accepting the death, and emotional pain lasting for at least 12 months.)
DSM-5-TR SUMMARIES: SECOND ASSIGNMENT 6
Risk and Prognostic Factors
Serious social neglect is the sole known risk factor and a diagnostic requirement for
reactive attachment disorder, yet not all severely neglected children develop the disorder.
Prognosis is influenced by childhood neglect, with research indicating that the quality of care
plays a crucial role in determining outcomes for children with the disorder. Additionally, cultural
factors such as diverse caregiving practices and expectations of attachment behaviors may
impact the presentation and diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder, particularly in settings
where attachment has not been extensively studied. Variations in nurturing care practices also
contribute to the risk of the disorder. Functionally, reactive attachment disorder significantly
hinders young children's interpersonal relationships with adults or peers, leading to impairment
across various domains of early childhood.
Obsessive-compulsive and Related Disorders
Overview
In obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, all conditions are characterized by the
presence of obsessive thoughts and/or compulsive behaviors. These disorders share the common
feature of excessive or persistent cognitive preoccupations and repetitive actions, ranging from
intrusive, unwanted thoughts in obsessive-compulsive disorder to body-focused repetitive
behaviors like hair-pulling in trichotillomania and skin-picking in excoriation disorder.
Disorders
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by intrusive, distressing obsessions
leading to repetitive compulsions aimed at alleviating the associated anxiety. Common symptom
dimensions include cleaning, symmetry, forbidden thoughts, and harm.)
DSM-5-TR SUMMARIES: SECOND ASSIGNMENT 7
) ) ) )Body dysmorphic disorder involves a preoccupation with perceived defects or flaws in
physical appearance, leading to repetitive behaviors or mental acts in response to appearance
concerns. Muscle dysmorphia, a subtype, centers around a belief in insufficient muscularity.
) ) ) )Hoarding disorder is characterized by persistent difficulty discarding possessions,
resulting in cluttered living spaces and distress. It differs from normal collecting, causing
significant functional impairment.
) ) ) )Trichotillomania involves recurrent hair-pulling, leading to hair loss, and repeated
attempts to stop the behavior. Emotional states, such as anxiety or boredom, may precede or
accompany hair-pulling.
) ) ) )Excoriation disorder features recurrent skin-picking resulting in lesions, accompanied by
attempts to decrease or stop the behavior. Emotional states, tension, and subsequent relief are
associated with skin-picking.
) ) ) )Substance/medication-induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorders feature
symptoms characteristic of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, emerging during
substance intoxication, withdrawal, or exposure to medications.)
) ) ) )Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders due to other medical conditions feature
symptoms resembling obsessive-compulsive, and related disorders are directly linked to a
medical condition, highlighting the impact of physiological factors on the manifestation of these
symptoms.
) ) ) )Other specified obsessive-compulsive and related disorders include various presentations
such as nail biting, lip biting, cheek chewing, obsessional jealousy, and olfactory reference
disorder, each characterized by clinically significant distress or impairment.)
DSM-5-TR SUMMARIES: SECOND ASSIGNMENT 8
) ) ) )Unspecified obsessive-compulsive and related disorders feature symptoms that cause
clinically significant distress or impairment that do not fit the criteria for specific obsessive-
compulsive and related disorders, either due to atypical presentation or uncertain etiology.
Risk and Prognostic Factors
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is associated with various risk factors and
prognostic indicators. Temperamentally, individuals with greater internalizing symptoms, higher
negative emotionality, and behavioral inhibition in childhood may be at risk for developing
OCD. Environmental factors, including adverse perinatal events, premature birth, maternal
tobacco use during pregnancy, and childhood abuse, contribute to the risk, with sudden onset
symptoms associated with infectious agents and postinfectious autoimmune syndrome. Genetic
factors play a significant role, especially with familial transmission and genetic contributions
accounting for approximately 40% of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Dysfunction in specific
brain regions, such as the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and striatum, is
implicated in the physiological aspect. The disorder has significant functional consequences,
leading to reduced quality of life, social and occupational impairment, developmental difficulties
in adolescence, and challenges in forming significant relationships outside the family.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2022).)Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
(5th edition): DSM-5-TM.)American Psychiatric Association Publishing
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