BUSINESS GOVERNANCE FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST
CENTURY
Introduction
Governance should aim for public good, not just retaining power
Periodic elections insufficient, checks on government needed
India became an 'electocracy' - free elections but unchecked power
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
v Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Factors That Led to Concentration of Power
History
Highlights: Strong center needed initially to ensure unity
But led to overcentralization, unchecked authority
Business pliability
Highlights: Government has many ways to reward/punish industry
Results in business rarely challenging government
Government control
Highlights: Government influence over key appointments, resources
Reduces independence of institutions like media, judiciary
Reforming Governance
Rights and decentralization
Highlights: Strengthen rights of states, opposition parties
Devolve more powers and funds to local governments
Independent institutions
Highlights: Appointments to oversight bodies should be independent
Avoid concentration of power, e.g. in Chief Justice's office
Data, transparency, people power
Highlights: Release data publicly, allow open debate
Empower people to provide feedback, voice concerns
Government capacity
Highlights: More resources needed at local level
Also require specialists via training or lateral entry
Conclusion
Checks and balances needed to improve governance
Decision-making should be decentralized and data-driven
Transparency and people's participation essential for accountability
