PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 1
A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE OFFICERS:
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL BARRIERS TO SEEKING HELP
Janie Cooper Rhone
Department of Community Care and Counseling, Liberty University
A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Doctor of Education
School of Behavioral Sciences
Liberty University
2025
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 2
Abstract
Although first responders serve and protect the lives and property of members of their
communities daily, they are frequently exposed to traumatic events. Because of this exposure,
first responders face an increased risk of experiencing adverse psychological issues. These issues
could include a myriad of struggles, including PTSD, depression, and anxiety. That said, first
responders have been traditionally resistant to seeking help when dealing with any mental health
crisis. Reasons for this reluctance vary and largely surround significant barriers and various
forms of stigmatization. Even further, African American first responders are found to be even
less likely to seek help than other populations simply because seeking help for mental health
within their culture is both stigmatized and discouraged. The purpose of this qualitative study is a
phenomenological analysis focused on the help-seeking behaviors of African American first
responders and to describe how they address mental health concerns. The theory guiding this
study derives from Edmund Husserl's principle of phenomenology. The study describes the
lived experiences of African American first responders and how they cope with traumatic events
in their daily work routines. Data collection will consist of semi-structured open-ended
individual interviews with eight participants and two focus group interviews with eight to ten
participants in each group. The thematic process model of Huberman and Miles will be
employed to analyze and make meaning of the data. The study will serve as a foundational
analysis in understanding the complexities of how African American first responders navigate
mental health crises, and it serves as a guideline for developing future initiatives and research
around culturally appropriate interventions that could effectively increase help-seeking
behaviors.
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 3
Keywords: African American, first responders, stigma, mental health, help-seeking
behaviors, barriers
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 4
A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE OFFICERS
Chapter One: Introduction
Police officers are susceptible to enormous amounts of stress due to the frequent job-
related trauma they experience from day to day (Civilotti et al., 2021). According to Purba and
Demou (2019), police officers are also experiencing increased amounts of stress due to the
uncertainty and risk caused by the growing prevalence of guns among residents. Johnson et al.
(2019) contend that stress is a normal response to dangerous conditions; however, prolonged
exposure to stress due to frequent traumatic events can be detrimental. As a result, police officers
are disproportionately at a higher risk for incidents of mental illness such as high levels of
emotional and psychological distress, depression, anxiety, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
(PTSD), and suicide (Blumberg & Papazoglou, 2019; Bonner & Crowe, 2022; Levin, 2021;
Jetelina et al., 2020; Violanti & Steege, 2020). In fact, each year, greater percentages of police
officers succumb to suicide compared to individuals from other occupations (Levin, 2021;
Jetelina et al., 2020). McAward (2022) specifically reported that police officers have a 54%
higher likelihood of committing suicide compared to the general population. Additionally,
Stanton (2022) reported that there were 116 instances of police officers taking their own lives in
2020, while 113 policemen died while actually in the line of duty. In 2021, the number of
policemen who died by suicide increased to 150 (Leone, 2022). According to a recent survey
conducted by Thoen et al. (2020), around 12.4% of officers expressed a high level of certainty
that they would make an attempt to end their own lives in the future. The incidence of suicide
deaths by police is gradually emerging as a worldwide epidemic, as data indicates a dramatic
increase in police suicide rates in the United States (Ganley, 2019). Consequently, it is crucial for
researchers to delve into the mental health of police officers (Ondrejková & Halamová, 2022).
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 5
While police officers' participation in mental health counseling has proven to yield better
mental health outcomes (Brunetto et al., 2023; Hofer & Savell, 2021; Jachimowski et al., 2021;
Logan et al., 2024), many African American police officers are hesitant to participate (Belsches
& Blackmon, 2023). Among African American police officers, the decision not to participate in
job-related trauma counseling has been found to be rooted in cultural stigmatism. This
phenomenological study specifically focuses on the thought processes of African American
police officers’ decisions not to participate in obtaining professional treatment for job-related
trauma and the alternative methods they use to cope with stress in the workplace (Belsches &
Blackmon, 2023). The mental health issues faced by police officers, particularly those of African
American descent, are a significant concern because of their continuous exposure to traumatic
incidents and systemic stressors (Syed et al., 2020).
Although a wealth of studies on the mental health of police officers exists, there is a
notable lack of information on the reasons why African American police officers in Florida
choose not to participate in mental health treatment. Prior research, including Jetelina et al.
(2020), Padilla (2023), Marshall et al. (2021), and Richards et al. (2021), examined the
prevalence, service accessibility, behaviors, and general obstacles to obtaining mental health
assistance among police officers. Past research has also focused on the underlying psychological
stresses that arise from prolonged exposure to traumatic occurrences over the course of police
work (Blumberg & Papazoglou, 2019; Bowers et al., 2020; Richards et al., 2021). Although
these studies provide valuable insights into important areas of mental health among law
enforcement personnel, none of them directly explore the distinct viewpoints and encounters of
African American police in Florida on their hesitancy to seek mental health assistance. This gap
highlights the need for focused study to tackle the cultural, organizational, and institutional
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 6
elements that can discourage this specific group from obtaining mental health assistance, despite
the clear requirement within the field.
This phenomenological study is expected to provide readers with a comprehensive
understanding of the reasons behind African American police officers' choice to abstain from
participating in trauma counseling connected to their employment. The study is also expected to
enhance the existing body of literature by including the firsthand accounts of police officers in
Florida who opt out of mental health counseling. It will specifically focus on their individual
coping mechanisms for managing the psychological impact of job-related trauma. Analyzing the
officers' personal encounters, worries, and perspectives regarding the utilization of mental health
services for job-related trauma will enable police officers and law enforcement administrators to
evaluate their agency's current protocols and contemplate offering supplementary resources to
tackle the mental health challenges inherent in police work, as well as their effects on officers'
mental health and overall state of well-being. Furthermore, the study will enhance the usage of
mental health services and reduce the impact of job-related trauma,
Chapter One presents an introduction to this study. First, an overview is presented,
followed by the background of the investigated phenomenon. The situation to self is presented
next, followed by the interpretive framework, the ontological assumption, and the axiological
assumption. The problem and purpose statements, the significance of this study, and the research
questions follow. Definitions that will help to simplify the study are presented, followed by a
summary.
Background
The origins of mental health counseling for police officers in the United States may be
traced back to the early 20th century, at a time when only a few mental health experts were
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 7
actively engaged in the wider criminal justice system (Kitaeff, 2019). Initially, these experts
concentrated on areas such as criminal profiling, recall and identification of eyewitnesses,
hypnosis, and the creation of selection methods to assess the essential abilities of police officers
(Reese & Hodinko, 1990). The inclusion of police selection represented a significant
advancement in police psychology across four areas: evaluation, intervention, operational
assistance, and organizational advice (Reese, 2013). The growth was greatly impacted by the
early applied research started by the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration in 1968 and its
predecessor, the Department of Justice's Office of Justice Programs (Scrivner & Kurke, 1995).
These endeavors established the foundation for what Scrivner and Kurke (1995) refer to as the
first tradition of police psychology. The practice of using the Stanford-Binet IQ Test for
assessing the intellect of police officers originates with Lewis Terman's adaptation of the test in
1916. Terman first devised the test to measure children's intelligence but later modified it for
evaluating police officers as part of the selection process (Terman, 1917).
In the 1920s, L. Louis Thurstone and other researchers started utilizing intelligence tests,
such as the Army Alpha Intelligence Test, to evaluate police personnel. This contributed to
establishing this practice throughout police agencies (Weiss & Inwald, 2010). Thurstone's
research, specifically conducted with the Detroit Police Department, revealed a distinct
difference in IQ levels between patrolmen and their supervisors. This study offered a data-based
method for comprehending and enhancing the administration of police personnel (Thurstone,
1922). Psychological testing has grown in usage over the years, with notable examples including
the Los Angeles Police Department's thorough psychological evaluation for officer candidates in
1954. This evaluation involved administering tests such as the MMPI, group Rorschach,
projective drawing, and clinical interviews (Weiss & Inwald, 2010). In 1975, Joe Fabricatore
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 8
improved these assessments' thoroughness and legal credibility as the first psychologist solely
devoted to psychiatric evaluations for the police in Los Angeles (personal communication, May
24, 2015). The developments mentioned resulted from a larger socioeconomic and cultural
change in the 1960s. This change led to a greater need for psychological evaluation in police
selection, which was impacted by the growth in crime rates and major social unrest (Pinker,
2011).
In 1965, Lyndon B. Johnson established the President's Commission on Law
Enforcement and Administration of Justice. This commission aimed to investigate the root
causes of crime and propose interventions to address them (President's Commission, 1967). The
commission played a vital role in highlighting the significance of psychological services in law
enforcement. It recommended incorporating mental health resources to enhance the well-being
and effectiveness of officers (Waters & Ussery, 2007). Over the next few decades, the field of
police psychology developed further, broadening its scope to encompass critical incident stress
management, operational support, and counseling services. These services were aimed at helping
officers cope with the psychological challenges of their work (Bartol, 1996). The implementation
of protocols and practices in these domains had a crucial role in shaping the contemporary
framework of mental health services in law enforcement.
During the late 20th and early 21st centuries, psychologists' involvement in law
enforcement became more structured. Many police agencies started creating permanent posts or
hiring experts to specifically handle the mental health requirements of their personnel (Kitaeff,
2019). Police psychology now encompasses a wider range of responsibilities, such as pre-
employment screening, continuous psychological assistance, crisis response, and strategic
organizational advising. These additional roles aim to improve the operation of police
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 9
departments (Reese, 2013). The incorporation of psychological services into law enforcement
was motivated by recognizing the intricate relationship between the mental health of officers and
the safety of the community. This acknowledges that the efficacy of law enforcement is heavily
reliant on the psychological well-being of its officers (Stogner, Miller, & McLean, 2020).
The recent worldwide events, including the COVID-19 epidemic, have highlighted the
crucial need for robust mental health support systems inside police agencies. Police officers
encountered exceptional pressures that tested their mental well-being and ability to perform their
duties effectively, leading to a renewed emphasis on the significance of psychological resilience
and adaptive coping mechanisms (Stogner, Miller, & McLean, 2020). In 2024, the discipline of
police psychology is still developing and changing, as it tackles both long-standing and new
difficulties encountered by law enforcement officers. The continuous advancement of
customized mental health therapies and the deliberate use of psychological knowledge continue
to be essential in the objective of assisting police officers in their intricate, challenging, and vital
responsibilities inside society.
The historical involvement of African Americans in law enforcement in the United States
is an intricate tale that is closely connected to the wider social and racial dynamics of the
country. The first documented African American officers were stationed in New Orleans, where
the distinct social system permitted a certain level of integration and flexibility in racial
positions. The early officers were individuals of African descent who had the status of "free men
of color." They played crucial roles in both the militia and the first police forces that were
founded during the eras of French and Spanish colonial rule. Their involvement was often driven
by necessity, since there was a shortage of white males who could adequately fulfill these
responsibilities (Dulaney, 1996).
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 10
Upon Louisiana's admission as a U.S. state, the function of these first African American
officers started to take shape, although this era was characterized by significant inconsistencies.
Although they had the authority to enforce laws, these laws often supported the system of slavery
that subjugated a significant number of their own population. This dichotomy was not
overlooked, and it emphasized the intricate position of African Americans in law enforcement -
as enforcers of authority within their communities but oppressed by the larger social systems.
Their positions in these first police teams established a standard for the restricted and contingent
use of power that would define black involvement in American law enforcement for decades to
follow (Walker, 1983).
The Reconstruction period was a pivotal moment in history, giving African Americans
unparalleled opportunities to engage in diverse civic responsibilities, such as law enforcement.
During this period, a substantial number of black police officers were appointed, particularly in
Southern states where the Federal government advocated for rebuilding and reform.
Nevertheless, these changes faced fierce resistance from several white Southerners who aimed to
maintain racial hierarchy. The conclusion of the Reconstruction era resulted in the swift
demolition of these progressions, as white supremacist organizations and Jim Crow legislation
rapidly diminished the recently acquired positions of African Americans in law enforcement to
insignificant historical details (United States Department of Justice, 2024).
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the position and responsibilities of African
American police officers differed significantly between the Northern and Southern regions. In
the northern regions, they were partially assimilated into the police forces, but often separated
within these units and assigned the responsibility of maintaining law and order in black
communities. Their existence was begrudgingly acknowledged rather than fully embraced, and
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 11
they were often used as a symbolic gesture towards inclusiveness. In the southern region, the
presence of African American police officers was uncommon, and they encountered strong
animosity from both their colleagues in the police forces and the people they served. This
situation underscores the enduring racial differences that existed across the nation (Turner,
Giacopassi, & Vandiver, 2006).
There was little progress in the general condition of African American police officers
throughout the early 20th century. They stayed in subordinate positions, often encountering
institutional obstacles that restricted their professional advancement and subjected them to racial
animosity. The minority that made progress encountered continuous examination and had to sail
a delicate course of being efficient in their positions without jeopardizing the existing racial
hierarchy. Their experiences during this era exemplify the entrenched prejudice that permeated
every aspect of American culture, including law enforcement institutions (Dulaney, 1996).
The civil rights movement of the mid-20th century brought about a notable change in the
story of African American police personnel. During this period, there was a rise in efforts to
promote equality and integration within the police force, which mirrored the larger civil rights
movements taking place across the United States. The advocacy for civil rights revolutionized
the framework of American law enforcement, mostly in terms of policy, albeit not consistently in
implementation. This resulted in more methodical endeavors to incorporate police agencies and
advance equitable recruitment procedures (Walker, 1983).
Over the last several decades, the responsibilities of African American police officers
have undergone changes in response to continuous national conversations around race, law
enforcement, and the legal system. These police often encounter a situation where their
professional responsibilities interact with their personal encounters with racial prejudice. They
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 12
have a pivotal part in community policing endeavors, with the objective of fostering trust and
enhancing relations between law enforcement and minority communities. Due to their distinctive
position, they are able to serve as intermediaries between law enforcement and the community,
however, this responsibility is filled with difficulties (United States Department of Justice,
2024).
The historical narrative of African American police officers in the United States reflects
the whole African American experience, including both advancements and disappointments.
Their progression within the law enforcement hierarchy parallels the nationwide endeavor for
racial parity and fairness. This statement highlights the determination and commitment of several
people who have strived to serve and safeguard in a society that often did not provide them with
equal respect. This continuous historical account provides unique insights into the intricate
dynamics of race, power, and justice in America. It continues to shape contemporary
conversations and policies concerning law enforcement and community relations (Dulaney,
1996).
Situation to Self
The basis for my study endeavor is derived from my substantial background as a
Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Broward County, Florida, where I focus on providing
specialized treatment to first responders, namely African American police officers. Throughout
my experience, I have seen a disturbing pattern: many officers have strong reservations when it
comes to seeking mental health assistance. This is mostly because of the stigma and lack of
knowledge around mental health within their community. These obstacles are not only matters of
professional interest; they pertain to fundamental concerns that impact the fundamental welfare
of the folks I assist. Being an African American, I possess both personal and professional insight
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 13
into the cultural factors that lead to this hesitancy. My dedication to this project is driven by the
desire to examine and reduce these stigmas, with the ultimate goal of enhancing the mental
health environment for these crucial members of the community.
From my observations, it became clear at an early stage that African American officers often
have difficulties in articulating their feelings in relation to pressures in the job. This insight
aligns with wider social problems in which mental health difficulties are often misconstrued as
individual shortcomings rather being recognized as genuine medical diseases. These
misunderstandings may cause considerable psychological suffering and are worsened by a lack
of adequate mental health education, resulting in many people enduring their struggles without
seeking help. The prevalent misconception that sadness or anxiety indicates a lack of strength is
especially harmful, since it perpetuates a cycle in which mental health problems remain
unaddressed and may progress into more serious diseases. Based on my experiences with these
officers and a comprehensive analysis of literature and previous research, my research emphasis
is further strengthened. I want to shed light on these challenges and promote a more
compassionate approach to mental health within law enforcement.
My exploration of mental health was mostly shaped by my encounters with trauma and
the process of healing, which gave me a deep comprehension of the challenges that come with
mental health difficulties. I choose to pursue this sector not just as a professional endeavor but
also as a personal dedication to assisting those encountering the same difficulties. My experience
has provided me with the ability to understand and relate to African American police officers
who may be hesitant to seek assistance due to cultural stigmas. This empathy enables me to
effectively connect with and support them. Through my study, I want to tackle these difficulties
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 14
and foster a change in the community's view. I wish to promote the idea that seeking mental
health treatment demonstrates strength and resilience and is crucial to achieving well-being.
This research is more than an academic pursuit; it continues my lifelong commitment and
passion to advocate for mental health. My objective, both in my professional work and in this
study, is to advocate for individuals who may feel excluded or overlooked within their own
support networks. The primary objective of my study is to elucidate the precise obstacles
encountered by African American police officers in relation to mental health, while providing
evidence-based suggestions for overcoming the hurdles they face. This study must not only
tackle the challenges at hand but also emphasize the strategies that lead to improved mental
health practices, which consider cultural sensitivity and enhance the overall well-being of the law
enforcement community.
Interpretive Framework
This study will adopt an interpretative framework to uncover the complex reality of
African American police officers' personal decisions not to participate in mental health
counseling due to stress regarding job-related trauma. By utilizing a social constructivism
perspective, this approach will emphasize the importance of understanding the perspectives,
interpretations, and emotional responses of law enforcement professionals towards mental health
counseling for work-related trauma after major occurrences. The research aims to improve
understanding of how officers perceive and react to mental health support systems in their
professional field by highlighting subjective viewpoints (Creswell & Poth, 2018).
The study will follow the principles of social constructivism by systematically integrating
the input of several participants to include a diverse range of experiences and emotions
associated with the choice to abstain from mental health therapy. Creswell and Poth (2018)
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 15
highlight the insufficiency of relying on individual elements to comprehend complex
occurrences fully. Consequently, it will support incorporating many accounts to ensure no
specific concern is ignored. Semi-structured interview techniques will be essential for effectively
capturing the officers' attitudes toward mental health therapy and gaining thorough data that
faithfully reflects their real-life experiences. However, it may be challenging to record the
genuine emotions of police officers due to the professional code of conduct in law enforcement,
which often discourages open discussions about personal feelings, concerns, and vulnerabilities.
To surmount this cultural barrier, it will be crucial to use a research approach that is both
perceptive and flexible. This guarantees law enforcement workers a sense of security and
appreciation while voicing their opinions. The research methodology will give utmost
importance to ensuring the participants' comfort and desire to discuss challenging subjects. This
will provide a secure environment where they may openly express their viewpoints and feelings
without fearing criticism or reprisal (Roberts et al., 2022)
Furthermore, this research will use an interpretive method that acknowledges the
psychological self-concept. It recognizes that police officers construct their interpretation of
reality based on their experiences and the cultural environment within law enforcement.
Understanding this will be crucial for analyzing how African American police officers would
perceive and engage in mental health counseling programs. This study seeks to enhance the
creation of mental health services that are both more efficient and culturally attuned within the
law enforcement community. This will be achieved by examining how officers negotiate their
professional responsibilities and cultural contexts. This investigation will provide useful insights
into the obstacles and enablers of obtaining mental health assistance (Roberts et al., 2022). This
comprehensive approach will not only enhance law enforcement officers' understanding of their
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 16
interactions with mental health services but also contribute to the overarching goal of improving
mental health outcomes for law enforcement personnel.
Ontological Assumption
The ontological assumption of this research is rooted on the notion that reality is
subjective and differs according to individual experiences. This study specifically employs a
phenomenological methodology to investigate the varied experiences of African American police
officers as they encounter and manage the difficulties linked to obtaining mental health therapy
for trauma associated with their employment (Creswell & Poth, 2024). This premise is vital as it
recognizes that the choice of each officer to seek mental health care is impacted by their
perspectives and lived experiences rather than a single, objective fact. This research seeks to
reveal the many perspectives that influence the attitudes and actions of these officers toward
mental health counseling by conducting in-depth, individual interviews to explore their personal
narratives (Narayanaswamy, 2023).
As Moustakas (1994) described, phenomenology is the key methodological approach
used in this inquiry. It highlights the significance of understanding how people personally
perceive and interpret experiences. The fundamental ideas of noema and noesis are essential to
this approach. Noema refers to the subjective experience of phenomena rather than the actual
event itself. Noesis, conversely, pertains to the cognitive processes involved in perceiving this
phenomenon (Moustakas, 1994). This approach enables a detailed examination of how African
American police officers perceive and comprehend their encounters with mental health
difficulties and the social disapproval linked to seeking assistance. Each participant's narrative
will be seen as a unique representation of the wider phenomena, shaped by their personal
background, cultural environment, and individual psychology (Al-Ababneh, 2020).
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 17
The ontological approach used in this context asserts that the realities of these officers are
formed and comprehended via their encounters and the significance they attribute to these
encounters. The research aims to shed light on the intricate and diverse experiences of African
American police officers concerning the junction of job-related trauma and mental health
therapy. It does not intend to generalize its results to all police officers. The research seeks to
enhance the mental health support provided within police departments by acknowledging and
respecting the diverse experiences of officers. It aims to develop an empathetic and effective
approach, taking into account the personal and cultural factors that influence officers' decisions
to seek or avoid help (Akkerman, Bakker, & Penuel, 2021).
Axiological Assumption
The axiological assumptions in this study mostly revolve around the values that form the
basis of the research technique and interpretation of results. This is especially relevant when
investigating the lived experiences of African American police officers concerning mental health
therapy. This study emphasizes comprehending individual perceptions and experiences, which
aligns with phenomenological approaches that highlight the subjective character of reality
(Moustakas, 1994). This method automatically prioritizes participants' personal narratives and
emotional realities, emphasizing the significance of each officer's experience as a distinct
perspective from which bigger social concerns may be examined (Moroi, 2021).
The research will be guided by honesty, integrity, and respect for the participants' voices,
which influence every encounter and interpretive act. These characteristics are essential for
establishing a study setting where participants feel secure and appreciated while discussing their
experiences, which may include sensitive or stigmatized topics concerning mental health
(Edelheim et al., 2022). By recognizing the inherent value of these individual experiences, the
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 18
study seeks to collect information and authenticate and pay tribute to the officers' actual lived
experiences, promoting an ethical method that respects their dignity and privacy.
Furthermore, the axiological framework of this study will encompass the consequences of
the research results. The study's objectives will include promoting empathy, social justice, and
advocacy to impact policy-making and operational procedures within police departments and
mental health services. The study will be guided by these ideals, aiming to achieve tangible
enhancements in the support systems provided to African American police officers. The results
are expected to yield reforms targeting personal and cultural obstacles to accessing mental health
services (Gupta et al., 2022).
Finally, this research will be supported by a dedication to reflexivity, which involves the
researcher consistently analyzing their values and prejudices and how they may impact the study
process. Engaging in introspective practice is crucial to uphold ethical standards in research and
prevent the researcher from imposing their values on the findings. This practice helps maintain a
clear distinction between the researcher's interpretations and the participants' actual experiences
(Khatri, 2020). This study aims to provide a meaningful and ethical contribution to the
knowledge of mental health stigma and support within law enforcement, specifically focusing on
the African American community. It will include a thorough examination of axiological factors.
Problem Statement
Police officers encounter significant stressors and are often confronted with distressing
experiences throughout their tenure in the service of maintaining public safety. Their jobs often
involve critical occurrences that provoke intense emotional responses that impede job
effectiveness (Carleton et al., 2019). Repeated exposure to traumatic events, such as shootings,
murders, road deaths, physical attacks, or interactions using lethal force, may result in high rates
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 19
of depression, suicide, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) over time (Violanti et al.,
2019).
Mental health counseling may provide essential assistance and tools to aid police
personnel in effectively dealing with trauma. The problem is that many police officers do not
participate in mental health services, especially in situations when their help is urgently required
following catastrophic occurrences (Jetelina et al., 2020). Insufficient support may result in
burnout, compassion fatigue, moral harm, and other mental health stresses among officers
throughout their employment (Blumberg, 2020; Hofer & Rineer, 2023; Papazoglou & Chopko,
2017).
For example, a research study conducted in Dallas, Texas, revealed that 26% of the
police officers examined had signs of mental illness in the two weeks prior. Additionally, 17% of
the participants sought mental health assistance in the last year. However, a mere 7.66% of
individuals expressed a desire to use mental health provider services specifically because they
were experiencing thoughts of self-harm (Jetelina et al., 2020). The researchers conducted focus
groups with 18 officers, who expressed concerns about the lack of confidentiality in mental
health services, the stigma associated with seeking treatment, the inability of providers to
understand the law enforcement profession, and the officers' difficulty in recognizing when to
seek assistance (Jetelina et al., 2020).
The presence of negative perceptions and biases against mental health within the law
enforcement culture creates a substantial obstacle to obtaining necessary assistance (Grupe,
2023; Krakauer et al., 2020). Officers are hesitant to seek assistance due to worries about the
potential negative impact on their professional advancement and the need to maintain
confidentiality (Papazoglou et al., 2020). Generally, there is a scarcity of research that examines
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 20
the personal experiences and viewpoints of police officers regarding mental health therapy after
traumatic situations.
There is a scarcity of research studies that have focused on police officers' choices to
decline mental health therapy for trauma connected to their employment (Bonner & Crowe,
2022; Lucia & Halloran, 2020). Enhancing mental health counseling is crucial for promoting
officers' well-being and work effectiveness. However, there are substantial gaps in understanding
how officers perceive and make decisions about seeking appropriate assistance after exposure to
traumatic events. The particular phenomenon underscores the need for this research to provide a
platform for police officers to express their perspectives and opinions about the use of mental
health counseling due to job-related trauma.
Purpose Statement
The purpose of this phenomenological study is to understand why some African
American police officers in the state of Florida choose not to participate in mental health
counseling for job-related trauma. Mental health programs for law enforcement primarily aim to
prevent negative psychological effects, such as burnout, compassion fatigue, and moral harm,
which may result from exposure to critical occurrences (Bouzikos et al., 2022; Mumford et al.,
2021). The scope of this study encompasses the experiences of retired and active-duty law
enforcement personnel seeking mental health counseling after crucial work situations.
Bouzikos et al. (2022) found that firms often outsource their mental wellness services by
engaging mental health counselors to assist workers with psychological difficulties. Furthermore,
Bouzikos et al. discovered that mental health therapy mostly focuses on the person and may not
effectively address the underlying cause of the employee's work-related issues. Mental health
therapy is often used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, as well
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 21
as mental and behavioral health issues among workers. The assessment of the efficacy of mental
health counseling services lacks consistency, resulting in a misinterpretation of the program's
achievements (Langlieb et al., 2021). The officers' perplexity was caused by uneven services,
insufficient resources, and low personnel utilization rates. In contrast to the extensive research
conducted on mental health issues among military veterans, there is a lack of understanding
about the mental health of police officers (Blumberg & Papazoglou, 2019; Papazoglou,
Blumberg, et al., 2020; Papazoglous, Marans, et al., 2020; Papazoglou et al., 2022).
A recent research study emphasized the need for mental health programs to support law
enforcement professionals in fulfilling their responsibilities (Mumford et al., 2021). Bouzikos et
al. (2022) demonstrated the significant implications of comprehending law enforcement
experiences via mental health therapy. The U.S. Department of Justice (2020) also emphasizes
the importance of preserving law enforcement professionals' well-being to ensure the
effectiveness of law enforcement operations.
The constructivist self-development theory posits that people engage in active knowledge
construction via their interactions with the environment (Piaget, 1978). The notion of
traumatization emphasizes the need to recognize and deal with the possible harmful effects of
trauma-related employment (McCann & Pearlman, 1990). Police officers have diverse cognitive
capacities and thought patterns that evolve and improve throughout their careers. The
constructivist self-development paradigm posits that law enforcement professionals play an
active role in knowledge building and personal growth rather than just receiving information
passively. Furthermore, the idea posits that people construct their own subjective realities to
influence their emotions and actions. This applies to law enforcement professionals who develop
their opinions about their job and the public based on their encounters with a significant event.
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 22
Significance of the Study
This study is significant for several reasons. First, it relates to the field of mental health
counseling and will investigate the perceptions of police officers' thought processes after being
exposed to job-related traumatic events. Carrying out this study will also allow the researcher to
investigate various perspectives on the attitudes and views of police officers toward mental
health counseling services. The results can impact their departments, bolster community ties, and
increase trust in mental health counseling services (Ceka & Ermasova, 2021). The findings from
this study may also impact leadership within law enforcement by demonstrating that providing
sufficient mental wellness resources would promote trust among personnel and create safer work
conditions (Burns & Buchanan, 2020; Thoen et al., 2020). Understanding these experiences is
essential for promoting favorable job outcomes (Thoen et al., 2020). Moreover, it will be
essential to comprehend the ramifications of trauma exposure and pressures on police personnel
(Davies et al., 2022). The results from this study may also offer practical insights to decrease
stigma, promote acceptance, encourage participation in mental health programs, and foster the
well-being of officers (McCarty et al., 2019; Moore et al., 2023). The methodology used in this
research will effectively provide a means to cultivate understanding centered on the significance
and actualities of police officers within their distinct work setting, a subject seldom investigated
in policing literature (Queirós et al., 2020).
It is crucial to understand police officers' attitudes and willingness to seek mental health
assistance and to provide supportive measures that facilitate the healthy processing of trauma.
Neglecting to address these concerns would harm their well-being and negatively affect their
jobs and the communities they serve (Langlieb et al., 2021).
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 23
Research Questions
Central Research Question One
What factors contribute to African American police officers’ choice of non-participation
in mental health counseling for job-related trauma?
Sub-question One
What social beliefs and cultural norms contribute to African American police officers’
choice of non-participation in mental health counseling for job-related trauma?
Sub-question Two
What institutional dynamics contribute to African American police officers’ choice of
non-participation in mental health counseling for job-related trauma?
Sub-question Three?
Definitions
1. African Americans: African Americans or Blacks are individuals of African descent
with various cultural and ethnic backgrounds, including the Caribbean, European, Hispanic, or
Latino (Fabi et al., 2023).
2. Constructivist self-development theory: Active cognition involves more than just
passively absorbing or digesting information. It focuses on actively developing personal
knowledge and experiences by comprehending the external environment (Piaget, 1970).
3. Mental Illness, Mental Disorder: A significant disturbance in a person’s thinking,
emotional regulation, and behavior that affects mental functioning (American Psychiatric
Association, 2013).
4. Stress: Stress is a common experience that affects all aspects of our physical, mental,
social, and spiritual well-being (Knabb & Vazquez, 2018, p. 37).
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 24
5. Stigma: Stigma is a pervasive social mechanism with negative ramifications for people
who experience mental illness (Reupert et al., 2020). Types of stigmas are peer, self, and public.
(Drew & Martin 2021)
6. Trauma: Stressful events that result in bodily or psychological harm and lead to an
emotional or mental condition characterized by a sense of being overwhelmed (Civilotti et al.,
2021)
Summary
The purpose of this phenomenological study is to understand why some African
American police officers in the state of Florida choose not to participate in mental health
counseling for job-related trauma. The problem is that many police officers do not participate in
mental health services, especially in situations when their help is urgently required following
catastrophic occurrences (Jetelina et al., 2020). Chapter One presented an introduction to this
study. Chapter Two will present the literature relevant to this study’s purpose and the problem it
will address.
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 25
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
Overview
Chapter Two provides the foundation for this study by synthesizing the literature on why
some police officers, particularly those who are African American, choose not to participate in
mental health counseling for job-related trauma. The theoretical framework, the labeling theory,
and its fundamental principles are also presented in Chapter Two. In addition, related literature
associated with the negative outcomes of job-related trauma, such as stress, personal stress,
anxiety, depression, and suicide, are also presented. This chapter also includes literature on self,
organizational, and cultural stigma in the context of African American police officers. Next,
literature that focuses on strategies and solutions for supporting police officers as they navigate
through job-related trauma is presented. Chapter Two concludes with a summary.
Theoretical Framework
A theoretical framework guides a research study (Lynch et al., 2020; Varpio et al., 2020).
The labeling theory will serve as the theoretical framework for this study. This study seeks to
offer a fundamental understanding of the phenomenon regarding police officers’ choices of not
participating in counseling services for job-related trauma and their coping mechanisms for
navigating stressors that impact their mental health. The labeling theory, founded by Becker in
the 1960s, is an analytical framework that examines how social control agents assign stigmatic
preconceptions to groups or people, potentially influencing their behavior (Becker, 1997).
Becker (1997) suggests that external factors or evaluations may impact an individual's self-
concept. The labeling theory is evident in police officers’ views of participation in mental health
counseling.
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 26
Chapter Two provides the foundation for this study by synthesizing the literature on why
some police officers, particularly those who are African American, choose not to participate in
mental health counseling for job-related trauma. The theoretical framework, the labeling theory,
and its fundamental principles are also presented in Chapter Two. In addition, related literature
associated with the negative outcomes of job-related trauma, such as stress, personal stress,
anxiety, depression, and suicide, are also presented. This chapter also includes literature on self,
organizational, and cultural stigma in the context of African American police officers. Next,
literature that focuses on strategies and solutions for supporting police officers as they navigate
through job-related trauma is presented. Chapter Two concludes with a summary.
Police officers have one of the most demanding roles in contemporary society, as they
often encounter perilous circumstances while safeguarding and serving their communities. The
significant consequences of these recurring encounters with criminality and heinous acts of
violence on the emotional well-being of the police are apparent. Nevertheless, despite the evident
need, a significant proportion of police officers refrain from seeking mental health counseling for
job-related trauma. The categorization and negative societal perceptions are linked to the act of
obtaining mental health counseling (Abdullah & Brown, 2020).
Summary of Key Principles
Becker (1997) attributes the labeling theory's origins to conflict theory and symbolic
interactionism. The conflict theory component specifies the individuals assigned labels and those
who have the authority to assign labels to others. From the standpoint of symbolic
interactionism, the labeling theory focuses on how individuals see and assess the conduct of
others (Craig et al., 2018). Becker, the originator of the labeling theory, authored a book called
"Outsiders" that delved into the concept of individuals being categorized as outsiders after they
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 27
were identified. He used this word to categorize those seen as deviating from a certain
community's "typical" members. According to Becker (1997), persons identified as outsiders
were subjected to differential treatment and often excluded from the group. When applying the
labeling theory to law enforcement, it can provide a basis for understanding how some police
officers who participate in mental health counseling may be stigmatized as weak, powerless,
inferior, or less competent compared to officers who do not seek mental health treatment
(Augustyn et al., 2019).
Researchers have postulated that the labeling and stigmatization of officers who seek
treatment may be influenced by a psychological mechanism known as "defensive projection"
(Zoubaa et al., 2020). Zoubaa et al. (2020) found that defensive projection occurs when an
individual with unaddressed mental health problems who has not sought treatment experiences
increased stigma. These people project their own defensive reactions to mental health counseling
onto those who do seek treatment because they too need treatment but are apprehensive about the
potential repercussions and social stigmas associated with it. Research results suggest that it is
important to prioritize the normalization of mental health treatment to decrease instances of
social rejection, particularly when individuals are grappling with self-acceptance issues. These
treatments aimed at reducing stigma are advised to address the labeling and stigmatization that
happens when police officers seek treatment for mental health issues (Zoubaa et al., 2020).
Even though police officers often encounter trauma in their line of work, law
enforcement organizations have not implemented enough support systems to ensure that police
officers receive mental health counseling (Craig et al., 2018). Conversely, several agencies
categorize officers as inept and, therefore, either dismiss them from their roles or refuse to
promote them if they have sought treatment for their mental health (Zoubaa et al., 2020). Most
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 28
agencies generally adhere to the labeling theory, which presents issues for people once they are
viewed as outsiders (Becker, 1997).
Relevance to Study
The problem that this study will address is the gap in the literature, which focuses on
police officers’ decisions not to participate in mental health counseling for job-related trauma.
The purpose of this phenomenological study is to understand why some African American police
officers in the state of Florida choose not to participate in mental health counseling for job-
related trauma. Labeling, as described by Becker (1997), refers to the process in which certain
individuals or social groups decide who should be given labels and how these labels should be
allocated. By understanding the underlying causes, we may get valuable insights into how
various factors impact these judgments, particularly through the lens of the labeling theory. An
in-depth analysis may be conducted using labeling theory, which draws on both conflict theory
and symbolic interactionism, to understand why some African American police officers in the
state of Florida choose not to participate in mental health counseling for job-related trauma.
Understanding the fundamental dynamics requires familiarity with Becker's (1997)
influential study on labeling theory, particularly the concept of "Outsiders." Outsiders are
individuals who deviate from the accepted norms of their social group, leading to their
marginalization and isolation. This topic is particularly relevant when considering the
environment inside law enforcement entities. Police officers who undergo mental health
counseling may experience stigmatization, being seen as weak, insufficient, or less skilled
compared to their colleagues who do not seek such treatment (Augustyn et al., 2019). This is a
significant barrier to accessing crucial mental health services.
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 29
The stigmatization associated with mental health treatment in the law enforcement sector
has substantial consequences for those who seek help. According to Augustyn et al. (2019),
police personnel who actively seek treatment often face social marginalization inside their own
organizations, which reinforces their status as outsiders. The culture of stigma is perpetuated by
self-stigma, where officers internalize these negative evaluations, and organizational stigma,
where the agency reinforces these designations. Researchers have suggested that "defensive
projection" plays a vital role in this process. Zoubaa et al. (2020) contend that individuals who
have mental health symptoms but have not actively pursued treatment may project their
defensive attitudes onto those who do seek treatment, leading to a heightened acceptance of
stigma.
The implications of using the labeling theory inside law enforcement agencies are
substantial. The existence of stigmatization often discourages officers from seeking essential
mental healthcare. People may be reluctant to show vulnerability or acknowledge their limits, not
just because they fear being seen as weak or unstable, but also because they may suffer tangible
consequences, such as being overlooked for promotions or even being terminated from their
professions (Craig et al., 2018). To address these issues, future research will prioritize the
integration of mental health treatment within the realm of law enforcement. This entails the
execution of interventions to reduce the practice of labeling and stigmatizing individuals who
seek mental health treatment (Zoubaa et al., 2020). Using this method makes it possible to create
a favorable environment in which officers feel confident participating in mental health
counseling without fear of negative repercussions. The application of the labeling theory to the
situation of African American police officers in Florida who do not seek mental health care for
stress connected to their profession offers a valuable viewpoint for understanding their decisions.
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 30
Related Literature
The area of law enforcement is widely acknowledged as a profession in which personnel
often encounter significant risks and stress throughout their lives. Police officers often encounter
hazardous and hostile circumstances in their work responsibilities, and it is well-recognized that
putting their lives at risk is an inherent and precarious part of their chosen profession (Velazquez
& Hernandez, 2019). The confluence of heightened stress levels, exposure to traumatic stress,
and the potential for life-endangering circumstances are significant factors that influence the
physical and psychological well-being of law enforcement professionals (Soomro & Yanos,
2018). Police officers, due to their frequent exposure to challenging and dangerous situations, are
more prone to experiencing anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and
suicidal ideation compared to the general population or occupations that do not involve traumatic
experiences (Soomro & Yanos, 2018; Velazquez & Hernandez, 2019).
In 2022, the Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP) recorded a total of 247 police officer
deaths occurring during the performance of their official duties. The officers had a mean duration
of 15 years. Based on national statistics, 38% of the instances were categorized as felonious,
while the remaining 62% included accidents like automobile accidents, vehicle chases, or duty-
related illnesses (ODMP, 2022). In contrast, the year 2022 had a total of 161 officially recorded
instances of police personnel taking their own lives. Blue H.E.L.P. (2022) states that the officers
had an average tenure of 16.5 years. The documented count of police suicides is likely an
underestimation, given it just encompasses confirmed instances and lacks a federal mandate for
public disclosure (Blue H.E.L.P., 2022). Ignoring or minimizing mental health issues among
police officers greatly increases the likelihood of developing burnout, depression, heightened
anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Hartford Courant, 2022). During the
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 31
COVID-19 pandemic, police officers were more prone to experiencing stress as a result of the
alterations in social and cultural norms (Stogner et al., 2020). As to a 2022 article published by
the Hartford Courant, a significant proportion of police officers have suicidal thoughts due to the
cumulative impact of distressing occurrences they encounter in the line of duty. The number of
these individuals significantly increased during the pandemic due to being categorized as
"essential workers" and the restricted accessibility of personal protective equipment.
Furthermore, they faced ever-changing dangers associated with the infection (Hartford Courant,
2022; Stogner et al., 2020).
Evidence indicates that law enforcement personnel who openly admit to and actively
pursue mental health therapy are subjected to adverse social scrutiny, in addition to the very
stressful circumstances they encounter in their work environment (Bikos, 2020; Hartford
Courant, 2022; Soomro & Yanos, 2018). The stigma originates from the belief within the police
subculture that if officers need assistance from outside sources, they are seen as lacking in
resilience and reliability to provide support in future dangerous situations (Soomro & Yanos,
2018). Officers are trained from the start to avoid displaying any signs of fragility, a principle
strongly embedded in their training. Individuals must be aware that any visible indications of
weakness or inability to maintain composure, whether related to physical or mental health, might
jeopardize their chances of future employment (Soomro & Yanos, 2018). The police
enforcement culture cultivates an intensified perception of masculinity, which is further
amplified by the challenging nature of their occupation and exposure to distressing incidents
(Bikos, 2020). The study on the psychological well-being of law enforcement professionals
clearly shows that they are very prone to developing mental health issues (Soomro & Yanos,
2018; Velazquez & Hernandez, 2019; Violanti et al., 2021).
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 32
Police Stress
Law enforcement employment is widely recognized as one of the most demanding and
high-stressful jobs globally. The main cause of this is mostly ascribed to the regular occurrence
of very challenging circumstances in the workplace, the exposure to acts of violence and death,
and the significant physical and psychological demands imposed on police personnel. Repeated
exposure to such situations has negative effects on the emotional and physical health of police
officers, typically resulting in poor psychological and social well-being, declining physical
health, self-inflicted injury, and reduced performance (Duran et al., 2018). Furthermore, there
has been a growing influx of complaints about post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among law
enforcement personnel. This condition mostly stems from the stress associated with their
position, the weight of administrative and organizational duties, and the many physical and
psychological demands they encounter. The findings of a research study indicate that police
officers with elevated levels of active coping skills or decreased levels of passive coping abilities
have more proficiency in managing the difficulties associated with their occupation. People who
have limited proactive coping abilities and abundant reactive coping skills are more susceptible
to experiencing the negative effects of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Violanti et al.,
2018).
Studies have shown that the effectiveness of a law enforcement agency depends on its
ability to accurately identify the factors that lead to stress inside the organization. Law
enforcement often confronts two well-acknowledged forms of pressure. Lambert et al. (2021)
classified stress into two categories: operational stressors, which are related to the specific nature
of the activity, and organizational stressors, which are connected to the general work
environment. Operational stresses include the need to promptly and effectively make crucial
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 33
choices and perform in circumstances that pose a risk to life. Individuals often encounter
challenging circumstances and are frequently subjected to acts of violence and occurrences of
death. Organizational stressors include several factors that contribute to stress within a work
environment. The factors include a lack of organizational support, demanding work shifts that
frequently involve nights and weekends, mandatory overtime, strained relationships due to job
scheduling, the physical and emotional demands of the job, inadequate training, and occasionally
difficult relationships with colleagues and supervisors (Duran et al., 2018).
Research studies have found two main coping techniques used by law enforcement
officials. Allison et al. (2022) characterized problem-focused coping and emotion-focused
coping as prime examples of coping strategies. Problem-focused coping strategies directly target
the root cause of stress, whereas emotion-focused coping tactics include using methods like
diversion and acceptance to handle stress. Empirical study has shown that law enforcement
professionals who use problem-focused coping strategies exhibit enhanced coping abilities and
have increased overall well-being (Allison et al., 2022). Individuals who use the emotion-
focused coping technique have heightened levels of psychological discomfort and demonstrate
greater rates of smoking and alcohol usage. Researchers have found various coping techniques,
including actively seeking social support from colleagues, superiors, and family members.
Officers are advised to emphasize obtaining enough restorative sleep daily to manage stress
effectively (Duran et al., 2018). Law enforcement officers are better able to handle stress and feel
more satisfied with their work when they believe their psychological contract has been fulfilled.
A psychological contract refers to the level of trust established between a law enforcement
officer and his colleagues and bosses. Research has shown a clear association between the
satisfaction of positive psychological agreements and levels of job contentment, as well as a
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 34
reduction in work-related issues. Employees undergo elevated degrees of anxiety and despair,
along with an augmented sense of trust and fairness. When workers perceive a violation of the
psychological contract, it creates an imbalance in the employment relationship, subsequently
increasing the level of psychological stress experienced at work (Duran et al., 2018).
A research study was undertaken in the southern part of the United States to examine the
influence of internal and external work circumstances, as well as personal character factors, on
the stress levels of police officers (Paoline III & Gau, 2022). The research included 349 law
enforcement professionals currently engaged in street-level duties in the southern region of the
United States. The study's results revealed that the officers' evaluation of danger, doubt towards
the public, and lack of trust in residents all contributed to elevating their levels of stress. The
results also demonstrated that assistance from law enforcement superiors decreased stress levels
and had a clear association with officers' capacity to manage work limitations. The research
results suggest that police supervisors should recognize the influence they have on their
personnel's capacity to manage stress. Furthermore, it is advisable for law enforcement trainers
and supervisors to provide rookie officers a diverse range of patrol locations and minimize
extended deployments in highly stressful circumstances, where feasible (Paoline III & Gau,
2022). Police officers endure significant stress as an integral aspect of their profession, which
affects their psychological and physiological reactions to stress. An extensive inquiry has been
carried out to examine the psychological, cognitive, and behavioral impacts of stress. However,
there is a lack of research on the effects of stress on the physiological responses of officers.
The study conducted by Anderson et al. (2019) examines the physiological reactions of
the endocrine and musculoskeletal systems to sudden stress. The research included both human
volunteers and animals and conclusively proved a causal relationship between elevated levels of
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 35
acute stress and the deterioration of performance across several domains. The study also found
that implementing evidence-based and rigorous training programs might alleviate the decline in
abilities among police officers and eventually enhance officer safety (Anderson et al., 2019).
Stogner et al. (2020) have definitively shown that the profession of law enforcement
imposes substantial psychological requirements on people. The main variables that contribute to
this situation are the ongoing risk of violence, irregular and unconventional work schedules, the
need for constant alertness, and sometimes little support from the communities they serve.
Furthermore, the COVID-19 epidemic exacerbated the stress experienced by police personnel, in
addition to the numerous challenges they were already facing. Law enforcement authorities were
directed to ensure compliance with COVID-19 regulations in their localities while concurrently
doing their regular responsibilities. The increased stress significantly affected the officers'
emotional well-being, leading to noticeable consequences in their coping abilities, misbehavior,
and general mental health. The magnitude of the pandemic's effect was similar to that of the HIV
epidemic in the 1990s and the repercussions of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001 (Stogner et al.,
2020).
Organizational Stress
The law enforcement profession is generally acknowledged as one of the most dangerous
and challenging jobs, mostly due to the frequent exposure of officers to hazardous situations
where they risk their lives to protect and serve their communities. Police officers who are
repeatedly exposed to such scenarios have elevated levels of stress, which in turn increases their
susceptibility to mental health consequences such as burnout, anxiety, and depression.
Somatization and PTSD are two distinct psychological conditions. Furthermore, research has
shown that the challenging conditions in which law enforcement personnel work increase the
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 36
probability of developing new mental health illnesses and exacerbate existing mental health
conditions. Despite the substantial strains experienced by first responders at both the police and
organizational levels, as well as the emotional and mental strain arising from their job, many law
enforcement professionals do not actively seek mental health treatment. A study was conducted
to determine the variables that contribute to officers' hesitancy in seeking mental health treatment
(Velazquez & Hernandez, 2019). The study investigated the unique type of trauma that law
enforcement officers encounter due to their responsibilities, the impact of the negative perception
of mental health on the police culture, and the current intervention approaches designed to
enhance the psychological and emotional welfare of police officers (Velazquez & Hernandez,
2019).
According to Velazquez & Hernandez (2019), law enforcement organizations and
environmental factors significantly stigmatize officers who actively seek mental health
treatment. Moreover, the researchers have identified a distinct correlation between trauma
experienced in the workplace and the onset of PTSD, substance abuse, profound hopelessness,
and contemplation or execution of suicide. The research found that the environmental factors of
officers' jobs, their commitment to law enforcement and social-cultural values, and their
continuous exposure to crime and violence in their line of work had the greatest negative impact
on their mental well-being. The researchers found that holding these beliefs and experiencing
negative exposures may lead to long-term effects such as PTSD, substance abuse, despair, or
even suicide. Nevertheless, the law has a significant impact on this phenomenon. Law
enforcement organizations across the country inadvertently perpetuate negative perceptions that
dissuade officers from seeking mental health treatment (Velazquez & Hernandez, 2019).
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 37
The researchers uncovered that while there is an obvious need for law enforcement
officers to actively pursue mental and emotional support, impediments hinder their ability to do
so. In addition to the stigma-related concerns, police officers also face several challenges,
including delaying therapy, grappling with seeking treatment, not fully following suggested
treatment plans, and often failing to notice signs of mental health issues. The researchers
identified two crucial areas that must be addressed to bridge the gap between the demands placed
on police and the current therapeutic approaches being explored. These endeavors include
diminishing the unfavorable view surrounding police officers who seek mental health treatment
for personal benefit, as well as acknowledging and comprehending the mental health problems
associated with the trauma that police officers endure (Velazquez & Hernandez, 2019).
An inherent challenge officers face now is the organizational stress associated with their
job. This stress originates from both the natural requirements of the law enforcement profession
and the expectations imposed on police by internal authorities. Law enforcement professionals
are expected to have steadfast physical and mental endurance. This engenders an unfeasible
expectation for officers to abstain from seeking mental health treatment, notwithstanding the
conspicuous need for such support in a profession of this kind. Researchers Bullock and Garland
conducted a qualitative research study examining the stigmas associated with mental health
within law enforcement. It was found that there was a notable amount of pressure inside internal
agencies to discourage the pursuit of mental health treatment. Research demonstrates that those
who actively pursue treatment often encounter social isolation, experiencing emotions of
solitude, being demoted, or being impeded from progressing in their professional trajectory. In
addition, they found that there is widespread societal disapproval linked to seeking mental health
treatment. They also established a strong correlation between Goffman's sociological framework
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 38
and the modified labeling theory, which resulted in officers being stigmatized for seeking mental
health care. The categories included weaknesses, insufficiency, inability to carry out their duties
in law enforcement, and cognitive instability (Bullock & Garland, 2017).
While police work involves both mental and physical challenges, the internal agency's
expectation for officers to remain unaffected by the continual exposure to violence and crime
leads to considerable stress. Police officers often turn to self-medication, such as alcohol,
cigarettes, or other harmful drugs, due to the unrealistic expectation of not needing emotional or
mental support and the heavy demands of their profession, which may have a detrimental effect
on their mental well-being. Law enforcement officers often encounter internal pressure, which
leads to the absorption of stress and eventually manifests as physical ailments (Bullock &
Garland, 2017). Organizational stress is prevalent in all aspects of the law enforcement
profession, including internal agency stressors. A major internal stressor that substantially
impacts officers is the credibility associated with the political objectives of some people inside
the profession. Numerous officers, whether due to their impression or concrete facts, believe that
their fellow officers and management harbor concealed objectives and goals to advance in their
careers. As a result, police often have a widespread sense of worry that they may be targeted by
these concealed intentions. A study examined the influence of trust inside law enforcement
entities. The focus was centered on the establishment of trust in management, trust in
supervisors, and trust among colleagues. The study assessed the impact of trust levels on
occupational autonomy. Employment is associated with perceptions of training and readiness,
perceived job risks, and excessive or inadequate workload. The study's sample population
consisted of 827 police officers from two districts (Lambert et al., 2021).
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 39
The study's findings indicated that the most significant trust connections for officers were
with their colleagues and immediate superiors. There was a strong association between the trust
of these groups and the police, as well as their levels of stress. The association between trust in
higher-level supervisors and job stress was statistically insignificant. The impression of the job
being dangerous and the overwhelming amount of work had significant positive effects on
officers' stress levels, whereas the insufficient workload had little effect. The study's results
indicate that to reduce stress and improve law enforcement personnel's mental well-being,
companies must foster connections that build trust among colleagues and superiors. Furthermore,
increasing the level of independence in officers' work, providing high-quality and abundant
training, and reducing excessive workload and concerns about job risks have all proven effective
in reducing stress and improving the overall mental health of law enforcement personnel
(Lambert et al., 2021).
Additional studies have been conducted to strengthen law enforcement agencies'
comprehension of methods to mitigate organizational stress and improve overall mental well-
being. A study was conducted to assess the current level of understanding among public safety
personnel, such as law enforcement officers, on available mental health services and to examine
the associated unfavorable attitudes towards seeking assistance for mental health concerns. The
study included using questionnaires to categorize public safety professionals into several groups.
Categorization aims to streamline the comparison of knowledge and stigmas across several
departments (Krakauer et al., 2020). The study's findings indicated that correctional officers had
the greatest level of knowledge about the availability of mental health treatments available to
them while demonstrating the least amount of stigma associated with seeking mental health
treatment. Firefighters and police officers had the lowest level of knowledge about the mental
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 40
health options available to them, and they also faced the highest rates of prejudice within their
agencies. The researchers concluded that agencies should improve their communication with
public safety workers about the internal mental health services available to them. Moreover, they
concluded that by successfully communicating the presence of support services without vilifying
them, there should be a reduction in the negative perception of these services and the associated
social stigmas. The researchers recommended that internal agencies intentionally include mental
health services and programs within their units to provide enhanced assistance to officers and
alleviate the negative stigmas associated with mental health. The authors noted that seeking
therapy inside the company should not result in negative repercussions, such as impeding
professional progression, social isolation, or harsh treatment (Krakauer et al., 2020).
Smith (2021) investigated the factors linked to organizational stress, extreme emotional
exhaustion, and increased organizational cynicism among law enforcement personnel. The study
included a group of 281 law enforcement professionals who were actively working, and it
spanned three months. Officers were granted permission to use online surveys and were
instructed to provide open-ended responses to the questions. Upon evaluation of the data, it was
shown that emotional aspects play a significant role in contributing to organizational stress. The
research done by Smith et al. (2021) discovered a noteworthy correlation between fatigue,
organizational cynicism, organizational support, and the atmosphere for employee voice.
According to this study, the researchers discovered that officers exhibited significant
levels of organizational cynicism, encountered emotional tiredness, and experienced heightened
levels of organizational stress due to insufficient support from the organization and a feeling of
being unheard. The study revealed that improving the level of support the business provides and
encouraging and fostering an atmosphere that encourages employees to express their opinions
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 41
may result in officers establishing a more favorable attitude towards the firm and demonstrating
more confidence in their leadership teams. Researchers recommend that police enforcement
agencies globally identify the causes of stress impacting their people and take action by making
behavioral modifications inside the organization. They concluded that failing to do so might
result in employee dissatisfaction, reduced well-being, and below-average job efficiency. Smith
et al. (2021) suggested that improving organizational support and creating a positive employee
voice environment might reduce turnover rates and improve officers' mental health and job
performance.
Despite the clear difficulties that first responders encounter at the police and
organizational levels, as well as the emotional and mental stress that arises from their jobs, a
considerable number of law enforcement officers do not actively pursue mental health treatment.
A study was conducted to determine the factors contributing to officers' hesitancy in seeking
mental health care. The study investigated the particular kind of trauma encountered by law
enforcement officials while doing their duties and also assessed the impact of mental health
stigma on them. The essay examines the cultural dimensions of police officers and the current
strategies used to enhance their psychological and emotional welfare (Velazquez & Hernandez,
2019). The findings of the research study suggest that law enforcement organizations and
environmental factors have a strong and negative view toward officers who seek mental health
treatment. Moreover, the researchers have identified a distinct correlation between occupational
trauma and stress and the onset of PTSD, substance abuse, depression, and suicidal ideation or
behavior. The research found that the environmental factors of officers' employment, their
commitment to law enforcement and social cultural values, and their constant exposure to crime
and violence in their career had the greatest negative impact on their mental well-being. The
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 42
researchers found that these ideas and unfavorable experiences may lead to long-term
repercussions such as PTSD, drug misuse, despair, or even suicide. Velazquez and Hernandez
(2019) discovered that law enforcement organizations across the country inadvertently promote
stigmas that dissuade officers from seeking mental health care.
The researchers found a distinct need for law enforcement officers to actively pursue
mental and emotional support. However, they identified significant barriers that hinder their
ability to get such treatment. In addition to the challenges related to stigma, police officers also
face additional barriers including delaying treatment, facing difficulty in accessing therapy, not
fully complying with suggested treatment plans, and often failing to detect signs of mental health
issues. The researchers identified two crucial areas that must be addressed to bridge the gap
between the demands placed on police and the treatment currently being sought. These
endeavors include reducing the unfavorable impression surrounding law enforcement officials
who seek mental health treatment for their well-being.
Personal Stress
Law enforcement employees experience high-stress levels due to the intrinsic demands of
their jobs and organizational stress arising from interactions with officers and bureaucratic
procedures within the agency (Krakauer et al., 2020). Rief & Clinkinbeard (2021) found that out
of 832 officers surveyed from two police agencies in the Midwest, officers face general stress
related to their profession and endure personal stress. The individual's stress is somewhat
determined by their level of compatibility with the organization and the law enforcement
profession as a whole. The research examined the correlation between law enforcement
personnel's perception of organizational compatibility and the influence of stress on them. The
study's findings demonstrated a noteworthy correlation between officers' perceived congruence
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 43
with the organization and their levels of stress. Individuals experiencing a sense of exclusion
inside their workplace or occupation exhibited a notable level of stress. Moreover, there was a
clear correlation between the organization's alignment, job satisfaction, and turnover rates. Rief
and Clinkinbeard (2021) found that officers who saw themselves as a good fit for the company
and the profession significantly reduced their stress levels.
On the other hand, those who felt a lack of belongingness inside the firm, the profession,
or both had much higher levels of stress. In some cases, their stress levels were almost double
compared to those who felt they were a good match. The study noted that how employees
perceive stress and their level of alignment with the organization were important factors that
predicted employee turnover, contemplation, and overall satisfaction in one's occupation. Based
on the researchers' findings, it is strongly advised that agencies prioritize the organizational
culture and ensure that it is inclusive and supportive of the recruited officers. Law enforcement
officers often experience pressures, leading to substantial personal stress. Law enforcement
officers have a greater likelihood of experiencing personal health difficulties compared to the
general population due to their continuous exposure to stress and frequent encounters with
stressful situations arising from their job and organizational demands (Violanti et al., 2018). An
extensive study was conducted to analyze the specific amounts of stress experienced by police
officers and the resulting adverse health effects and mortality rates over 68 years. The
researchers analyzed law enforcement workers' health and death data from 1950 to 2018. The
researchers conducted a thorough assessment of 1,853 instances of police deaths that took place
throughout this specified period (Violanti et al., 2021). The findings of this study inquiry
indicated that those working in law enforcement have significantly increased mortality rates
resulting from adverse health conditions. The main reasons responsible for the increased
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 44
mortality rates among officers were cardiovascular diseases, liver cirrhosis, mental disorders, and
malignant tumors. The poll further revealed that white male police officers had the highest
vulnerability to serious health conditions leading to their deaths. Male and female African
officers had lower mortality rates due to adverse health conditions. The authors concluded that
extended exposure to stressors resulted in harmful health conditions. These conditions ultimately
led to a much higher death rate among the officers in comparison to the overall population
(Violanti et al., 2021).
Law enforcement officers often face perilous and volatile situations. Prolonged exposure
to stress, as experienced by police officers, has measurable impacts on their physical and mental
health (Violanti et al., 2021). A research study was conducted to investigate the relationship
between the self-reported stress levels of police officers and their corresponding health reports.
The study also investigated the correlation between abnormalities in the basal cortisol patterns
and their relationship to social desirability. The study had 77 police officers who completed
questionnaires to evaluate their reported stress levels, mental and physical health issues, and
social desirability. In addition, the participants provided saliva samples to analyze their cortisol
levels (Habersaat et al., 2021). The study's findings demonstrated a strong correlation between
the stress encountered by police and the prevalence of adverse health conditions and symptoms.
The results of the saliva study demonstrated a significant correlation between the malfunction of
the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. This research validated the hypothesis that officers who
exhibit self-enhancement behavior, such as projecting superior talents, have elevated levels of
work-related stress and are more prone to stress-induced diseases. The researchers strongly
recommend that law enforcement agencies recognize the impact of job-related stress and
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 45
organizational stress on the mental and physical well-being of police officers (Habersaat et al.,
2021).
Anxiety
Anxiety is a psychological condition characterized by feelings of unease, worry, and fear.
The regular exposure to violence, criminal activity, mortality, and life-endangering situations
that are inherent in the law enforcement profession render officers more vulnerable to elevated
levels of anxiety and mental health issues. Anxiety, depression, and PTSD are instances of
psychological illnesses. Law enforcement professionals and first responders have a much greater
incidence of this characteristic than other professions. A poll was done in 2017, with a sample
size of 2,004 persons who were police officers, paramedics, EMTs, and firefighters. The research
sought to examine the self-identification of mental health symptoms among these professions.
The survey results indicated that 85% of the respondents reported suffering symptoms related to
mental health. While a notable number of participants acknowledged the symptoms, just 34% of
them disclosed having had an official diagnosis of a mental disorder (Axelrod, 2018). The
research analysis found that the primary obstacle preventing first responders from obtaining
mental health treatment is the negative perception linked to showing weakness. The police's
uneasiness is intensified by their concern about societal ostracism or prejudice due to bad
associations with mental healthcare. According to licensed psychologist Stephanie Conn, there
have been improvements in the willingness of police officers to seek assistance for anxiety and
mental health issues due to generational shifts. However, there is still a feeling of vulnerability
linked to this. Conn proposes that companies foster officers' awareness of the challenges they can
encounter and motivate them to publicly articulate their need for mental health treatment
(Axelrod, 2018). Conn recommended that businesses implement a plan that has three main
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 46
elements. Incorporating Employee Assistance Programs (EAP), peer support, and key event
stress management into mental health services is essential. Conn promoted the use of peer
support and critical event stress management models as vital resources for law enforcement
workers dealing with anxiety and other mental health symptoms.
Conn provided a persuasive rationale for implementing these support networks through
law enforcement agencies that hire officers. She believed that the officers' motivation to seek
treatment would increase if their agency took an active role in delivering and promoting these
services inside the organization. She hypothesized that this intervention would reduce the
officers' anxiety and lessen the existing stigmas around mental health treatment (Axelrod, 2018).
Depression
The high prevalence of traumatic situations, severe violence, and criminality that law
enforcement agents are often exposed to poses a significant risk for the development of
depression among them, which is a matter of considerable worry. A longitudinal research was
conducted over 10 years (2004-2014) to assess 242 police officers from Buffalo, New York, to
determine the characteristics that make officers more susceptible to depression. The study
analyzed personality traits such as coping skills, resilience, social support, and protective
variables. The research found that law enforcement professionals who had previously had
symptoms of depression or had been diagnosed with depression had a 95% likelihood of
suffering depression again after joining the force. According to the research conducted by
Jenkins et al. (2018), police officers who did not have depression before joining the profession
had a 23% probability of developing depression as a consequence of their job. The research also
examined the personality traits of police officers and related them to their likelihood of
developing depression. The study's results revealed that officers who exhibited robust coping
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 47
mechanisms and resilience and received social support were less prone to experiencing
depression than officers who possessed passive coping abilities. Individuals who exhibited
neuroticism were much more prone to developing depression due to their work encounters
(Jenkins et al., 2018). The prevalence of depression among adults in the United States is roughly
6.7%. The rate of this statistic is more than twice as high for police officers, primarily because
they are consistently exposed to important occurrences. According to some statistics, a range of
16 to 23% of police officers display signs of depression. Studies suggest that the employment of
good coping strategies and the resilience of an officer may help reduce depression caused by
work-related stress. Individuals who exhibited constructive coping strategies such as proactive
planning, embracing acceptance, and actively seeking assistance had reduced feelings of distress
and concurrent depression. Officers exhibiting maladaptive coping strategies such as self-blame,
detachment, and denial are at a higher risk of encountering psychological discomfort and despair.
An officer's toughness is the most prominent personality feature correlating highly with effective
coping abilities. The term "self-efficacy" refers to an individual's ideas and attitudes about
themselves, which in turn gives them the drive and bravery to handle difficult circumstances and
turn challenging occurrences into opportunities (Allison et al., 2019).
Research was done to examine the effect of stress on law enforcement personnel and its
direct association with depression by monitoring their heart rate and physical activity. The
research findings revealed that officers experience anticipatory stress before their shift due to the
expected situations they may encounter during work. Subsequently, law enforcement officers
experience heightened levels of stress when confronted with significant occurrences during the
execution of their responsibilities. There is a relationship between how individuals experience
stress in their jobs and the occurrence of depression. According to Allison et al. (2019), this
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 48
phenomenon was most pronounced among newly appointed officers in their first year of service
as they acquired strategies to manage job-related pressures.
Police Suicide
Although police work is inherently risky, and officers face a significant risk of dying
from criminal acts or accidents, the likelihood of cops dying by suicide in the United States is
twice as high as dying in the line of duty. This number is concerning and is a consequence of the
cumulative psychological issues associated with a law enforcement career. The frequent
exposure to violence, crime, death, and damage has a detrimental impact on the mental well-
being of law enforcement professionals, leading to an elevated susceptibility to PTSD,
depression, and suicide. Although mental health therapy is crucial in potentially preventing
suicide and suicidal thoughts, there are other obstacles such as guilt and stigma that often hinder
officers from getting help. There are comparable obstacles that hinder families from freely
addressing the suicide of a loved one. Furthermore, local or mainstream media often fail to
publish the majority of law enforcement officer suicides, hence exacerbating the prevailing quiet
and lack of knowledge around this issue (Heyman et al., 2018). The discovered factors
contributing to suicide and/or suicidal thoughts were alcohol dependence and issues related to
domestic relationships, which were theorized to be a result of stressful job environments. The
researchers suggested that law enforcement agencies should adopt mental health treatment
alternatives for police that are both confidential and non-punitive, based on the findings of the
literary study. Additionally, it is advised that agencies address the existing stigmas and ensure
that supervisors actively promote and support officers in seeking mental health care, even as a
preventive strategy. The findings of this research provide compelling evidence that the lack of
communication across agencies throughout the country is exacerbating this destructive cycle,
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 49
resulting in an excessive number of police fatalities. Officers are experiencing severe
consequences because they lack assistance from their agencies and are being coerced into
avoiding certain behaviors. This avoidance behavior only becomes apparent when it is too late to
prevent negative outcomes (Violanti et al., 2019).
Research was done to enhance assistance from law enforcement agencies throughout the
United States in preventing officer suicide. The study covered 110 law enforcement departments
nationwide. A total of 177 agencies were asked to participate in the research, out of which 110
accepted the offer and actively engaged in the study. The research included qualitative interviews
that evaluated the mental health services provided by each organization. The services were
categorized into four distinct groups: minimum, basic, proactive, and integrated services. The
basic services included a municipal employee aid program. The primary category includes
mental health, critical event response, and training services. The proactive category includes
mental health care and drug abuse treatment provided inside the organization. Although the
amount of support from the agency was high, the researchers discovered that officers were very
hesitant to seek therapy because of the negative perception of mental health care at any level.
According to these results, the researchers suggest that organizations should not only provide
services to assist in maintaining the mental well-being of officers and preventing officer suicide
but also actively encourage the use of these services. Furthermore, they advise law enforcement
agencies to exert significant effort in altering the prevailing culture to promote and encourage
officers to seek mental health care. This cultural transformation should incentivize more officers
to actively pursue the essential therapy required to maintain their emotional and mental health.
Consequently, it is expected that there will be a decrease in the occurrence of officer suicides
across the whole country (Ramchand et al., 2018). This study aims to investigate the perceived
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 50
barriers and challenges that police officers encounter in seeking mental health treatment. These
obstacles, such as police stress, organizational stress, personal stress, anxiety, depression, and
police suicide, highlight the importance of addressing the profound issues surrounding police
mental health. Furthermore, this research must examine the extent to which stigmatization
hinders individuals from getting mental health therapy. Efforts should be made to identify and
propose safe and accommodating avenues for officers to seek mental health treatment, focusing
on self-improvement and personal growth (Violanti et al., 2019).
Lack of Literacy and Education About Mental Illness
Although on a societal level, there is greater access to mental health care than ever
before, there are still cultural barriers that prevent African Americans from accessing and
seeking help for their mental health needs. Research indicates that African Americans are much
less likely to trust in seeking out professional healthcare services than other ethnic groups in light
of past negative experiences, which may include some forms of abuse. For example, one of the
most severe acts relates to the Tuskegee Study of untreated syphilis. The study was conducted
over 40 years and involved illiterate black males. Researchers withheld penicillin from hundreds
of black men to uncover the long-term effects of untreated syphilis (Fikes, n.d.). Disingenuous
experiments of this kind have impacted the education and mental health literacy of many in the
African American population and caused significant distrust towards the medical community.
Other mitigating factors such as systemic racism, limited access to education (Lee et al., 2014),
disparities in healthcare services, and lack of specifically tailored healthcare information have all
contributed to the health literacy barriers for African Americans (Bhattacharya, 2013). This
negative perception and pervasive mistrust are barriers to increasing overall understanding and
awareness. In addition, these attitudes significantly impede African Americans’ seeking out
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 51
health-related resources (Bhattacharya et al., 2013; Politi et al., 2014; Prins & Mooney, 2014).
Further, African Americans commonly utilize their local church or religious institution as a
resource for literacy on health-related matters. To effect meaningful change, future research must
close the gap in mental health literacy and interventions among African Americans (Logan et al.,
2015).
Lack of Qualified Mental Health Providers
Research indicates that a primary barrier to first responders seeking help is the lack of
qualified mental health professionals. In a recent study examining mental health policies and
procedures for first responders, participants noted an essential need for specialized mental health
professionals knowledgeable about the first responders’ culture and the issues they face. They
insist that the clinicians have expertise in treating first responders and not treat them as a part of
the general population. In some locations, clinicians are educated about the daily lives of first
responders through ride-along exercises (Fisher & Lavender, 2023). In the same way, African
American first responders need to have access to culturally sensitive and qualified mental health
professionals who possess the knowledge and understanding of working with the African
American first responder population. Furthermore, Dobbin & Kalev (2018) suggest that these
mental health professionals should be trained to respond to trauma and, more specifically, the
type of trauma experienced by first responders. According to the American Association of
Medical Colleges (2018), there is a severe shortage of specially trained mental health providers.
Ruth White, a USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work professor, argues that this
statistic affects African Americans the most. Although the rates of mental illness are similar to
the general population, the severity of mental disorders is significantly greater among African
Americans (White, 2019).
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 52
Lack of Access to Mental Health Services
Throughout history, African Americans have experienced unimaginable forms of
oppression, racial bias, and traumatizing hardships, all of which may have negatively impacted
their mental health (Hammond et al., 2020). The cumulative results of these experiences can still
be witnessed today in the form of racial inequities, discrimination, and, specifically, the area of
providing mental health services for people of color. In a meta-analysis by Gail and Associates
(2020), findings indicate a positive correlation between internalized discrimination and adverse
mental health outcomes (Gale et al., 2020). Majors (2020) further asserts that discrimination and
various other inequities, including organizational stigma and a lack of understanding of culture,
have created a crisis in the provision of mental health services for African Americans (p.4). To
effect change in this arena, researchers, as well as providers, must understand the traumatizing
history of African Americans to engage this population effectively and challenge the pervasive
barriers that have contributed to the negative help-seeking behaviors. An additional factor
contributing to access to mental health services is the lack of insurance. Studies show that
between 2010 and 2018, African Americans were 1.5 times more likely to be uninsured than
Whites (American Community Survey, 2018). Artiga et al. (2020) suggest that this is directly
related to the economic disparities in the African American community compared to their white
counterparts.
Fear of Breach of Confidentiality
Another significant barrier of concern for first responders is the fear of a breach of
confidentiality. Considerable research points to the idea that first responders pay extreme
attention to how they are perceived in their roles (Lanza et al., 2018). Weakness of character is to
be avoided at all costs. Unfortunately, this closely held notion can have a severe negative impact
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 53
on help-seeking. First responders often come to embrace the idea of being seen as heroes. Thus,
the notion of seeking help in a mental health crisis and the risk of such information being
released to peers, superiors, or even the public will often serve as a solid hindrance to help-
seeking. Further compounding the issue is a lack of confidence in the individuals providing
mental health support. Many first responders report that a lack of competent mental health
providers, fear of breach of privacy, and fear of being misunderstood prevent them from seeking
help. Those factors, along with a lack of education about mental health in general, are highly
prohibitive. Researchers in the Lanza study submit that a lack of definite differentiation limited
their research (Lanza et al., 2018). Future research in this area would be well served to focus on
interventions for specific types of first responders and their individual needs. Focused
interventions would catalyze positive developments in help-seeking behaviors (Jones et al.,
2019). Identifying the unique needs of this population and providing culturally sensitive
resources and interventions is essential in increasing help-seeking behaviors.
Types of Stigma
An examination of existing literature reveals several types of stigmatization that interfere
with help-seeking behaviors among all cultures, specifically among African Americans. The first
type is self-stigma, which refers to the negative beliefs about mental illness that a person
internalizes about themselves. Research indicates that some people hold on to the idea that
“people with depression are just lazy” or “I am a lazy slob” (Drapalski et al., 2013; Boyd et al.,
2014). This stigma may lead to self-loathing, self-criticism, and low self-worth. The second type
is public stigma, which includes negative and discriminatory beliefs, actions, and stereotypes
endorsed by the public against those with mental illness. For example, individuals with a mental
illness are often perceived as unstable or dangerous and may be isolated or socially excluded
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 54
from society (Corrigan & Kosyluk, 2013). The third type of stigma occurs within the healthcare
environment when professional providers hold negative views about their clientele. Experienced
stigma is primarily based upon fear and a lack of understanding about the symptoms and causes
of mental illness. This type of stigma is a significant concern since it may impact the treatment
outcomes of individuals with mental illness and their overall recovery (Subu et al., 2021). Lastly,
institutional stigma pertains to the negative attitudes and beliefs perpetuated by an organizational
culture that adversely affects those with mental illness (Corrigan et al., 2013).
From a psychological perspective, stigma is commonly identified as a significant barrier
to seeking help for mental disorders. Mental illness stigma is defined as negative stereotyping
formed by one’s attitude or core belief regarding those with a mental illness or receiving
treatment for mental illness (Feeg, Prager, & Moylan, 2014; DeFreitas et al., 2018). African
Americans, as well as other ethnic minorities, may be particularly affected by this phenomenon
and experience adverse mental health outcomes as well as discrimination in mental health
services, employment, and housing. Furthermore, stigmatization of this type may lead to
ignoring a mental disorder until it becomes debilitating or even avoiding seeking help altogether,
which is particularly salient among ethnic minorities (DeFreitas et al., 2018). Research indicates
that stigmatizing beliefs among older members of the African American community may be
perpetuated due to false information about the causes of mental illness. It is not readily accepted
among this population that mental illness may stem from biological causes (Mishra et al., 2009).
Other bodies of research suggest that acculturation, as well as knowledge of mental illness, may
reduce stigmatizing beliefs and increase help-seeking behaviors (Cheng et al., 2013), as lack of
knowledge about mental illness tends to increase anxiety and fear about the subject (Cheng et al.,
2015). Ruth White, a professor at the USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work,
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 55
suggests that the reluctance of African Americans to seek mental health care is not unwarranted.
Research indicates that African Americans are misdiagnosed at significantly higher rates than
Whites (Bell et al., 2015).
Self-Stigma
The negative perceptions and prejudices surrounding law enforcement professionals
seeking mental health therapy are the main factors preventing the proper attention and care for
mental health issues. Police officers are concerned about perceived vulnerability, the absence of
confidence from their colleagues, and the self-perception of vulnerability or insufficiency that
may be linked to mental health care. Consequently, individuals often ignore the obvious
indicators of their mental health and choose not to seek treatment for their mental health
problems (Wheeler et al., 2018). Research was done with 641 people to ascertain the precise
parameters related to mental illness stigma. The main variables investigated in this research were
self-care, perceived dangers, social distance, projected police conduct, and treatment amenability
(Yasuhara et al., 2019).
The research findings revealed that participants had a deficiency in self-care due to their
tendency to avoid and deny. Law enforcement personnel may disregard or conceal their mental
health symptoms as a result of the negative perceptions and biases around mental health care. As
shown in the research, this results in a deficiency in the capacity to treat the condition. A robust
association existed between social distance and perceived mental health difficulties. Ultimately,
individuals refrained from interacting with others to conceal their own challenges related to
mental well-being. The level of perceived risk was associated with the practice of social distance
to prevent circumstances when mental health problems may become apparent.
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 56
It is advisable to undertake more studies on the anticipated behavior of police officers.
The first results of their research indicated that it is necessary to provide more training to law
enforcement personnel and agencies recognizing the significance of mental health intervention.
The researchers postulated that this would aid in the reduction of social stigma around mental
health treatment for law enforcement officials (Yasuhara et al., 2019). The discrimination
associated with seeking mental health care is seen in non-law enforcement fields, but it is notably
more pronounced inside the law enforcement community. According to Smith and Applegate
(2018), over 25% of individuals who are not part of law enforcement encounter a kind of mental
illness at some point in their life. As many as 85% of law enforcement personnel have reported
experiencing mental health symptoms, which is a far higher percentage. Despite the concerning
data on both groups, there exists a detrimental social perception linked to mental health care,
causing individuals to avoid getting treatment (Abdullah & Brown, 2020).
Law enforcement professionals face a more severe stigma compared to the general
population, which may result in punitive outcomes such as demotion or being isolated from their
colleagues and superiors. There are two categories of stigmas that affect the general population:
public stigma and internalized or self-stigma. Public stigma refers to the prevailing
preconceptions and attitudes held by the general population about mental health care.
Internalized or self-stigma refers to an individual's sense of shame and the way they internalize
the negative perceptions held by society (Smith & Applegate, 2018). Organizational stigma in
law enforcement refers to the negative perception and discrimination inside the law enforcement
agency toward mental health symptoms, problems, and treatment (Abdullah & Brown, 2020).
Research was undertaken with a sample size of 257 individuals, examining the
phenomenon of self-labeling and its association with the adverse consequences of stigma. The
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 57
researchers aimed to establish the relationship between self-identification with a mental illness
and the adverse consequences of predicted, internalized, and self-stigma. Out of the individuals
included in the research, 202 acknowledged having encountered symptoms related to anxiety,
depression, or PTSD, while 52 said that they had not experienced such symptoms. The research
revealed that those who reported no symptoms of mental illness had elevated levels of bias,
stereotypes, discrimination, and stigmas. Additionally, these individuals were more likely to be
unmarried, young males. The research revealed that there was a robust positive association
between self-labeling and stigma. The researchers observed that the results aligned with the
modified labeling theory, indicating that self-stigma may hinder individuals from accepting the
mental illness label. Furthermore, if the label is embraced, it may heighten one's susceptibility to
negative consequences.
While labels and stigmas are present in our culture, the mental health stigmas faced by
law enforcement officials are particularly pronounced. Research was undertaken to examine
better the prevailing mental health stigmas among law enforcement officials. The research
comprised a sample of 296 individuals who were assessed for their symptoms of PTSD, levels of
exposure to traumatic events, and adherence to certain criteria for measuring stigma. These
criteria included attitudes toward getting treatment, negative stereotypes, attributions, and
planned conduct. The study's findings validated the researchers' hypothesis that police had
elevated incidences of PTSD symptoms due to their substantial exposure to trauma. The
researchers recommended providing training to police personnel, law enforcement agencies, and
the whole policing community to raise awareness about the need for self-reflection and
recognizing their mental health requirements. In addition, they emphasized the need for agency
assistance in creating a secure workplace where officers feel comfortable disclosing their mental
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 58
health problems without fear of being stigmatized or branded. Should the current atmosphere
remain unchanged, the researchers postulate that the pattern of officers neglecting their mental
well-being and refusing to acknowledge it would persist. This will perpetuate the high rates of
suicide among police officers and exacerbate the already bad mental and physical health
problems that they experience daily (Soomro & Yanos, 2018).
Organizational Stigma
Law enforcement professionals generally have strong beliefs that often contradict the
practice of self-care and the recognition of mental health. Traditional male attitudes and
expectations can stigmatize and mock those who seek therapy. Requesting such treatment may
lead to doubts about the officer's suitability for duty. Consequently, law enforcement
professionals often repress, conceal, or evade their feelings. They often resort to harmful
activities, such as alcohol consumption and, in certain situations, drug misuse (Grupe, 2023).
The pervasive social disapproval inside the organization acts as a potent disincentive for
law enforcement officials to seek mental health therapy actively. Officers have concerns about
being seen as weak by their superiors, which might result in a lack of promotion, demotion,
removal from specialist units, early retirement, or even outright termination. A fear of the
consequences leads 85% of law enforcement personnel to refrain from revealing any signs of
mental health issues to their supervisor or management. According to a survey, 62% of law
enforcement personnel expressed their anticipation of facing bias from their colleagues and
superiors if they were to reveal any mental health concerns. In Stuart's study (2017), it was found
that 62% of officers expressed their preference for avoiding having a supervisor or management
with a mental disorder.
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 59
The presence of organizational stigmas and personal prejudices among officers has
fostered a pervasive culture of opposition towards mental health treatment inside law
enforcement institutions. A study has shown that 55% of law enforcement personnel perceive
mistreatment towards coworkers who have revealed a mental disorder or are seeking mental
health care. Consequently, the majority of officers choose not to reveal to their supervisor or
management their mental health challenges (Burzee et al., 2022). These views towards mental
health are widespread across the country and are believed to be a consequence of traditional male
ideals that are often associated with law enforcement institutions. The cultural and social
standards prevalent in the sub-culture of law enforcement have sustained enduring stigmatized
attitudes around mental health. Negative attitudes, prejudices, and stigmas are prevalent
nationally and inside law enforcement agencies (Bailey, 2021).
A research investigation was carried out, including a total of 257 police personnel,
including both commissioned officers and civilian workers, in a city of medium size located in
the Midwestern region of the United States. The research conducted a survey among the
participants to assess their opinions about self-seeking stigmas present in their agency. The
research findings revealed that the mental health problems experienced by police officers are
worsened by the unfavorable ideas and attitudes around mental health. The research findings also
showed a significant inverse relationship between the stigma associated with seeking mental
health treatment and the actions and attitudes related to seeking help. Consequently, officers'
inclination to seek mental health assistance diminished (Grupe, 2023). The study's results
suggest that using a structural equation model that promotes mindfulness training might be
beneficial for law enforcement agents and agencies. The suggested model and associated training
include overhauling the policies and procedures of law enforcement agencies, as well as
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 60
implementing interventions, to enable them to have a positive impact on mental health treatment
and promote the adoption of help-seeking behaviors. It is postulated that this would enhance the
general welfare of the staff and the communities served by the agencies (Grupe, 2023).
There is a growing emphasis on the mental well-being of police officers, and law
enforcement organizations are starting to recognize the need of shifting the existing culture to
one that promotes and facilitates mental health care. Approximately 25% of police officers have
had suicidal thoughts at least once, which is directly linked to the trauma, stress, mortality, and
peril that cops encounter daily, as well as the lack of support from their agencies.
Mental Health in African Americans
Historically, African Americans as a cultural group have experienced a plethora of
circumstances that may significantly affect their mental health and undermine their overall well-
being. These circumstances include, but are not limited to, trauma, poverty, health care
disparities, economic exclusion, and oppression. However, when faced with mental health
challenges, African Americans are overwhelmingly reluctant to seek help for their mental health
needs. Taylor & Kuo (2019) highlight the cumulative effect of having endured such profound
adversities, which may diminish the willingness of black people to seek help. Due to these
circumstances, African Americans are at a greater risk of experiencing a higher level of chronic
mental disorders compared to other ethnic groups (Avent Harris et al., 2021).
African Americans come face to face with many challenging life events. Dealing with the
results of economic oppression and exclusion from society on many levels may exacerbate
factors impacting mental health challenges within this group (Williams & Mohammed, 2013).
Unattended, the accumulation of mental health concerns over time hurts the overall quality of
life. Rather than seek professional help, African Americans often believe that these issues will
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 61
dissipate over time. Similar to other ethnic groups, the many forms of stigma around mental
health are a powerful barrier to getting help (Avent Harris et al., 2021). Instead, African
Americans are likely to look to spiritual counselors for guidance. Avent Harris et al. (2021) note
that African Americans who identify themselves as Christian are strongly impacted by their faith
when addressing mental health. Ironically, those with solid spiritual lives are often less likely to
seek formal counseling.
Unfortunately, even with the prevalence of mental health problems identified within the
African American culture, studies show that African Americans tend to access mental health
services at a much lower rate than other ethnic groups (Thompson et al., 2013) even though rates
of mental illness are similar to those of the general population (Ormond et al., 2019). From 2008
to 2012, the National Association of Mental Illness (NAMI) analyzed the mental health
utilization rate of adult African American men and women. It determined that 6.6% of African
American men and 10.3% of African American women utilized mental health services.
Utilization of mental health services for their non-Hispanic and White counterparts was nearly
double the rate of African Americans for both genders, at 11.3% for men and 21.5% for women
(SAMSHA, 2015). The statistics above indicate an alarming reluctance toward help-seeking
behaviors among African Americans compared to other racial and ethnic populations.
For this reason, mental illness among the African American population is often left
untreated (Cook et al., 2013). In addition, Burkett (2017) proposes that the help-seeking
behaviors of African Americans are influenced more by social structures and community
traditions than by clinical or administrative decisions. Research indicates that some African
Americans may have a favorable view of mental health counseling. Still, these positive beliefs do
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 62
not equate to seeking treatment (Ward et al., 2013). In essence, the culture of African Americans
is a highly influential factor in help-seeking when it comes to mental health concerns.
Cultural Stigmatization Among African Americans
Although previous literature focuses more on the disparities and other factors that affect
help-seeking among African Americans, very little research has delved into their attitudes about
getting help for their mental health. Studies show that beliefs and behavioral attitudes about
mental illness largely guide the decision to seek help. This phenomenon has historically
manifested as a type of cultural stigmatization. Studies indicate that individuals with negative
attitudes toward seeking help are likelier to experience adverse treatment outcomes than those
with a positive attitude (Taylor & Kuo, 2019). Stereotypical narratives perpetuated by black
culture strongly influence the intentions of individuals to utilize mental health services. For
example, narratives passed down through the culture, such as, ‘If I see a therapist, people will
think that I am weak or crazy,’ or ‘black people are accustomed to hard times, and they don’t get
depressed.’ Studies indicate that African Americans often associate seeking help for their mental
health needs with adverse outcomes. The internalized belief is that seeking help for one’s mental
health is a sign of weakness or a personal flaw. However, these false narratives are often familial
or culturally communicated, resulting in a pervasive negative attitude toward seeking help.
(Taylor & Kuo, 2019).
Coping and Spirituality Among African Americans
Many believe that earnest and sincere prayer is the answer to everything. Avent Harris et
al. (2018) propose that in African American churches, pastors or religious advisors are often the
first line of resource for the psychological needs of church members. Research indicates that
religion and spirituality may have both positive and negative influences on the mental health of
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 63
individuals. From a positive point of view, religion and spirituality have been associated with an
overall higher quality of life, better mental health, and lower rates of mental disorders such as
anxiety, depression (Rosmarin et al., 2013), and suicide (Power & McKinney, 2013). The black
church is the bedrock of African Americans' faith and religious beliefs. Dempsy and colleagues
argue that the black church plays a crucial role in addressing the socio-economic needs of the
culture. In most instances, the black church is sought as the first line of defense against racial
injustice, emotional support, and a refuge for spiritual restoration and safety (Dempsy et al.,
2016).
From a negative aspect, outcomes related to negative coping strategies during spiritual
struggles, misunderstanding about mental illness, and the perpetuation of negative beliefs may
have damaging effects (Weber & Pargament, 2014). Hardy (2014) suggests that pastoral
counseling may be the most feasible option for many since the service may cost less than seeing
a mental health professional, could be more accessible, and relies on established trust and rapport
with the church community. Furthermore, religion is significantly influential within the African
American community on nearly every level. According to a study conducted by the Pew
Research Center, African Americans are among the most religious of any ethnic group in the
United States (Pew Research Center, 2018).
In the African American community, the church is a significant symbol of hope, and the
roles of the church have traversed beyond the spiritual needs of the congregants (Hayes, 2015).
The church has become a place of refuge and healing for those who are oppressed and
marginalized. Consequently, these religious institutions remain one of the most commonly
utilized and practical tools to reach and mobilize African Americans for effective change and
reform. Historically, the black church has assumed many other roles within the community. The
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 64
church is characterized as a solid and resilient force that has survived hardship and the threat of
destruction. Yet, it has continued to persevere, in some cases, with minimal resources. (Brewer
& Williams, 2019). The black church is a place of worship and healing and an alternate source of
support for physical and psychological issues. Even though the rates of mental illness among
African Americans are similar to those of the general population, mental disorders among
African Americans are more severe, and the rate of utilization for seeking help is significantly
lower, partially due to the influence of the church (Ormond et al., 2019).
Spirituality is an essential factor in the lives of most African Americans. As a result, it is
not surprising that most African Americans are more likely to seek help from the church's
spiritual advisors rather than seek professional help for their mental health. In a study examining
the role of religious advisors in mental health care, Kovess-Masfety and colleagues (2016) found
that strong religious beliefs are a significant indicator of whether individuals will seek help from
spiritual advisors (Kovess-Masfety et al., 2016). One factor influencing the desire to access
spiritual advisors is that no referral is required, and the service is usually free (Dempsey et al.,
2016). However, there may be concerns about the quality of care spiritual advisors provide.
Chaves and colleagues (2015) indicate that seminaries provide limited education on mental
health, and 30% of African American churches do not offer formal seminary training (Chaves &
Eagle, 2015; Ross & Stanford, 2014). Training in mental health is essential to increase the
quality of care among those who seek mental health services from the church.
Additionally, churches have come to be utilized as job training centers, community
gathering sites, and social clubs. Religious leaders are often viewed as the first line of defense for
members of their congregations concerning physical and psychological issues. Because so many
African Americans rely on religious institutions as an alternative to mental health counseling, it
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 65
becomes imperative that these institutions take a more active role in addressing the mental health
concerns of their constituents. In particular, the black church could catalyze, mitigate, and
possibly reverse many of the opposing viewpoints held towards seeking mental health services.
Promoting mental health as a part of overall well-being in conjunction with spiritual guidance
could be a robust foundation for serving those struggling with mental health challenges. In
essence, the black church would be well served to advocate using faith and spiritual connection
to facilitate help-seeking rather than a barrier. (Campbell & Littleton, 2018).
Strategies and Solutions
Organizational Support
In response to the alarming rates of officer suicide and the prevalence of mental
and physical health issues among officers, law enforcement organizations worldwide are now
actively investigating ways to enhance the assistance they provide to their personnel.
Organizations have initiated efforts to enhance the well-being of employees in the workplace and
support the mitigation of emotional tiredness. They have achieved this by using workplace
interventions that enhance job resources and foster a friendly and fair corporate atmosphere
based on shared values. Law enforcement agencies have also started to promote the well-being
and psychological health of their officers within the framework of their operations.
Factors that cause stress in the workplace. These techniques enable agencies to provide
assistance not just by reducing job demands, but also by assisting officers and alleviating some
of the inherent work stresses associated with the position (Wolter et al., 2018). In order to
comprehend an officer's mindset more effectively, it is crucial for agencies and mental health
experts to have a deeper knowledge of how officers handle stress, life-threatening circumstances,
and the high levels of violence that they have been used to. Some law enforcement organizations
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 66
now use a method of determining an officer's personal qualities and assigning them to the most
suitable unit within the organization (van der Meulen et al., 2017). Attributes such as hardiness,
resilience, psychological capital, extroversion, conscientiousness, self-esteem, and strategic
coping abilities enable an officer to effectively manage elevated levels of stress. These attributes
also make them more suitable for specialized high-risk units that inherently involve more stress.
Individuals with lower self-esteem may be more suitable for work in the courts,
municipal agencies, and modest patrolling tasks. It is advised by researchers that human
resources departments should assess the personality characteristics of a candidate while making
recruiting and placement choices (Janssens et al., 2018; Parent-Lamarche & Marchand, 2019).
The manner in which an officer manages stress has significant significance for law enforcement
institutions. This enables them to make recruiting choices via the human resources department
and ensure that the officers are strategically aligned with the units they are assigned to serve.
Research was done to ascertain the coping mechanisms used by officers and their family
members in the face of life-threatening events, as well as how their agencies acknowledge and
address these challenges and provide assistance for developing effective coping strategies. The
study's results suggest that police officers experience a decline in self and identity when their
lives are endangered. They often integrate precautionary measures that have been ingrained in
them to develop resilience in such circumstances and effectively separate the hazards as an
inherent part of their profession. By using this strategy, the officers are able to reestablish a
feeling of authority and remain composed, even in highly unpredictable circumstances (Sigad,
2020). Studies have also shown that law enforcement agents undergo significant mental stress
due to recurrent encounters with violence and criminal activities. This often extends into their
personal life, hence resulting in elevated divorce rates and poor relationships with family and
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 67
friends. By gaining insight into how officers handle and deal with occupational stressors, law
enforcement organizations may more effectively identify support programs and structures that
can mitigate mental health issues and perhaps decrease rates of officer suicide (Sigad, 2020).
Law enforcement agencies prioritize suicide prevention methods as a key area of concentration.
Law enforcement organizations may integrate best practices by using studies produced by the
Air Force Suicide Prevention Program and the Montreal Police Department's Together for Life
Suicide Prevention Program.
According to Bernier (2018), these initiatives, including pre-employment psychiatric
assessments, employee assistance programs, peer support programs, and gatekeeper training
programs, have been recognized as very useful suicide prevention techniques. It is strongly
suggested that organizations worldwide embrace these programs. A nationwide study involving
55 agencies revealed that around 25% of officers were unaware of whether their agency provided
mental health or counseling services. A further 35% expressed a lack of belief that their agency
provides enough assistance for the mental health and well-being of officers. The police officers
who expressed feeling supported reported elevated levels of general well-being and considerably
reduced stress. Nevertheless, a study conducted by Thoen et al. (2020) revealed that 12.4% of
officers had a propensity or strong inclination to engage in self-harm, namely suicide, at some
stage in their lifetimes.
Research has discovered a very efficient training program called Blue Wellness that
agencies may apply to enhance the assistance they give to their officers' mental and emotional
well-being. The objective of this program is to enhance the mindset of officers about mental
health awareness, treatment, and emotional well-being, both for themselves and their coworkers.
The program is funded by an agency and facilitates self-reflection, mutual assistance, and
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 68
collective engagement. The participants in this program had a noticeable improvement in their
attitude toward emotional and mental well-being, as indicated by the results of the pre- and post-
test comparisons. The most significant surge in enhanced mental health attitudes was seen among
senior officials working in rural departments. The group of officers categorized as cynical
showed a significant change in their views towards mental health. The officers who exhibited
lower levels of cynicism showed little progress, suggesting a reduced need for further
enhancement (Drake, 2021).
Peer Support
Peer assistance is a very successful means of providing social, emotional, and
psychological support to officers, resulting in significant benefits. The association between peer
support programs and the stigma of mental health treatment seems to be weak. Peer assistance is
widely embraced by police and has shown to be a very effective strategy for promoting the
mental well-being of police officers. The research findings on 162 officers who participated in a
peer support model integrated inside their organizations revealed very favorable outcomes. The
research study found that participants had enhanced psychological well-being, decreased levels
of stress, and displayed a favorable attitude toward their mental health and the help they received
from other officers and agency-employed chaplains. The participants reported experiencing
reduced levels of burnout and PTSD. They ascribed this improvement to the opportunity to
discuss their work experiences with colleagues who had a better understanding of their trauma
and exposure compared to civilians (Schantz et al., 2020). Law enforcement personnel and
organizations must acknowledge the crucial need for proactive maintenance to ensure the mental
and physical well-being of police.
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 69
Law enforcement, as a career, places a high importance on fortitude and emotional and
physical strength, frequently requiring more than what any officer can provide. This
detrimentally impacts the heroic men and women who choose to take on this task. Officers
routinely sacrifice their own physical and emotional well-being in order to protect and serve, and
this toll on their health is often overlooked until it is too late. To enhance the duration of officers'
careers and enhance their overall well-being and interpersonal connections, law enforcement
organizations must undergo a meso-level transformation. The regressive mindset is declining in
many organizations but remains prevalent in a significant number of them ("Responding to a
Colleague in Crisis," 2018).
The long-term effects of officers seeking mental health therapy have been harmful and
are often influenced by the official policy of their agency. Therefore, law enforcement
organizations must provide a method for officers to get therapy that aligns with their personal
preferences. One effective method is peer support, which is strongly suggested because of its
high success rate and the level of acceptability among officers. Due to officers' reluctance to seek
mental health care, the provision of peer support by colleagues or chaplains employed by the
agency has been extensively embraced and proven very effective. The high efficacy and
effectiveness rates may be partially related to the officers' sense of security while communicating
with their colleagues, as opposed to feeling uncomfortable when talking to mental health
counselors. Researchers strongly urge that agencies implement an integrated peer support
strategy, which involves the inclusion of staffed chaplains and fellow officers, to give peer
support. This recommendation is based on the excellent reaction that peer support has received
("Responding to a Colleague in Crisis," 2018).
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 70
The law enforcement agencies in Ontario, Canada acknowledge the significance of peer
assistance and have established internal peer support programs inside their police departments.
The Ontario agencies based their program on the Policy Feedback Theory (PFT), which posits
that establishing policies and allocating resources to support certain programs will shape the
behavior and support of participants. By incorporating this theory with the examined research on
peer support, Ontario law enforcement organizations have implemented a comprehensive peer
support program. This program allows officers to openly exchange their experiences and engage
in discussions about their work interactions with their peers in a secure environment.
The establishment of this peer support program has had very beneficial results, leading to
a decrease in the stigma around mental health and contributing to an improved understanding of
mental health among officers. Furthermore, the organization's adoption of internal policy has
demonstrated a strong dedication to the mental well-being of its officers by implementing peer-
support. The Ontario peer-support approach has served as a worldwide benchmark for agencies
to emulate and possibly implement in order to provide assistance to their officers (Milliard,
2020). Law enforcement agencies across the nation are now investigating peer support
alternatives to enhance the mental well-being of police (Van Hasselt et al., 2019). Peers as Law
Enforcement assistance (PALS) is widely recognized as one of the most effective peer assistance
programs. This program was developed based on the principle that engaging in discussions with
a colleague reduces the reluctance of officers to seek help for psychological and mental health
concerns. Furthermore, the peer support approach seems to lack the same negative perception
associated with requesting help from a conventional mental health counselor (Van Hasselt et al.,
2019). The PALS program places great stress on officer peer support and emphasizes the
significance of empathy in the officer's role of offering help to those in need. Consequently, the
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 71
peer support model operates on a voluntary basis, with trained volunteers following a
comprehensive four-pronged strategy. The peer support volunteers get training to recognize risk
factors associated with drug misuse, anxiety, depression, PTSD, and suicide. In addition, they are
instructed to promote the idea that requesting mental health care is not a sign of weakness, and to
foster a culture of acceptance inside the agency by encouraging peer support. Peer support
volunteers get training to ensure that they establish a sense of ease with the assistance they
provide to police and maintain the confidentiality of their interactions, therefore upholding the
privacy of the officers. The volunteers get training on the availability of supplementary services,
such as psychiatrists, psychologists, and family/marriage counselors, to whom officers may be
sent for extra help if necessary (Van Hasselt et al., 2019).
Employee Assistance Providers
Employee Assistance Providers (EAPs) are a very successful resource provided by law
enforcement agencies and several other organizations to provide help for their personnel.
Although EAPs in the law enforcement industry are less stigmatized compared to conventional
mental health therapy, they are still not used as often as they could be. These programs provide
support via counseling services delivered online, over the telephone, or in person by experts
(Milot, 2019). Employees have the option to voluntarily participate in the EAP services, or they
may be required to do so by a management recommendation or organizational mandate. Law
enforcement agencies often have EAPs in place, however these programs are often underutilized
and not effectively promoted. Despite agencies actively promoting EAPs, officers are reluctant to
use them because of concerns about losing their anonymity and the potential stigmas that may be
associated with seeking help. Law enforcement agencies use EAPs more often than standard
mental health counseling services, but not as often as they utilize peer support, according to
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 72
Milot (2019). There is a potential for increased support of EAPs inside firms, which might help
alleviate the psychological stigmas associated with EAPs (Milot, 2019). The efficacy of EAPs
has been a subject of inquiry for law enforcement agencies and other organizations. Despite the
widespread availability and general awareness of EAPs, a significant number of workers fail to
use them. A comprehensive analysis of 17 research was undertaken to assess the efficacy of
EAPs. Across the whole continent of North America. The analytical findings show that the use
of EAPs effectively supports workers' overall well-being. Furthermore, there was a direct
relationship seen between those actively seeking Employee Assistance Program (EAP) assistance
and experiencing presenteeism. The workers who employed the programs also demonstrated
enhanced health, well-being, and productivity as a consequence. Employees that actively pursue
EAP services demonstrate their awareness of their need for support and get advantages from the
program. The investigation revealed that the workers who do not currently make use of the
services have the highest potential for improvement. The examiners concluded that more
investigation is required to ascertain the methods of motivating workers to actively pursue self-
treatment, particularly within the domain of law enforcement (Joseph et al., 2018).
Summary
The purpose of this phenomenological study is to understand why some African
American police officers in the state of Florida choose not to participate in mental health
counseling for job-related trauma. The problem that this study will address the gap in the
literature which focuses on police officers’ decisions not to participate in mental health
counseling for job-related trauma. Throughout this literature review, the primary mental health
challenges of law enforcement officers were examined and found to be PTSD, substance abuse,
anxiety, extreme stress, depression, and suicide or suicide ideation in law enforcement officers.
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 73
These factors correlated with job stressors and were examined closely throughout this review to
identify factors that may help mitigate corresponding mental health issues. The stressors that
were analyzed included police work stress stemming from daily traumatic exposures and
organizational stress resulting from fears associated with a lack of acceptance or from not
fulfilling unrealistic emotional, mental, and physical expectations of law enforcement agencies
(Craig et al., 2018).
The study will thoroughly analyze the presence of self-stigma and organizational stigma
inside law enforcement agencies, as well as the deeply ingrained prejudices maintained by both
individual officers and the institutions themselves. Law enforcement agencies across the board
will discover that police groups inadvertently perpetuate stigmas that discourage officers from
seeking mental health therapy. The stigmas to be investigated will include subcultural stigma.
Subcultural stigma refers to the combination of self-stigma and organizational stigma, which
arises from the agency's attitude and expectations towards mental health. A significant
proportion of law enforcement officers will refrain from seeking mental health treatment, despite
the evident necessity for officers to receive supplementary emotional and mental health support,
due to the apprehension of being stigmatized and labeled negatively (Velazquez & Hernandez,
2019).
The study will also examine the implementation of programs aimed at supporting the
mental health of police officers. These will include elements such as assistance from the
company, training opportunities, programs for peer support, and Employee Assistance Programs
(EAP). Each of these programs will offer certain advantages to officers. However, some will not
be fully utilized, while others will become more popular. Law enforcement professionals will be
shown to significantly underutilize conventional mental health therapy owing to several
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 74
circumstances. The negative perceptions and biases around conventional mental health therapy
will act as a significant obstacle, dissuading officers from getting help. When police seek this
conventional therapy, they will often encounter a mental health counselor who lacks
comprehension of their viewpoints. The convergence of these elements will contribute to the
underutilization of conventional mental health care.
Training programs that provide organizational assistance were shown to be beneficial in
fostering a more tolerant culture. However, they will not address the specific mental health
treatment needs of individual officers. To effectively address the stigma around mental health
care, it will be essential to have support from organizations. However, it will also be important to
have a range of individual treatment choices available alongside this support. The most efficient
organizational support alternatives identified will include pre-employment psychiatric
assessments, employee help programs, the implementation and advancement of peer support
programs, and gatekeeper training programs. All of these factors will be determined to be
beneficial for the mental health of officers and will contribute to the improvement of suicide
prevention rates (Bernier, 2018). Agencies will discover that by comprehending how officers
handle and deal with occupational pressures, they may more effectively recognize support
programs and structures that can assist in alleviating some of the mental health issues and
perhaps decrease officer suicide rates (Sigad, 2020).
Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) provide mental health therapy via various
mediums such as online, telephone, or face-to-face counseling sessions conducted by qualified
specialists. Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) may either be chosen by employees or
required by management. The literature analysis will reveal that this benefit is significantly
underused, with the majority of law enforcement personnel who utilize EAP services being
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 75
compelled to do so by their superiors. This duty may arise as a consequence of alcoholism,
substance addiction, or other behaviors necessitating intervention. Frequently, opting for EAP
therapy may effectively salvage an officer's professional trajectory, provided they consent to
treatment and successfully address the detrimental conduct. Officers who voluntarily enroll in an
Employee Assistance Program (EAP) will be reluctant to use them due to concerns about
maintaining their privacy and the potential negative labels attached to them. While EAPs are
more often used than conventional mental health counseling services, they will not be as
frequently sought after by law enforcement agencies as peer assistance.
The literature review revealed that peer support is the most effective kind of social,
emotional, and psychological assistance that officers benefit from. The conventional stigmas and
negative perceptions that officers often link with mental health care will seem to have less
influence when it comes to peer assistance. Consequently, peer support will gain greater
acceptance among officers, leading to enhancements in their overall psychological well-being,
decreased levels of stress, and a favorable outlook on their mental health and social support
system, which includes fellow officers and chaplains employed by the agency. According to
Schantz et al. (2020), individuals who participate in peer support programs will show reduced
levels of burnout and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This improvement in mental health
will be directly linked to their ability to discuss their work experiences with peers who can better
comprehend their trauma and exposures compared to civilians or mental health professionals.
The evidence suggests that peer support programs, which include coworkers or chaplains,
establishing policies and allocating funding are recommended. This is because police officers
tend to feel secure when confiding in their peers, but they may feel unsafe or uneasy when
confiding in mental health counselors. The Policy Feedback Theory (PFT) will also be suggested
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 76
for use with peer assistance programs. The PFT will demonstrate that the establishment of
policies and allocation of resources to support certain programs will organize and assist
participants in their activities. It will be advisable for agencies to incorporate cultural support,
such as the PFT, with a comprehensive peer support program to foster agency culture and
provide program support. This initiative will aim to foster a culture where officers are motivated
to openly exchange their experiences and engage in meaningful discussions about their work
contacts. These interactions will take place in a secure environment, facilitated by either their
peers or chaplains who have been specifically designated by the agency.
When implementing a peer support model, it will be advisable for organizations to use a
program like the PALS program. Within this program, individuals who recognize the
significance of officer peer support and possess the ability to understand and share the feelings of
their fellow officers will be chosen to serve as peer supporters voluntarily. The peer support
volunteers will receive training to recognize risk factors associated with drug misuse, anxiety,
depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and suicide. It will be important to provide
training for peer support volunteers to ensure that officers feel at ease with the help they get and
that their interactions stay secret, thereby respecting their privacy. Additionally, these volunteers
should actively encourage the use of the program throughout the agency. It will be advisable to
provide training for volunteers on the availability of supplementary services, such as
psychiatrists, psychologists, and family/marriage counselors. These resources may be referred to
by officers if they need more help. By implementing this model across the country, law
enforcement officers will finally have access to mental health support systems that can help
reduce the emotional harm caused by their job exposures and daily exposure to extreme stressors
(Van Hasselt et al., 2019).
PHENOMENOOLICAL STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN POLICE 77
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