RUNNING HEAD: BUSINESS CULTURAL DIMENSIONS ANALYSIS: SOUTH KOREA 1
Business Cultural Dimensions Analysis of South Korea
David S. Saunders
School of Business, Liberty University
Busi 604 International Business
Dr. Angela Peterson
September 11, 2025
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page Abstract
3
What are the major elements and dimensions of culture in South Korea?
Dimension of Culture: Communication 4
Dimension of Culture: Religion 5
Business Cultural Dimensions Analysis: South Korea 2
Dimension of Culture: Ethics 6
Dimension of Culture: Values and Attitudes 7
Dimension of Culture: Business Manners and Customs 9
Dimension of Culture: Social Structures 11
How are these elements and dimensions integrated by locals that conduct business in South
Korea?
Dimension of Culture: Communication 13
Dimension of Culture: Religion 14
Dimension of Culture: Ethics 15
Dimension of Culture: Values and Attitudes 15
Dimension of Culture: Business Manners and Customs 16
Dimension of Culture: Social Structures 17
References 19
ABSTRACT
This research paper will analyze the business cultural dimensions of South Korea. South Korea is
one of the leading economies in Asia. It is a major manufacturer and exporter of vehicles,
electronics, and construction machinery. The country is known as the “Asian tiger.” (Allianz,
2025). This paper will analyze the following dimensions: communication, religion, ethics, values
and attitudes, manners and customs, and social structures and organizations.
Business Cultural Dimensions Analysis: South Korea 3
What are the major elements and dimensions of culture in South Korea?
Dimension of Culture: Communication
Communication is very important in Korean culture. Like the Japanese, Koreans want
harmony, and they want to have good relations with others, but they tend to become emotional
if things do not go their way (Warburton, 2025). This is most likely due to the treatment the
Koreans endured when the were under Japanese rule, as well as the suffering they endured
from the Japanese occupation of their country during WWII. The Korean philosopher Hahn has
described the feelings of the Korean people during this period as one of extreme hardship that
still resonates with their society today (Warburton, 2025).
When someone has a meeting with a Korean, their quietness is a good sign that the
meaning is not going well. Korean people regard the use of saying no as bad manners, and this
should be avoided (Warburton, 2025). It can be difficult to find out what a Korean’s intentions
are. Korean people also voice disagreement using vaguely worded phrases such as “we will try”
or that might be difficult, but we will explore the idea” (Warburton, 2025). Additionally, if a
Korean person says yes, it may not necessarily mean yes (Warburton, 2025). If a Korean says
yes, that could mean that they heard you or they acknowledge your point (Warburton, 2025).
Due to this vagueness of meaning, going over certain items many times is the best way to get
clarity
(Warburton, 2025). This means that meetings can be very long, and patience must be adhered
to.
Business Cultural Dimensions Analysis: South Korea 4
Communication in Korean culture is seen as a means of developing good relationships
(Warburton, 2025). Lastly, due to the global expansion of their economy English is now being
used to conduct business abroad, so more people are learning English.
Dimension of Culture: Religion
During the occupation of Korea by the Japanese, secularism was promoted by the
Japanese government over the Korean population (Cho, 2024). Prior to that and in modern day
Korea, the Korean people practice a variety of different religions or the practice no religion
which is known as Mugyo in the Korean language (Cho, 2024). Around 50% of the population do
not have any affiliation to religion (Cho, 2024). The remaining 50% of the population practice
Shamanism, Confucianism, Daoism, Christianity, and Buddhism (Cho, 2024).
Christianity started to grow in Korea at the turn of the 20th century. Western missionaries
came to Korea during this time (Ryu, 2023). Protestantism is the dominant Christian religion in
modern-day Korea. Additionally, Pentecostals, Presbyterians, Methodists, and Baptists all have a
major presence in moder-day Korea. The country has several megachurches, and many social
welfare programs are operated by Protestant charities and organizations (Ryu, 2023). This
religion grew during the Japanese colonial era, as missionaries promoted faith, education,
healthcare, and nationalism (Ryu, 2023). Catholicism was introduced into Korea prior to
Protestantism, but it did not gain popularity until the later part of the 20th century. It played a
major role during South Korea’s move to democracy in the 1970s-1980s.
Buddhism was adopted as a state religion by Korean rulers in the fourth century (Koo,
Business Cultural Dimensions Analysis: South Korea 5
2025). Korean royalty at that time used Buddhism to centralize political power (Koo, 2025).
Buddhism was very important in Korean culture, art, and philosophy. There are many historic
temples in South Korea, and they are still used for religious activities (Koo, 2025). Additionally, in
the mountainous areas of South Korea, Buddhist rituals and holidays are still adhered to.
Business Cultural Dimensions Analysis: South Korea 6
Shamanism is a widely practiced religion in Korea today. It originally started in Korea in
prehistoric times (Cartwright, 2016). Shamanism was used as a belief system to influence
spiritual powers on the living (Cartwright, 2016). The use of Shamanism was mainly with the
peasant population, but it had a major influence on ancient Korean culture, art, architecture,
literature, and music (Cartwright, 2016). Shamanism is also used to have the spirits help
individuals to cure their illnesses by Shaman priests (Cartwright, 2016).
Confucianism is one of the three teachings of China, and it was introduced into Korea in
the 5th century (The Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2023). It advocated moral leadership
and philosophical thought, and it was linked with action, and with implications for an individual,
his or her family, and one’s state (The Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2023).
Confucianism expanded during the Choson dynasty (1392-1910), and it displaced Buddhism as a
rival intellectual and philosophical system (The Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2023).
Confucianism places an emphasis on respect for the elderly, respect for authority, social
harmony, education, proper conduct, social interactions, and hierarchy (The Standford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2023). It is still an integral part of Korean society.
Daoism also known as Taoism originated in China, and it later spread to Korea. It is not
widely practiced or followed as it is in China and Taiwan (Baker, 2025). Taoism first arrived in
Korea in 624 (Baker, 2025). Followers of Taoism believe in harmony and spirituality, but its
popularity has been taken over by Christianity in Korea (Baker, 2025).
Dimension of Culture: Ethics
“Business ethics is the study of the ethical dimensions of the exchange of goods and
Business Cultural Dimensions Analysis: South Korea 7
services, and of the entities that offer goods and services for exchange” (Stanford Encyclopedia
of Philosophy, 2021). This would include activities such as production, distribution, marketing,
sales, and the consumption of goods and services (Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2021).
Almost everyone engages in a business transaction of one sort or another.
Ethics in South Korea are centered around Confucian values. “This way of thinking
believes in the idea that relationships between people are unequal, and that there are defined
hierarchical roles between a ruler and subject, husband and wife, and father and son” (Hough,
2022). When this idea is accepted and respected, Koreans believe it is easier to maintain
harmonious relations with everyone (Hough, 2022). The Confucian logic of obedience,
responsibility, and adherence is also followed in Korean society (Hough, 2022).
In South Korean society, interactions are tiered, and this requires a level of respect from
one party (especially in a business setting) (Hough, 2022). In the social hierarchy, an individual’s
position, occupation, and level of education is of great importance as well as status in society
(Hough, 2022). Age is often a main factor in the determination of the level respect one is shown
in Korean society (Hough, 2022). Emphasis on education is stressed on children in Korean
society, so there is a great deal of pressure for them to succeed. These are the main values that
drive ethics in Korea on a personal and business level.
Dimension of Culture: Values and Attitudes
Korea was divided into North and South Korea after WWII. North Korea invaded South
Korea in the early 1950s, and although the war stopped in the 1950s, there is still great
hostilities between both countries. This situation has caused great stress and uncertainty on the
South Koreans (Evason, 2025). This adversity has toughened the South Koreans, and new values
Business Cultural Dimensions Analysis: South Korea 8
entered their culture. Adaptability, tenacity, an increase in education, and nationalism has
increased since the end of the Korean War (Evason, 2025). These values have also mixed in with
traditional values in Korea. These new values have enabled South Korea to develop into one of
the leading economies in the world (Evason, 2025).
Koreans have long understood hardship, oppression and agony. In Korean the term
“Hahn”, means “a collective feeling of frustration from extreme suffering” (Evason, 2025). Hahn
has been responsible for nationalism, work ethic, and the desire of the South Koreans to be
prosperous (Evason, 2025). However, some Korean sociologists believe that Hahn has caused
resentment and divisions in Korean society, and that people are reluctant to compromise on
solutions or any issue of disagreement (Evason, 2025). The country though has a strong sense of
nationalism, and pride in Korea remains strong amongst its population (Evason, 2025). The main
source of unity is that over 96% of the population has Korean ethnicity (Evason, 2025).
Koreans believe in the concept of face (this is known as chaemyoun in the Korean
language) (Evason). Chaemyoun is a driver in Asian culture behind a person’s reputation,
influence, dignity, and honor (Evason, 2025). This concept increased during the hardships that
the South Koreans endured during the 20th century. Additionally, this concept holds great
importance in South Korean society, as the population wants to show others that they are
successful and family-oriented people (Evason, 2025). The South Korean population does not
want anyone to know if they have social or financial problems, or bad grades (Evason, 2025). By
disclosing this, a South Korean feels they would lose credibility and status with others (Evason,
2025).
Business Cultural Dimensions Analysis: South Korea 9
In modern day South Korea, the younger population is more westernized, and
technology has weakened some of the South Korean values. The young population are more
individualistic. In 2007, a study was conducted in South Korea, and it found that more than 50%
of the South Korean youth population now believes the judgement and opinion of its peers are
more important that the views of those who are older and superior to them (Evason, 2025). The
youth population frowns upon shyness, and they reject the gender roles that are espoused in
Confucianism (Evason, 2025). The youth population believe that all people are equal.
However, the population in South Korea is still restrained and conservative in
comparison to English-speaking Western cultures (Evason, 2025). As mentioned before, South
Koreans are driven by getting a good education, being diligent, as well as competent (Evason,
2025). Children feel pressured to excel, so that they can secure financial success for themselves
when they start to enter the workforce (Evason, 2025). South Koreans believe that “a person
who is in stressful circumstances is viewed positively as someone who is industrious and
tenacious” (Evason, 2025).
Dimension of Culture: Business Manners and Customs
South Korean business matters and customs are deeply rooted in respect and formality
(Source of Asia, 2024). These practices are deeply rooted in Confucian values. The following
practices are of great importance in the business customs of South Korea:
•One should be punctal and apologize if he/she is late (Evason, 2024).
•One should bow to the most senior businessman as a matter of respect and shake his
hand if he extends it to you (Evason, 2024).
Business Cultural Dimensions Analysis: South Korea 10
One should use two hands or only your right hand when greeting someone (Evason,
2024). If you do not follow this practice, if might be viewed by the South Korean as
offensive.
•One should you both hands or only the right hand when you receive a business card,
and then carefully place it on a table, before you place it away (Evason, 2024).
•When one presents a business card to a South Korean, the person should use both
hands, and the card should be face up (Evason, 2024).
•One should be respectful and a good listener, and one should wait their turn to speak
and not interrupt (Evason, 2024).
•It is rude to not drink tea with your guests before a meeting starts (Evason, 2024).
•It is important to reiterate everything discussed in a meeting afterwards in writing to
ensure that everyone understands what happened at the meeting (Evason, 2024).
•Koreans need to believe that an agreement is a win-win situation for themselves, as
defeat is not viewed positively in Korean business (Evason, 2024).
•Business negotiations should be concise and to the point, as Koreans do not like to
waste time (Evason, 2024).
•Koreans are known to break-off negotiations if they find a better deal elsewhere
(Evason,
2024).
Business Cultural Dimensions Analysis: South Korea 11
•It is preferred to enter into short-term agreements with a Korean business partner to
mitigate the breaking of relations (Evason, 2025). Korean business partners will view you
as competitive, until they develop trust with you.
•Korean business culture is fast paced, steep in protocols and hierarchies (Evason, 2024).
Koreans place great importance on business relationships and networking (Evason,
2024). The use of a third-party is viewed favorably.
•Koreans like to develop business relationships over meals and drinks, and they
appreciate it when their business partners view them as friends (Evason, 2024).
•Koreans believe in the Korean term hoesik, and this means “eating together” (Evason,
2024). This is often done in a group gathering after work hours. This process is viewed
favorably, as hoesik is used to develop camaraderie, harmony, and the development of
relationships (Evason, 2024).
•It is also important to note that Korean business views management as paternalistic, and
usually upper management is older than others (Evason, 2024). It is viewed favorably to
show upper management a great deal of respect.
•Koreans are tough and deceptive negotiators (Evason, 2024). It is important to them to
save face and not to accept a bad deal (Evason, 2024). The one who is entering into
negotiations should be respectful, tough, and focused (Evason, 2024).
•Lastly, South Korean businesses are sometimes a part of a very large conglomerate (this
is known in Korean as chaebols) (Evason, 2024). Some examples of this are Korean
companies Samsung, Hyundai, and LG.
Business Cultural Dimensions Analysis: South Korea 12
Dimension of Culture: Social Structures
The social structure of modern-day South Korea reflects the Neo-Confucian doctrine
that was first adopted by the Choson Dynasty (HEIRACHY STRUCTURE, 2022). During the
Choson Dynasty, there were four classes of social hierarchy, and they were:
Yangban: Otherwise known as scholar officials (HEIARCHY STRUCTURE, 2022).
•Chungin: Those who worked for the Yangban in a technical or military function
(HEIRACHY STRUCTURE, 2022).
•Sangmin: Farmers and merchants (HEIARCHY STRUCTURE, 2022).
•Ch’ommin: Peasants and those in the lowest social spectrum (HEIARCHY STRUCTURE,
2022).
Additionally, Confucian culture continues to influence society in the following areas: respect for
the elderly, economic status, position in a business hierarchy, as well as marital status (Yu & Im,
2025).
Traditional family life rituals are still adhered to. For example, the celebration of a baby’s
first 100 days, marriage, and one’s 61st birthday is celebrated (Yu & Im, 2025). Koreans believe
that the spirits of the deceased do not leave the earth for several generations, and deceased
parents and grandparents are still considered to be part of the family (Yu & Im, 2025).
Ceremonies such as cherye are performed on the anniversaries of passing (Yu & Im, 2025).
Business Cultural Dimensions Analysis: South Korea 13
However, the nuclear family is now becoming the common family structure (Evason, 2016).
Women have gained more power and status in society, and parents now share disciplinary
responsibilities over their children (Evason, 2016).
Parents now seek for the children to have a better education than they had, as well as to
be more prosperous than they are (Evason, 2016). Parents are devoted to their children’s
success in life (Evason, 2016). The place high expectations on the children, and Korean youth
have immense pressure on them to exceed educationally, as well as professionally (Evason,
2016).
Business Cultural Dimensions Analysis: South Korea 14
The current-day generation in Korea is technologically aware, and they have become
westernized, and as such they have become individualistic (Evason, 2016). There has developed
in Korean society a split of family ideals, and the younger generation is less family-focused
(Evason, 2016). This is against Confucian teachings, and this has caused issues in some Korean
households (Evason, 2016).
How are these elements and dimensions integrated by locals conducting business in South
Korea?
Dimension of Culture: Communication
South Korean business culture has two parts to it, one is deep-rooted traditions, and the
other is forward looking innovation (Smith, 2025). As mentioned before, Confucian values play
an important part as well. They stress seniority and harmony in the workplace (Smith, 2025).
Junior staffers will always defer to the superiors (Smith, 2025). Business interactions for the first
time are formal. After original meetings are conducted, a relationship will be developed over
meals and drinks, and during this time is when trust is developed (Smith, 2025).
Greetings in South Korean business culture set the tone for mutual respect, as well as
professionalism (Smith, 2025). They set the tone for establishing respect as well as a connection
(Smith, 2025). As mentioned before, bowing shows respect for someone in a senior position
(Smith, 2025). The exchange of business cards is another important part of the meeting ritual as
well.
Additionally, communication is less about saying something directly, and more about
maintaining harmony and mutual respect (Smith, 2025). As mentioned before, one should avoid
Business Cultural Dimensions Analysis: South Korea 14
saying no, and when someone says yes this may only mean that the person understands you,
and it does not necessarily mean a full agreement on an item or issue (Smith, 2025). It is also
important to be mindful of one’s body language, tone, and silence, as a misinterpretation can
occur. It is important to use formal language, titles, show respect, and to be polite, modest, and
humble (Smith, 2025). Also, kibun or “saving face” is very important. The use of kibun allows
South Koreans to avoid a confrontation or criticism (Smith, 2025).
Communications in meetings can be slow and time-consuming. This is due to the time
Koreans take to make decisions, and to build trust and understanding between parties (Smith,
2025). Business dinners are used to develop relationships, and where important conversations
can take place informally (Smith, 2025). Hierarchy is adhered to at the dinner table, as everyone
waits for the most senior person to start eating first. Additionally, company outings that are
known as hoesil, are part of a company’s culture (Smith, 2025).
Dimension of Culture: Religion
Confucianism and Christianity have been an important part of South Korea. South
Korean’s believe both religions have played an important part of their country’s economic
success. Religion also plays an important part in family life. Respect for elders, devotion to your
family, marriage, and having children are very important to South Koreans. Additionally, Koreans
believe in the Korean word nunchi. “Nunchi means understanding and respecting others”
(Uluer, 2023). Another Korean word that is adhered to is kibun. Kibun is the Korean word for
dignity and well-being (Uluer, 2023).
“In Korean culture, everyone has a personal asset called Kibun, and it must be protected,
Business Cultural Dimensions Analysis: South Korea 15 and
everyone is expected to respect the Kibun of others” (Uluer, 2023). Koreans believe that kibun
keeps them safe from harm (Uluer, 2023). Lastly, kibun gives one courage to pursue their goals
and desires, even if nobody else agrees with them (Uluer, 2023).
Dimension of Culture Ethics:
South Korea is an economic heavyweight, and foreign investment from the United States,
Japan, The Netherlands, and the EU has increased significantly since 2014 (Horak & Yang, 2018).
Due to the increase in business activities between Korea and the rest of the world, ethics is very
important. The fundamentals of ethical behavior come from Confucian values (Horak & Yang,
2018). Honesty, trust, loyalty, respect, and concern for others form the backbone of Korean
business ethics (Horak & Yang, 2018). However, unethical behavior in business has occurred in
South Korea, and in 2017 the head of Samsung, Mr. Lee Jae-Yong was sentenced to five years in
prison, and the former president of South Korea was impeached as well (Horak & Yang, 2018).
As a result of this incident, the South Korean government passed legislation to deal with
business ethics and corruption.
Dimension of Culture: Values and Attitudes
South Korea has a history that has undergone transformations through foreign
influences as well as globalization (Scholar, 2023). Today, the country is highly modernized, but
it is deeply rooted in traditions (Scholar, 2023). South Koreans place value on harmony (cheon-
ji-in) in Korean (Scholar, 2023). Cheon-ji-in deals with creating a peaceful environment as well as
a cooperative society (Scholar, 2023).
Collectivism is another value that is important in South Korea. Koreans believe in putting
Business Cultural Dimensions Analysis: South Korea 17
the needs of a group ahead of their own individual needs (Scholar, 2023). For example, Korean
companies have a strict hierarchy that stresses emphasis on loyalty to the company as well as
the group (Scholar, 2023). Additionally, Koreans believe in face-to-face meetings instead of
emails or phone calls.
As mentioned before, respect for elders is a centerpiece of Korean values. Koreans
expect its younger people to show respect and deference to their elders (Scholar, 2023).
Koreans also use the word “annyeonghaseyo” which means respect when they greet an elder
(Scholar, 2023). Elders are also addressed as “hyung” (older brother in Korean), or “noona”
(older sister in Korean) (Scholar, 2023).
South Korea has one of the highest literacy rates in the world, and education is deemed
to be essential for one to succeed in life (Scholar, 2023). Students are expected to study for a
long period of time, as well as participate in extra-curricular activities (Scholar, 2023). These
tasks are viewed as essential in one’s life. Additionally, hard work is highly thought of as well.
South Korea has a population of over 50 million people, and there is a high level of competition
for jobs (Scholar, 2023). As a result of this, Koreans work long hours, and they make many
sacrifices to achieve their goals (Scholar, 2023).
Dimension of Culture: Business Manners and Customs
In South Korea, business manners and customs are strictly adhered to. Businessmen are
expected to dress conservatively (suite and tie), and one must show the utmost respect to the
person they are meeting (Hoare, 2021). Business card exchange is also important when one is
meeting another for a business meeting. One should present and receive the business card with
Business Cultural Dimensions Analysis: South Korea 18
both hands, and then one should take a moment to review the business card that was received
with respect and deference to the other party (Hoare, 2021).
The following items are adhered to by Korean businesspeople:
•Punctuality: A person should never be late for a meeting. By being late, the other party
will feel disrespected, as well as they will feel that their time is being wasted (Hoare,
2021).
•Etiquette: As mentioned before proper etiquette is respected by Korean counterparts in
terms of respect and deference to executives and those who are older (Hoare, 2021).
•Conflict Resolution: When a disagreement or conflict occurs, Korean look for consensus
and harmony to resolve issues (Hoare, 2021).
Dimension of Culture: Social Structures
South Korea believes in “jesa” (Korean for ancestral rites) (Tom, 2023). In the past the
social structure of Korean society centered around scholars, merchants, artists, and farmers
(Tom, 2023). As their economy modernized in the 20th century, meritocracy became centerpiece
to Korean society. Meritocracy is defined as “an ideology wherein those who work hard are
rewarded for their ability and efforts” (Evans, 2024). A meritocratic society is one where jobs
and pay are provided to those based on their talent level as well as level achievement (Evans,
2024). Those who do not work hard are seen as undeserving (Evans, 2024).
The advancement of the Korean economy has created a new middle class that consists
of civil servants, salaried white-collar workers in public and private companies, and
Business Cultural Dimensions Analysis: South Korea 19
professionals who have specialized training such as engineers, medical professionals, professors,
architects, and journalists (Savada & Shaw, 1990). Additionally, the number of factory workers
has also increased (Savada & Shaw, 1990). Between 1960-1980 professionals went from 6.6 % of
the population to 17.7%, and industrial workers increased from 8.9% to 22.6% (Savada & Shaw,
1990). Lastly, education has remained the most important factor affecting upward mobility in
South Korea (Savada & Shaw, 1990). Since the 1970s over 60% of South Korea’s entrepreneurs
and civil servants have a college education.
Business Cultural Dimensions Analysis: South Korea 20
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