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19.5
Introduction
The main course project for Business 600 is a literature review. The structure for this
project best described by the chart Research Report Sections and Their Order of Inclusions
would be a technical long report (Cooper, & Schindler, 2014). A literature review will include
prefatory information, introduction, methodology, findings conclusion and bibliography (Cooper,
& Schindler, 2014). Some literature reviews could also include an appendix, but this is an
optional section depending on the writer and the audience. This specific literary review will not
include an appendix. Research must be presented in a concise and orderly manner for the
audience to not only to take the time to read it, but also so that it presents a very logical apology.
From the beginning of creation till the end of time as we know it and even beyond; God has done
things in order. Genesis chapter one proves how God does things in order by recounting the days
of creation. Paul in his letter to the Corinthians explicitly explains that things must be done
decently and in order (I Corinthians 14:40, King James Version).
Report Modules
Prefatory Information
The prefatory information per Cooper and Schindler (2014) are tools for the audience to
use to understand the report and they also help the audience use the report. Prefatory information
in a report can include letter of transmittal, a title page, authorization statement, executive
summary, and table of contents (Cooper, & Schindler, 2014). This literature review will include a
title page and an abstract.
Introduction
An introduction needs to contain a problem statement, the research objectives, and any
relative background (Cooper, & Schindler, 2014). The literature review for this course will focus
on five different topics; business intelligence, values based leadership, halo effect, ethical
treatment of participants and decision theory. The introduction to the literature review will
include a thematic review of the literature on the chosen topic. Since this paper is not an
argumentative research project it will not include a problem statement, however it will have the
research objectives and relative background.
Methodology
The methodology for a research project is a little different then the methodology for a
literature review. However, the same basic principles apply. Per the article Writing a Literature
Review the data sampling and collection comes in the form of gathering information, which is
then designed into a logical report (Winchester, & Salji, 2016). The limitations come when the
author limits the subject they are collecting information for (Winchester, & Salji, 2016).
A research paper should address relevant limitations within the research and findings.
Saper (2015), states, “All work has limitations, both in the ways in which the research was
conducted and the ways in which the results can be interpreted, and you should make those
clear” (p.10). Saper (2015) further notes that this provides the researcher to note the researches
shortcomings before other readers make a note of it (p.10). In some cases, the limitations can be
particularly helpful because they address areas where the researcher desired to study but was
unable to due to time or other circumstances. The researcher may interest others who may help
them study this further. We all require help from time to time, just as in Exodus 17:12 when
Moses could no longer hold his hands up over the battle, Aaron and Hur held his hands up for
him so that he did not falter.
Findings
The findings section of a report includes the conclusion which contains the summary and
the recommendations (Cooper, & Schindler, 2014). The literature review project for this class
will include both a summary and recommendations. The most important part of writing the
findings section is to explain the data carefully and thoroughly, but not to make interpretations
for the audience (Cooper, & Schindler, 2014).
Appendices
Appendices is where any extra data, questionnaires, tests, detailed experiment
descriptions, or detailed descriptions of methodology are included (Cooper, & Schindler, 2014).
These are included to help the reader expand their research if they so desire.
Bibliography
The bibliography is where all sources used in the paper are noted. Because this literature
review will be written in APA format the section will be labeled references rather than
bibliography.
Conclusion
It is imperative that a literature review be thorough. The main reason for this is because a
literature review is only the first step when conducting research (Leach, 2012). Once the
literature review section is completed then the author can continue with the remaining steps to
conducting their research.
19.7
This discussion will focus upon a report about Ellen DeGeneres possibly being heir apparent to
Oprah Winfrey. This report highlights how DeGeneres and her show have many of the same
elements as Winfrey and her show, which is that they are upbeat and inspirational. There are two
questions to be discussed within this discussion: 1) What other questions should the report
address? And 2) How would you advise the networks to “franchise” DeGeneres based on your
study’s results? (Cooper & Schindler, 2014, 537).
Question 1
This question involves what questions that the report should ask and review within the
report. These questions may aid in determining how successful DeGeneres would be in being
able to successful follow Winfrey’s footsteps, and other considerations concerning furthering her
success.
The first question would concern the show topics and their effects upon the audiences.
Often, the topic that is the main issue on the show will have variance with the audiences, where
some may not be interested on the aspects of that topic. However, there are some topics that
more people will be interested in. Thus, the show will garner more viewers and ratings based
upon this topic.
This question is an expansion of the social aspects of television. Television has become a
major source of entertainment and news for Americans and their families, and as noted in the
report both DeGeneres and Winfrey have a huge impact amongst women (Cooper & Schindler,
2014, 537). It is noteworthy that “Gender identity is a determining factor in the consumption of
television fiction” (LaCalle & Pujol, 2016). Thus, the researchers should examine which issues
seem the most important to the audience and compare the rankings of the shows that present
those issues.
The second question is in connection with the first. This question involves the Nielsen
ratings and why there is a lag for DeGeneres behind Winfrey. Per Nielsen, they look at all aspects
of the audience and the devices that they use to watch shows (Nielsen, n.d.). The researchers can
examine the times of the shows and the entertainment value of the shows to determine how this
affects the viewing audiences.
Question 2
This question involves the possible “franchising” of Ellen DeGeneres’ show. The
executives must be able to make use of cross marketing tools to ensure this is done well and is
successful. This will aide them in ensuring that people who normally do not watch DeGeneres
become engaged in her show.
One aspect of this marketing is the use of social media marketing. This is when the
executives make the push for Ellen DeGeneres’ show through the various forms of social media,
such as Facebook and Twitter. It is noteworthy that Ellen DeGeneres does have a large Twitter
presence, thus this must be used to their advantage. This will enable them to present DeGeneres
as a television show to watch and to present her to Winfrey watchers as someone that they can
rely on to meet their needs in viewing.
Overall, when television executives examine how to continue television viewership and
to increase it for one of their shows, they must be able to examine all possible marketing issues.
Question 19.8
Introduction
Many countries are founded on the optimism and confidence of small business. Every
major corporation today, was originally someone’s small business. Daymond John for example;
took $40.00 and his mom’s sewing machine and started a small business (Jean-François, &
Veselinovic, n.d.). That small business became the company known as FUBU, a six-million-
dollar corporation (Jean-François, & Veselinovic, n.d.). Even Jesus had a small business before
he began his ministry (Mark 6:3). The confidence and optimism of small businesses effects the
economics of a country because if small business does not have confidence they will not grow;
and no growth of small business does have an impact on the gross domestic product (GDP)
(Dunkelberg, & Wade, 2013). The two factors listed the answer for question 19.8 are the
strengths of the post, however, they are at the same time the biggest weakness, because there is
no evidence to back up the claim. The two factors listed are inflation, and interest rates.
There are several factors that affect small business confidence. Listed in the question in our
textbook are political uncertainty, employment, capital outlays, inventories, the economy, sales,
credit, expansion, and earnings. However, there are several other factors that affect small
business confidence that were not mentioned in the question.
Inflation
The first factor is inflation. Inflation affects firms and confidence in a negative way.
Inflation dampens consumer confidence and spending. It also increases costs. When inflation is
high it causes small business to raise their prices, and it also indicates a decline in spending
(Pfajfar, and Žakelj, 2016). Time after time per Pfajfar, and Žakelj (2016) in their article
Uncertainty in Forecasting Inflation and Monetary Policy Design: Evidence from the
Laboratory experiments have concluded decline in spending and inflation breaks the confidence
and optimism of small business. Pfajfar, and Žakelj (2016) also contend low inflation causes
confidence to drop; therefore, it is necessary to have a balanced level of inflation. The subject of
inflation was addressed early in the Old Testament. Leviticus 19:35 commands that
measurements no matter what was being measured be done correctly. God wanted his people to
be fair in their dealings.
Interest Rates
Secondly, interest rates are another factor that affect confidence. Interest rates affect
investments, either by rising or falling. Rising interest rates discourage investment and cause
consumers to rethink, or cancel, risky investments.
The main reason interest rates affect the optimism and the confidence of small business is
because many of them do not have an unlimited cash flow. It is a domino effect inflation causes
interest rates to rise which causes prices to rise, which causes spending to slow. It also affects the
amount of new business that will start up (Gugler, Mueller, Weichselbaumer, & Yurtoglu, 2012).
When interest rates are high loans are harder to get, which keeps small business owners from
expanding (Gugler, Mueller, Weichselbaumer, & Yurtoglu, 2012). The lack of expansion brings
down confidence and optimism.
Finally, currency strength is another factor that affects confidence. The value of the
dollar, or any other currency will affect confidence, as well. When the dollar is stronger, we
have more buying power and it shows. The opposite is true when the dollar is weaker.
Conclusion
The one thing that is certain is the future of economics depends on the confidence and
optimism of small business that are existing and those that will be starting. There are so many
more factors that could be explored or added to this report. However, the most important part of
confidence and optimism can be found in the book of Joshua. Joshua is talking to the people of
Israel regarding the conquest of the promise land, but the principle still applies. Joshua tells the
people to be strong and of good courage (Joshua 1:9, New King James Version). Small business
need to remember that no matter what the problem is if it be inflation or interest rates they need
to be strong and of good courage so their optimism and confidences will not suffer.
20.9
Introduction
This case presents the situation of an individual who is pitching a research plan for a
smartphone application to a venture capital company. The application produces cash flow
forecasts on a short-term scale basis. This article will describe how the researcher would use
each type of supporting material to create interest, clarify the presentation point, provide
emphasis to a point, and offer proof that allows the venture capital to believe in the product.
Venture capitalists are individuals who participate in the financing of businesses which
are often new and untested business ventures. A venture capitalist may choose to invest in
businesses which have not been able to secure a loan through a traditional bank, but looks
promising.
Creating Interest
Due to the nature of the business, venture capitalists assume more risk by investing in
businesses which they may not initially know much about. A venture capitalist must sort through
business requests and determine where they may best invest their capital. Simic, (2015) notes
that all venture capitalist look for certain investment criteria when deciding where to invest;
“venture capitalists and business angels that are equity investors, market (size, level of
competition, growth) and financial information (level of profitability, use of the money, etc.) are
very important”.
The individual pitching the research plan for the cash-flow app is at an advantage here,
since the app could in fact be used by venture capitalists when determining potential cash-flows
for businesses they are considering as well as businesses they are currently financing. The
researcher could use examples and analogies of how the app could be used to assist their
business functions and assist the individuals and businesses where the venture capitalists are
invested. Using a story or scenario, the researcher would be able to show the venture capitalists
how such an app would be a benefit to the users by allowing them to run quick calculations and
projections on the spot which would also provide flexibility for individuals who are away from
the office.
Clarifying the Presentation Point
Once the attention of the venture capitalists is captured, the researcher should clarify the
point of the presentation, which is why the research for an app which will calculate cash-flows is
worth investing in. This is where the researcher should provide facts about current cash-flow
programs and methods, and how the app would address their limitations. The researcher would
benefit from using any testimony or expert opinions from individuals who have noted a lack of
such devices and how they would benefit from the apps creation. This would also once again
provide examples and specific instances of the apps benefits.
Providing Emphasis
One of the greatest benefits to a cash-flow generating app is the amount of time and
money which it can potentially save the user by allowing them to create cash-flows instantly and
without having to build individual worksheets. An article by the Investment Weekly New (2012),
noted the benefit of such an app; “Users can generate cash flow projections with as few as two
inputs or with hundreds, making this financial model as simple or complex as a user prefers. The
cash flow projections then help determine the viability of potential financing structures and
investment returns”. The researcher should provide facts about the range of users who would use
this app and provide statistics, if possible, regarding the time and money which could be saved
using such an app.
Instilling Belief through Proof
Finally, the researcher should provide testimonies regarding users who have used similar
products and how they have benefitted from their use. The researcher should provide information
regarding areas where this app would be better equipped to assist business persons, individuals,
and investors, then current apps or similar products are. If possible the researcher should provide
examples of the app, or app concept. Testimonials and expert opinions would be critical,
especially if the researcher could provide the venture capitalists with a video or presentation of
professionals, businesspersons, and potential buyers who support the apps research.
Examples, metaphors, and analogies are powerful tools which provide meaning to the
listeners. Jesus, the greatest teacher in history, used these techniques constantly to help others
understand and remember his messages. His messages were well thought out and designed to his
audience, showing that he knew his audience (Matthew, chapter 13). Likewise, we should create
messages which are personally designed to our audience, well prepared and for a benefit of a
greater purpose than ourselves.
20.12
The Toyota recall of 2009-2010 affected over 9 million vehicles worldwide and tarnished
Toyota’s image and credibility as one of the major automobile manufacturing leaders in modern
times. Unfortunately, lives were lost before Toyota took the reported issues of accelerators pedals
malfunctions and antilock brake problems seriously.
In preparation to give a speech regarding Toyota’s ability to rebound from such dire
circumstances, it is important to know the audience and develop a positive rapport early in the
interaction. In order to achieve this, the speaker must attempt to establish credibility with the
audience soon in the interaction and present the facts from a human vantage point. Therefore, it
is recommended a motivated sequence organization would be the best approach to convey the
message of Toyota’s ability to restore confidence with the consumer.
A motivated sequence organization follows a nearly universal approach of focusing the
message on attention, need, satisfaction visualization and action. This strategy has its foundation
in psychology (Cooper and Schindler, 2014) and since the speaker is trying to influence Toyota’s
favorability and ad effectiveness, this would be the logical approach.
It was discovered that at the root of the issue, there was a shift in Toyota’s leadership’s
thought process and a change in the overall strategy to grow profit margins. One of the Senior
Leaders at Toyota publicly acknowledged the quality problems that contributed to the events
surrounding the safety recall were attributed to “an excessive focus on market share and profits
that warped the order of Toyota’s traditional priorities” (Wilhelm and Camuffo, 2016).
Toyota had several instances where the timing and the content of their message was not
the best. Their perceived lack of communication and delay in communication compromised their
reputation. This recalls the verse written in the book of Proverbs which reads, “When pride
comes, then comes disgrace, but with humility comes wisdom” (Proverbs 11:2).
It was reported that one of the reasons Toyota may have shrugged off the initial
complaints was because Senior Leaders dismissed them and were too confident in the Toyota’s
lean methodology approach (Chris and Guyette, 2010). This makes the events at Toyota have a
‘” human element” and speaks to the heart of the issue.
References
Chris, P. & Roger, W. Guyette, J. (2010). Toyota recall crisis: public attitudes on leadership
and ethics. Organizational Development Journal, 28(2), 89-97.
Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2014). Business research methods. (12th ed.). New York,
NY: McGraw-Hill.
Demers, J. (2014). The top ten benefits of social media marketing. Forbes. Retrieved from:
http://www.forbes.com/sites/jaysondemers/2014/08/11/the-top-10-benefits-of-social-
media-marketing/#724c85572a4d
Dunkelberg, W. C., & Wade, H. (2013). Nfib small business economic
Trends. Small Business Economic Trends, 0_2,1-21. Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.liberty.edu/login?
url=http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu/docview/1325005938?
accountid=12085
Gugler, K., Mueller, D. C., Weichselbaumer, M., & Yurtoglu, B. B. (2012). Market optimism
and merger waves. Managerial and Decision Economics, 33(3), 159-175.
doi:10.1002/mde.2542
Jean-François , E., & Veselinovic, M. (n.d.). This businessman turned $40 into $6 billion.
Retrieved January 28, 2017, from
http://money.cnn.com/2016/01/21/smallbusiness/daymond-john-shark-tank/index.html
Lacalle, C., & Pujol, C. (2016). Gender, generation, and reception of Spanish television
fiction in the digital age. International Journal of Digital Television, 7(2), 217-231.
doi:10.1386/jdtv.7.2.217_1
Leech, N. L. (2012). Writing Mixed Research Reports. American Behavioral Scientist, 56(6),
866-881. doi:10.1177/0002764211433800
New app helps real estate agents and investors project cash flows. (2012). Investment Weekly
News, 721. Retrieved from: http://ezproxy.liberty.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-
com.ezproxy.liberty.edu/docview/1015383932?accountid=12085
Nielsen. (n.d.). Total audience. Retrieved from:
http://www.nielsen.com/totalaudience
Pfajfar, D., & Žakelj, B. (2016). Uncertainty in forecasting inflation and monetary policy
design: Evidence from the laboratory. International Journal of Forecasting, 32(3),
849-864. doi:10.1016/j.ijforecast.2016.01.005
Saper, C. B. (2015). Academic publishing, part III: How to write a research paper (so that it will
be accepted) in a high-quality journal: How to write a research paper. Annals of
Neurology, 77(1), 8-12. doi:10.1002/ana.24317. Retrieved from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.24317
Simic, M. (2015). Investment criteria set by venture capitalists. Ekonomski Vjesnik, 28(2), 457-
479. Retrieved from:
http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu/docview/1755856840?pq-
origsite=summon&accountid=12085
Wilhelm, M. & Camuffo, A. (2016). Complementarities and organizational (mis)fit: a
retrospective analysis of the Toyota recall crisis: Journal of Organizational Design, 51-
13.
Winchester, C. L., & Salji, M. (2016). Writing a literature review. Journal of Clinical
Urology, 9(5), 308-312. doi:10.1177/2051415816650133
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