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Job Characteristics Model
A job design model that relates the motivational properties of jobs to specific personal
and organizational consequences of those properties.
Job Enlargement
The practice of giving employees more responsibility for scheduling, coordinating, and
planning their own work.
Job Evaluation
Systematically rating the worth of jobs within an organization by measuring the required
skill, effort, responsibility, and working conditions.
Job Specialization
The result of a division of labor, in which work is subdivided into separate jobs assigned
to different people.
Mental Imagery
The process of mentally practicing a task and visualizing its successful completion.
Profit-Sharing Plan
A reward system that pays bonuses to employees on the basis of the previous year's
level of corporate profits.
Psychological Empowerment
A perceptual and emotional state in which people experience more self-determination,
meaning, competence, and impact regarding their role in the organization.
Scientific Management
The practice of systematically partitioning work into its smallest elements and
standardizing tasks to achieve maximum efficiency. Created in the early 1900s by
Frederick Winslow Taylor.
Self-Leadership
Specific cognitive and behavioral strategies to achieve personal goals and standards
through self-direction and self-motivation.
Self-Talk
The process of talking to ourselves about our own thoughts or actions.
Skill Variety
The extent to which employees must use different skills and talents to perform tasks
within their jobs.
Stock Options
A reward system that gives employees the right to purchase company stock at a future
date at a predetermined price.
Task Identity
The degree to which a job requires completion of a whole or an identifiable piece of
work.
Task Interdependance
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The extent to which team members must share materials, information, or expertise in
order to perform their jobs.
Task Significance
The degree to which a job has a substantial impact on the organization and/or larger
society.
Anchoring and Adjusting Heuristic
A natural tendency for people to be influenced by an initial anchor point, such that they
do not sufficiently move away from that point as new information is provided.
Availability Heuristic
A natural tendency to assign higher probabilities to objects or events that are easier to
recall from memory, even though ease of recall is also affected by nonprobability factors
(e.g., emotional response, recent events).
Bonded Rationality
The view that people are bounded in their decision-making capabilities, including
access to limited information, limited information processing, and tendency toward
satisficing rather than maximizing when making choices.
Creativity
The development of original ideas that make a socially recognized contribution.
Decision Making
The conscious process of making choices among alternatives with the intention of
moving toward some desired state of affairs.
Design Thinking
A human-centered, solution-focused creative process that applies both intuition and
analytical thinking to clarify problems and generate innovative solutions.
Divergent Thinking
Reframing a problem in a unique way and generating different approaches to the issue.
Escalation of Commitment
The tendency to repeat an apparently bad decision or allocate more resources to a
failing course of action.
