Comprehensive Bacteriophage Multiple Choice Question Set for
Liberty University
1. What is a bacteriophage?
a) A bacterial parasite
b) A virus that infects bacteria
c) A type of bacteria
d) A fungal spore
Answer: b) A virus that infects bacteria
2. Who is credited with the discovery of bacteriophages?
a) Louis Pasteur
b) Robert Koch
c) Frederick Twort
d) Alexander Fleming
Answer: c) Frederick Twort
3. What is the basic structure of a typical bacteriophage?
a) Head, tail, and tail fibers
b) Cell wall and flagella
c) Nucleus and cytoplasm
d) Capsule and pili
Answer: a) Head, tail, and tail fibers
4. Which of the following is NOT a part of a bacteriophage?
a) Capsid
b) Tail sheath
c) Ribosomes
d) Baseplate
Answer: c) Ribosomes
5. What type of nucleic acid is found in most bacteriophages?
a) Single-stranded RNA
b) Double-stranded RNA
c) Single-stranded DNA
d) Double-stranded DNA
Answer: d) Double-stranded DNA
6. What is the function of the tail fibers in a bacteriophage?
a) Locomotion
b) Reproduction
c) Host cell recognition and attachment
d) DNA replication
Answer: c) Host cell recognition and attachment
7. Which of the following is a characteristic of lytic phages?
a) Integration into host genome
b) Immediate replication and host cell lysis
c) Long-term coexistence with host
d) Slow replication rate
Answer: b) Immediate replication and host cell lysis
8. What is the term for phages that can enter either the lytic or lysogenic cycle?
a) Virulent phages
b) Temperate phages
c) Chronic phages
d) Pseudolysogenic phages
Answer: b) Temperate phages
9. What is the process of phage DNA integration into the host genome called?
a) Transduction
b) Transformation
c) Lysogeny
d) Conjugation
Answer: c) Lysogeny
10. Which of the following is NOT a step in the lytic cycle?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Biosynthesis
d) Lysogeny
Answer: d) Lysogeny
11. What is the term for the phage genome when it is integrated into the host chromosome?
a) Plasmid
b) Prophage
c) Episome
d) Transposon
Answer: b) Prophage
12. Which factor can induce a prophage to enter the lytic cycle?
a) Increased nutrient availability
b) UV radiation
c) Low temperature
d) Absence of antibiotics
Answer: b) UV radiation
13. What is the name of the enzyme that phages use to break down the bacterial cell wall during
lysis?
a) Lysozyme
b) Amylase
c) Protease
d) Lipase
Answer: a) Lysozyme
14. Which of the following is an example of a filamentous phage?
a) T4 phage
b) Lambda phage
c) M13 phage
d) P1 phage
Answer: c) M13 phage
15. What is the process of transferring bacterial DNA from one cell to another via a phage
called?
a) Transformation
b) Conjugation
c) Transduction
d) Translocation
Answer: c) Transduction
16. Which of the following is NOT a type of transduction?
a) Generalized transduction
b) Specialized transduction
c) Abortive transduction
d) Conjugative transduction
Answer: d) Conjugative transduction
17. What is the term for phages that infect the same host species?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Monovalent phages
c) Sympatric phages
d) Allopatric phages
Answer: c) Sympatric phages
18. Which of the following is a common use of bacteriophages in molecular biology?
a) Antibiotic production
b) Vaccine development
c) Cloning vectors
d) Bacterial identification
Answer: c) Cloning vectors
19. What is phage therapy?
a) Using phages to treat bacterial infections
b) Using phages to produce antibiotics
c) Using phages to create vaccines
d) Using phages to diagnose viral infections
Answer: a) Using phages to treat bacterial infections
20. Which of the following is an advantage of phage therapy over antibiotics?
a) Broad-spectrum activity
b) Host specificity
c) Chemical stability
d) Ease of production
Answer: b) Host specificity
21. What is the term for the ability of some phages to infect multiple bacterial species?
a) Polyvalence
b) Multivalence
c) Omnivalence
d) Plurivalence
Answer: a) Polyvalence
22. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying bacteriophages?
a) Plaque assay
b) Electron microscopy
c) PCR
d) Photosynthesis measurement
Answer: d) Photosynthesis measurement
23. What is the name of the protein complex that forms the connection between the head and
tail of a phage?
a) Baseplate
b) Collar
c) Neck
d) Joint
Answer: c) Neck
24. Which of the following phage families has a contractile tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Inoviridae
Answer: a) Myoviridae
25. What is the function of the baseplate in a tailed phage?
a) DNA storage
b) Host recognition
c) Tail contraction
d) Genome replication
Answer: b) Host recognition
26. Which of the following is a characteristic of lysogenic conversion?
a) Increased bacterial virulence
b) Decreased bacterial growth rate
c) Loss of bacterial flagella
d) Increased antibiotic sensitivity
Answer: a) Increased bacterial virulence
27. What is the term for phages that can package host DNA instead of their own?
a) Generalized transducing phages
b) Specialized transducing phages
c) Defective phages
d) Pseudolysogenic phages
Answer: a) Generalized transducing phages
28. Which of the following is NOT a potential application of bacteriophages?
a) Biocontrol in agriculture
b) Food preservation
c) Antibiotic production
d) Water treatment
Answer: c) Antibiotic production
29. What is the process of phage particles being released from the host cell without lysis called?
a) Budding
b) Extrusion
c) Exocytosis
d) Secretion
Answer: b) Extrusion
30. Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic phage infection?
a) Rapid host cell lysis
b) Integration into host genome
c) Continuous release of phage particles
d) Host cell division inhibition
Answer: c) Continuous release of phage particles
31. What is the term for the minimum number of phage particles required to initiate an infection?
a) Multiplicity of infection
b) Burst size
c) Latent period
d) Eclipse period
Answer: a) Multiplicity of infection
32. Which of the following is NOT a stage in the phage replication cycle?
a) Adsorption
b) Penetration
c) Biosynthesis
d) Fertilization
Answer: d) Fertilization
33. What is the name of the phage used in the famous Hershey-Chase experiment?
a) T2 phage
b) Lambda phage
c) M13 phage
d) P1 phage
Answer: a) T2 phage
34. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T4 phage?
a) Single-stranded DNA genome
b) Filamentous morphology
c) Contractile tail
d) Lysogenic life cycle
Answer: c) Contractile tail
35. What is the term for phages that infect different bacterial species?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Monovalent phages
c) Sympatric phages
d) Allopatric phages
Answer: a) Polyvalent phages
36. Which of the following is NOT a component of the phage tail?
a) Sheath
b) Core
c) Baseplate
d) Capsid
Answer: d) Capsid
37. What is the function of the phage capsid?
a) Host cell recognition
b) DNA injection
c) Genome protection
d) Tail contraction
Answer: c) Genome protection
38. Which of the following phage families has a long, non-contractile tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Leviviridae
Answer: b) Siphoviridae
39. What is the term for the time between phage infection and the release of new phage
particles?
a) Latent period
b) Eclipse period
c) Lysis period
d) Burst period
Answer: a) Latent period
40. Which of the following is a characteristic of filamentous phages?
a) Lytic life cycle
b) Icosahedral head
c) Continuous extrusion from host
d) Double-stranded DNA genome
Answer: c) Continuous extrusion from host
41. What is the name of the repressor protein that maintains lysogeny in lambda phage?
a) cI protein
b) cII protein
c) cIII protein
d) cro protein
Answer: a) cI protein
42. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect phage host range?
a) Receptor specificity
b) Host restriction-modification systems
c) Phage genome size
d) Host metabolic state
Answer: c) Phage genome size
43. What is the term for phages that can package either their own DNA or host DNA?
a) Generalized transducing phages
b) Specialized transducing phages
c) Defective phages
d) Temperate phages
Answer: a) Generalized transducing phages
44. Which of the following is a characteristic of the lytic cycle?
a) Integration of phage genome into host chromosome
b) Immediate replication of phage genome
c) Long-term coexistence with host
d) Slow release of phage particles
Answer: b) Immediate replication of phage genome
45. What is the function of tail fibers in tailed phages?
a) DNA injection
b) Host cell recognition
c) Tail contraction
d) Genome replication
Answer: b) Host cell recognition
46. Which of the following is NOT a potential application of phage display technology?
a) Antibody production
b) Drug discovery
c) Antibiotic synthesis
d) Protein-protein interaction studies
Answer: c) Antibiotic synthesis
47. What is the term for the number of phage particles released per infected cell?
a) Multiplicity of infection
b) Burst size
c) Latent period
d) Eclipse period
Answer: b) Burst size
48. Which of the following phage families has a short, non-contractile tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Microviridae
Answer: c) Podoviridae
49. What is the name of the process by which phages transfer bacterial genes between different
species?
a) Transformation
b) Conjugation
c) Horizontal gene transfer
d) Vertical gene transfer
Answer: c) Horizontal gene transfer
50. Which of the following is a characteristic of temperate phages?
a) Always enter the lytic cycle
b) Cannot integrate into the host genome
c) Can switch between lytic and lysogenic cycles
d) Always cause immediate host cell lysis
Answer: c) Can switch between lytic and lysogenic cycles
51. What is the term for phages that infect the same bacterial genus but different species?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Monovalent phages
c) Sympatric phages
d) Allopatric phages
Answer: d) Allopatric phages
52. Which of the following is NOT a method for isolating bacteriophages?
a) Plaque assay
b) Enrichment culture
c) Direct isolation from environmental samples
d) PCR amplification
Answer: d) PCR amplification
53. What is the function of the phage tail tube?
a) DNA storage
b) Host recognition
c) DNA injection
d) Tail contraction
Answer: c) DNA injection
54. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T7 phage?
a) Contractile tail
b) Single-stranded DNA genome
c) Short, non-contractile tail
d) Lysogenic life cycle
Answer: c) Short, non-contractile tail
55. What is the term for phages that can only replicate in bacterial cells carrying a specific
plasmid?
a) Virulent phages
b) Temperate phages
c) Plasmid-dependent phages
d) Defective phages
Answer: c) Plasmid-dependent phages
56. Which of the following is NOT a stage in the assembly of tailed phages?
a) Prohead formation
b) DNA packaging
c) Tail attachment
d) Cell wall synthesis
Answer: d) Cell wall synthesis
57. What is the name of the enzyme responsible for phage DNA integration into the host
genome?
a) Integrase
b) Recombinase
c) Transposase
d) Ligase
Answer: a) Integrase
58. Which of the following phage families has no tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Microviridae
Answer: d) Microviridae
59. What is the term for the period between phage infection and the appearance of mature
phage particles inside the host cell?
a) Latent period
b) Eclipse period
c) Lysis period
d) Burst period
Answer: b) Eclipse period
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of RNA phages?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex morphology with tail structures
c) Simple icosahedral structure
d) Ability to integrate into host genome
Answer: c) Simple icosahedral structure
61. What is the name of the phage-encoded protein that causes host cell lysis?
a) Lysozyme
b) Endolysin
c) Holin
d) Protease
Answer: b) Endolysin
62. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can induce the lytic cycle in a lysogenic phage?
a) UV radiation
b) Certain chemicals
c) Host cell stress
d) Increased nutrient availability
Answer: d) Increased nutrient availability
63. What is the term for phages that can replicate in different bacterial genera?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Monovalent phages
c) Sympatric phages
d) Allopatric phages
Answer: a) Polyvalent phages
64. Which of the following is a characteristic of the lambda phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Contractile tail
c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
d) Obligate lytic cycle
Answer: c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
65. What is the function of the phage baseplate?
a) DNA storage
b) Host cell recognition and attachment
c) Genome replication
d) Protein synthesis
Answer: b) Host cell recognition and attachment
66. Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of phage therapy?
a) Specificity to target bacteria
b) Ability to evolve with bacterial resistance
c) Low production cost
d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
Answer: d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
67. What is the term for phages that infect cyanobacteria?
a) Cyanophages
b) Algal phages
c) Photophages
d) Bluepages
Answer: a) Cyanophages
68. Which of the following is a characteristic of the P1 phage?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
69. What is the name of the protein that forms the tail sheath in some phages?
a) Capsid protein
b) Tail fiber protein
c) Contractin
d) Baseplate protein
Answer: c) Contractin
70. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host interactions?
a) One-step growth curve
b) Phage adsorption assay
c) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
71. What is the term for phages that can replicate in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Eukaryotic phages
c) Hybrid phages
d) Archaeal phages
Answer: c) Hybrid phages
72. Which of the following is a characteristic of the phi X174 phage?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex tail structure
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Ability to undergo lysogeny
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
73. What is the function of the holin protein in phage lysis?
a) Degrades peptidoglycan
b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
c) Initiates DNA replication
d) Regulates gene expression
Answer: b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
74. Which of the following is NOT a common method for phage genome sequencing?
a) Shotgun sequencing
b) Next-generation sequencing
c) Sanger sequencing
d) Electron microscopy
Answer: d) Electron microscopy
75. What is the term for phages that infect archaea?
a) Archaeophages
b) Extremophages
c) Thermophages
d) Halophages
Answer: a) Archaeophages
76. Which of the following is a characteristic of the M13 phage?
a) Lytic life cycle
b) Icosahedral head
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Contractile tail
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
77. What is the name of the process by which phages transfer bacterial genes within the same
species?
a) Transduction
b) Transformation
c) Conjugation
d) Translocation
Answer: a) Transduction
78. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect phage adsorption?
a) Temperature
b) pH
c) Presence of cofactors
d) Host cell size
Answer: d) Host cell size
79. What is the term for phages that can package only a specific portion of the host genome?
a) Generalized transducing phages
b) Specialized transducing phages
c) Defective phages
d) Temperate phages
Answer: b) Specialized transducing phages
80. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T-even phages (T2, T4, T6)?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Lysogenic life cycle
c) Contractile tail
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: c) Contractile tail
81. What is the function of the portal protein in phage assembly?
a) DNA packaging
b) Host recognition
c) Tail assembly
d) Capsid formation
Answer: a) DNA packaging
82. Which of the following is NOT a potential application of phages in biotechnology?
a) Phage display
b) Gene therapy vectors
c) Biosensors
d) Antibiotic production
Answer: d) Antibiotic production
83. What is the term for the ability of some phages to inject only a portion of their genome into
the host cell?
a) Partial injection
b) Superinfection
c) Abortive infection
d) Pseudolysogeny
Answer: a) Partial injection
84. Which of the following phage families has a cubic or icosahedral capsid with a short tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Inoviridae
Answer: c) Podoviridae
85. What is the name of the process by which phages can transfer antibiotic resistance genes
between bacteria?
a) Antibiotic resistance transduction
b) Lysogenic conversion
c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
d) Resistance acquisition
Answer: c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
86. Which of the following is a characteristic of the Mu phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Transposable element
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Transposable element
87. What is the term for phages that can replicate in bacterial cells at high temperatures?
a) Thermophages
b) Hyperthermophages
c) Heat-resistant phages
d) Extremophages
Answer: a) Thermophages
88. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host range?
a) Spot test
b) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
c) Cross-streak test
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
89. What is the function of the tape measure protein in tailed phages?
a) Determines tail length
b) Initiates DNA replication
c) Regulates gene expression
d) Facilitates host cell lysis
Answer: a) Determines tail length
90. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T7 phage RNA polymerase?
a) Low promoter specificity
b) High transcription rate
c) Ability to transcribe host genes
d) Dependence on host factors
Answer: b) High transcription rate
Which of the following is NOT a stage in the assembly of tailed phages?
a) Prohead formation
b) DNA packaging
c) Tail attachment
d) Cell wall synthesis
Answer: d) Cell wall synthesis
57. What is the name of the enzyme responsible for phage DNA integration into the host
genome?
a) Integrase
b) Recombinase
c) Transposase
d) Ligase
Answer: a) Integrase
58. Which of the following phage families has no tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Microviridae
Answer: d) Microviridae
59. What is the term for the period between phage infection and the appearance of mature
phage particles inside the host cell?
a) Latent period
b) Eclipse period
c) Lysis period
d) Burst period
Answer: b) Eclipse period
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of RNA phages?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex morphology with tail structures
c) Simple icosahedral structure
d) Ability to integrate into host genome
Answer: c) Simple icosahedral structure
61. What is the name of the phage-encoded protein that causes host cell lysis?
a) Lysozyme
b) Endolysin
c) Holin
d) Protease
Answer: b) Endolysin
62. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can induce the lytic cycle in a lysogenic phage?
a) UV radiation
b) Certain chemicals
c) Host cell stress
d) Increased nutrient availability
Answer: d) Increased nutrient availability
63. What is the term for phages that can replicate in different bacterial genera?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Monovalent phages
c) Sympatric phages
d) Allopatric phages
Answer: a) Polyvalent phages
64. Which of the following is a characteristic of the lambda phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Contractile tail
c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
d) Obligate lytic cycle
Answer: c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
65. What is the function of the phage baseplate?
a) DNA storage
b) Host cell recognition and attachment
c) Genome replication
d) Protein synthesis
Answer: b) Host cell recognition and attachment
66. Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of phage therapy?
a) Specificity to target bacteria
b) Ability to evolve with bacterial resistance
c) Low production cost
d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
Answer: d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
67. What is the term for phages that infect cyanobacteria?
a) Cyanophages
b) Algal phages
c) Photophages
d) Bluepages
Answer: a) Cyanophages
68. Which of the following is a characteristic of the P1 phage?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
69. What is the name of the protein that forms the tail sheath in some phages?
a) Capsid protein
b) Tail fiber protein
c) Contractin
d) Baseplate protein
Answer: c) Contractin
70. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host interactions?
a) One-step growth curve
b) Phage adsorption assay
c) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
71. What is the term for phages that can replicate in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Eukaryotic phages
c) Hybrid phages
d) Archaeal phages
Answer: c) Hybrid phages
72. Which of the following is a characteristic of the phi X174 phage?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex tail structure
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Ability to undergo lysogeny
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
73. What is the function of the holin protein in phage lysis?
a) Degrades peptidoglycan
b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
c) Initiates DNA replication
d) Regulates gene expression
Answer: b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
74. Which of the following is NOT a common method for phage genome sequencing?
a) Shotgun sequencing
b) Next-generation sequencing
c) Sanger sequencing
d) Electron microscopy
Answer: d) Electron microscopy
75. What is the term for phages that infect archaea?
a) Archaeophages
b) Extremophages
c) Thermophages
d) Halophages
Answer: a) Archaeophages
76. Which of the following is a characteristic of the M13 phage?
a) Lytic life cycle
b) Icosahedral head
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Contractile tail
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
77. What is the name of the process by which phages transfer bacterial genes within the same
species?
a) Transduction
b) Transformation
c) Conjugation
d) Translocation
Answer: a) Transduction
78. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect phage adsorption?
a) Temperature
b) pH
c) Presence of cofactors
d) Host cell size
Answer: d) Host cell size
79. What is the term for phages that can package only a specific portion of the host genome?
a) Generalized transducing phages
b) Specialized transducing phages
c) Defective phages
d) Temperate phages
Answer: b) Specialized transducing phages
80. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T-even phages (T2, T4, T6)?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Lysogenic life cycle
c) Contractile tail
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: c) Contractile tail
81. What is the function of the portal protein in phage assembly?
a) DNA packaging
b) Host recognition
c) Tail assembly
d) Capsid formation
Answer: a) DNA packaging
82. Which of the following is NOT a potential application of phages in biotechnology?
a) Phage display
b) Gene therapy vectors
c) Biosensors
d) Antibiotic production
Answer: d) Antibiotic production
83. What is the term for the ability of some phages to inject only a portion of their genome into
the host cell?
a) Partial injection
b) Superinfection
c) Abortive infection
d) Pseudolysogeny
Answer: a) Partial injection
84. Which of the following phage families has a cubic or icosahedral capsid with a short tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Inoviridae
Answer: c) Podoviridae
85. What is the name of the process by which phages can transfer antibiotic resistance genes
between bacteria?
a) Antibiotic resistance transduction
b) Lysogenic conversion
c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
d) Resistance acquisition
Answer: c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
86. Which of the following is a characteristic of the Mu phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Transposable element
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Transposable element
87. What is the term for phages that can replicate in bacterial cells at high temperatures?
a) Thermophages
b) Hyperthermophages
c) Heat-resistant phages
d) Extremophages
Answer: a) Thermophages
88. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host range?
a) Spot test
b) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
c) Cross-streak test
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
89. What is the function of the tape measure protein in tailed phages?
a) Determines tail length
b) Initiates DNA replication
c) Regulates gene expression
d) Facilitates host cell lysis
Answer: a) Determines tail length
90. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T7 phage RNA polymerase?
a) Low promoter specificity
b) High transcription rate
c) Ability to transcribe host genes
d) Dependence on host factors
Answer: b) High transcription rate
Which of the following is NOT a stage in the assembly of tailed phages?
a) Prohead formation
b) DNA packaging
c) Tail attachment
d) Cell wall synthesis
Answer: d) Cell wall synthesis
57. What is the name of the enzyme responsible for phage DNA integration into the host
genome?
a) Integrase
b) Recombinase
c) Transposase
d) Ligase
Answer: a) Integrase
58. Which of the following phage families has no tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Microviridae
Answer: d) Microviridae
59. What is the term for the period between phage infection and the appearance of mature
phage particles inside the host cell?
a) Latent period
b) Eclipse period
c) Lysis period
d) Burst period
Answer: b) Eclipse period
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of RNA phages?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex morphology with tail structures
c) Simple icosahedral structure
d) Ability to integrate into host genome
Answer: c) Simple icosahedral structure
61. What is the name of the phage-encoded protein that causes host cell lysis?
a) Lysozyme
b) Endolysin
c) Holin
d) Protease
Answer: b) Endolysin
62. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can induce the lytic cycle in a lysogenic phage?
a) UV radiation
b) Certain chemicals
c) Host cell stress
d) Increased nutrient availability
Answer: d) Increased nutrient availability
63. What is the term for phages that can replicate in different bacterial genera?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Monovalent phages
c) Sympatric phages
d) Allopatric phages
Answer: a) Polyvalent phages
64. Which of the following is a characteristic of the lambda phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Contractile tail
c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
d) Obligate lytic cycle
Answer: c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
65. What is the function of the phage baseplate?
a) DNA storage
b) Host cell recognition and attachment
c) Genome replication
d) Protein synthesis
Answer: b) Host cell recognition and attachment
66. Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of phage therapy?
a) Specificity to target bacteria
b) Ability to evolve with bacterial resistance
c) Low production cost
d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
Answer: d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
67. What is the term for phages that infect cyanobacteria?
a) Cyanophages
b) Algal phages
c) Photophages
d) Bluepages
Answer: a) Cyanophages
68. Which of the following is a characteristic of the P1 phage?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
69. What is the name of the protein that forms the tail sheath in some phages?
a) Capsid protein
b) Tail fiber protein
c) Contractin
d) Baseplate protein
Answer: c) Contractin
70. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host interactions?
a) One-step growth curve
b) Phage adsorption assay
c) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
71. What is the term for phages that can replicate in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Eukaryotic phages
c) Hybrid phages
d) Archaeal phages
Answer: c) Hybrid phages
72. Which of the following is a characteristic of the phi X174 phage?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex tail structure
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Ability to undergo lysogeny
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
73. What is the function of the holin protein in phage lysis?
a) Degrades peptidoglycan
b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
c) Initiates DNA replication
d) Regulates gene expression
Answer: b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
74. Which of the following is NOT a common method for phage genome sequencing?
a) Shotgun sequencing
b) Next-generation sequencing
c) Sanger sequencing
d) Electron microscopy
Answer: d) Electron microscopy
75. What is the term for phages that infect archaea?
a) Archaeophages
b) Extremophages
c) Thermophages
d) Halophages
Answer: a) Archaeophages
76. Which of the following is a characteristic of the M13 phage?
a) Lytic life cycle
b) Icosahedral head
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Contractile tail
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
77. What is the name of the process by which phages transfer bacterial genes within the same
species?
a) Transduction
b) Transformation
c) Conjugation
d) Translocation
Answer: a) Transduction
78. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect phage adsorption?
a) Temperature
b) pH
c) Presence of cofactors
d) Host cell size
Answer: d) Host cell size
79. What is the term for phages that can package only a specific portion of the host genome?
a) Generalized transducing phages
b) Specialized transducing phages
c) Defective phages
d) Temperate phages
Answer: b) Specialized transducing phages
80. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T-even phages (T2, T4, T6)?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Lysogenic life cycle
c) Contractile tail
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: c) Contractile tail
81. What is the function of the portal protein in phage assembly?
a) DNA packaging
b) Host recognition
c) Tail assembly
d) Capsid formation
Answer: a) DNA packaging
82. Which of the following is NOT a potential application of phages in biotechnology?
a) Phage display
b) Gene therapy vectors
c) Biosensors
d) Antibiotic production
Answer: d) Antibiotic production
83. What is the term for the ability of some phages to inject only a portion of their genome into
the host cell?
a) Partial injection
b) Superinfection
c) Abortive infection
d) Pseudolysogeny
Answer: a) Partial injection
84. Which of the following phage families has a cubic or icosahedral capsid with a short tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Inoviridae
Answer: c) Podoviridae
85. What is the name of the process by which phages can transfer antibiotic resistance genes
between bacteria?
a) Antibiotic resistance transduction
b) Lysogenic conversion
c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
d) Resistance acquisition
Answer: c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
86. Which of the following is a characteristic of the Mu phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Transposable element
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Transposable element
87. What is the term for phages that can replicate in bacterial cells at high temperatures?
a) Thermophages
b) Hyperthermophages
c) Heat-resistant phages
d) Extremophages
Answer: a) Thermophages
88. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host range?
a) Spot test
b) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
c) Cross-streak test
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
89. What is the function of the tape measure protein in tailed phages?
a) Determines tail length
b) Initiates DNA replication
c) Regulates gene expression
d) Facilitates host cell lysis
Answer: a) Determines tail length
90. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T7 phage RNA polymerase?
a) Low promoter specificity
b) High transcription rate
c) Ability to transcribe host genes
d) Dependence on host factors
Answer: b) High transcription rate
Which of the following is NOT a stage in the assembly of tailed phages?
a) Prohead formation
b) DNA packaging
c) Tail attachment
d) Cell wall synthesis
Answer: d) Cell wall synthesis
57. What is the name of the enzyme responsible for phage DNA integration into the host
genome?
a) Integrase
b) Recombinase
c) Transposase
d) Ligase
Answer: a) Integrase
58. Which of the following phage families has no tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Microviridae
Answer: d) Microviridae
59. What is the term for the period between phage infection and the appearance of mature
phage particles inside the host cell?
a) Latent period
b) Eclipse period
c) Lysis period
d) Burst period
Answer: b) Eclipse period
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of RNA phages?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex morphology with tail structures
c) Simple icosahedral structure
d) Ability to integrate into host genome
Answer: c) Simple icosahedral structure
61. What is the name of the phage-encoded protein that causes host cell lysis?
a) Lysozyme
b) Endolysin
c) Holin
d) Protease
Answer: b) Endolysin
62. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can induce the lytic cycle in a lysogenic phage?
a) UV radiation
b) Certain chemicals
c) Host cell stress
d) Increased nutrient availability
Answer: d) Increased nutrient availability
63. What is the term for phages that can replicate in different bacterial genera?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Monovalent phages
c) Sympatric phages
d) Allopatric phages
Answer: a) Polyvalent phages
64. Which of the following is a characteristic of the lambda phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Contractile tail
c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
d) Obligate lytic cycle
Answer: c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
65. What is the function of the phage baseplate?
a) DNA storage
b) Host cell recognition and attachment
c) Genome replication
d) Protein synthesis
Answer: b) Host cell recognition and attachment
66. Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of phage therapy?
a) Specificity to target bacteria
b) Ability to evolve with bacterial resistance
c) Low production cost
d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
Answer: d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
67. What is the term for phages that infect cyanobacteria?
a) Cyanophages
b) Algal phages
c) Photophages
d) Bluepages
Answer: a) Cyanophages
68. Which of the following is a characteristic of the P1 phage?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
69. What is the name of the protein that forms the tail sheath in some phages?
a) Capsid protein
b) Tail fiber protein
c) Contractin
d) Baseplate protein
Answer: c) Contractin
70. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host interactions?
a) One-step growth curve
b) Phage adsorption assay
c) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
71. What is the term for phages that can replicate in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Eukaryotic phages
c) Hybrid phages
d) Archaeal phages
Answer: c) Hybrid phages
72. Which of the following is a characteristic of the phi X174 phage?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex tail structure
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Ability to undergo lysogeny
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
73. What is the function of the holin protein in phage lysis?
a) Degrades peptidoglycan
b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
c) Initiates DNA replication
d) Regulates gene expression
Answer: b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
74. Which of the following is NOT a common method for phage genome sequencing?
a) Shotgun sequencing
b) Next-generation sequencing
c) Sanger sequencing
d) Electron microscopy
Answer: d) Electron microscopy
75. What is the term for phages that infect archaea?
a) Archaeophages
b) Extremophages
c) Thermophages
d) Halophages
Answer: a) Archaeophages
76. Which of the following is a characteristic of the M13 phage?
a) Lytic life cycle
b) Icosahedral head
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Contractile tail
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
77. What is the name of the process by which phages transfer bacterial genes within the same
species?
a) Transduction
b) Transformation
c) Conjugation
d) Translocation
Answer: a) Transduction
78. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect phage adsorption?
a) Temperature
b) pH
c) Presence of cofactors
d) Host cell size
Answer: d) Host cell size
79. What is the term for phages that can package only a specific portion of the host genome?
a) Generalized transducing phages
b) Specialized transducing phages
c) Defective phages
d) Temperate phages
Answer: b) Specialized transducing phages
80. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T-even phages (T2, T4, T6)?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Lysogenic life cycle
c) Contractile tail
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: c) Contractile tail
81. What is the function of the portal protein in phage assembly?
a) DNA packaging
b) Host recognition
c) Tail assembly
d) Capsid formation
Answer: a) DNA packaging
82. Which of the following is NOT a potential application of phages in biotechnology?
a) Phage display
b) Gene therapy vectors
c) Biosensors
d) Antibiotic production
Answer: d) Antibiotic production
83. What is the term for the ability of some phages to inject only a portion of their genome into
the host cell?
a) Partial injection
b) Superinfection
c) Abortive infection
d) Pseudolysogeny
Answer: a) Partial injection
84. Which of the following phage families has a cubic or icosahedral capsid with a short tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Inoviridae
Answer: c) Podoviridae
85. What is the name of the process by which phages can transfer antibiotic resistance genes
between bacteria?
a) Antibiotic resistance transduction
b) Lysogenic conversion
c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
d) Resistance acquisition
Answer: c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
86. Which of the following is a characteristic of the Mu phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Transposable element
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Transposable element
87. What is the term for phages that can replicate in bacterial cells at high temperatures?
a) Thermophages
b) Hyperthermophages
c) Heat-resistant phages
d) Extremophages
Answer: a) Thermophages
88. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host range?
a) Spot test
b) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
c) Cross-streak test
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
89. What is the function of the tape measure protein in tailed phages?
a) Determines tail length
b) Initiates DNA replication
c) Regulates gene expression
d) Facilitates host cell lysis
Answer: a) Determines tail length
90. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T7 phage RNA polymerase?
a) Low promoter specificity
b) High transcription rate
c) Ability to transcribe host genes
d) Dependence on host factors
Answer: b) High transcription rate
Which of the following is NOT a stage in the assembly of tailed phages?
a) Prohead formation
b) DNA packaging
c) Tail attachment
d) Cell wall synthesis
Answer: d) Cell wall synthesis
57. What is the name of the enzyme responsible for phage DNA integration into the host
genome?
a) Integrase
b) Recombinase
c) Transposase
d) Ligase
Answer: a) Integrase
58. Which of the following phage families has no tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Microviridae
Answer: d) Microviridae
59. What is the term for the period between phage infection and the appearance of mature
phage particles inside the host cell?
a) Latent period
b) Eclipse period
c) Lysis period
d) Burst period
Answer: b) Eclipse period
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of RNA phages?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex morphology with tail structures
c) Simple icosahedral structure
d) Ability to integrate into host genome
Answer: c) Simple icosahedral structure
61. What is the name of the phage-encoded protein that causes host cell lysis?
a) Lysozyme
b) Endolysin
c) Holin
d) Protease
Answer: b) Endolysin
62. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can induce the lytic cycle in a lysogenic phage?
a) UV radiation
b) Certain chemicals
c) Host cell stress
d) Increased nutrient availability
Answer: d) Increased nutrient availability
63. What is the term for phages that can replicate in different bacterial genera?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Monovalent phages
c) Sympatric phages
d) Allopatric phages
Answer: a) Polyvalent phages
64. Which of the following is a characteristic of the lambda phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Contractile tail
c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
d) Obligate lytic cycle
Answer: c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
65. What is the function of the phage baseplate?
a) DNA storage
b) Host cell recognition and attachment
c) Genome replication
d) Protein synthesis
Answer: b) Host cell recognition and attachment
66. Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of phage therapy?
a) Specificity to target bacteria
b) Ability to evolve with bacterial resistance
c) Low production cost
d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
Answer: d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
67. What is the term for phages that infect cyanobacteria?
a) Cyanophages
b) Algal phages
c) Photophages
d) Bluepages
Answer: a) Cyanophages
68. Which of the following is a characteristic of the P1 phage?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
69. What is the name of the protein that forms the tail sheath in some phages?
a) Capsid protein
b) Tail fiber protein
c) Contractin
d) Baseplate protein
Answer: c) Contractin
70. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host interactions?
a) One-step growth curve
b) Phage adsorption assay
c) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
71. What is the term for phages that can replicate in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Eukaryotic phages
c) Hybrid phages
d) Archaeal phages
Answer: c) Hybrid phages
72. Which of the following is a characteristic of the phi X174 phage?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex tail structure
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Ability to undergo lysogeny
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
73. What is the function of the holin protein in phage lysis?
a) Degrades peptidoglycan
b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
c) Initiates DNA replication
d) Regulates gene expression
Answer: b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
74. Which of the following is NOT a common method for phage genome sequencing?
a) Shotgun sequencing
b) Next-generation sequencing
c) Sanger sequencing
d) Electron microscopy
Answer: d) Electron microscopy
75. What is the term for phages that infect archaea?
a) Archaeophages
b) Extremophages
c) Thermophages
d) Halophages
Answer: a) Archaeophages
76. Which of the following is a characteristic of the M13 phage?
a) Lytic life cycle
b) Icosahedral head
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Contractile tail
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
77. What is the name of the process by which phages transfer bacterial genes within the same
species?
a) Transduction
b) Transformation
c) Conjugation
d) Translocation
Answer: a) Transduction
78. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect phage adsorption?
a) Temperature
b) pH
c) Presence of cofactors
d) Host cell size
Answer: d) Host cell size
79. What is the term for phages that can package only a specific portion of the host genome?
a) Generalized transducing phages
b) Specialized transducing phages
c) Defective phages
d) Temperate phages
Answer: b) Specialized transducing phages
80. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T-even phages (T2, T4, T6)?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Lysogenic life cycle
c) Contractile tail
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: c) Contractile tail
81. What is the function of the portal protein in phage assembly?
a) DNA packaging
b) Host recognition
c) Tail assembly
d) Capsid formation
Answer: a) DNA packaging
82. Which of the following is NOT a potential application of phages in biotechnology?
a) Phage display
b) Gene therapy vectors
c) Biosensors
d) Antibiotic production
Answer: d) Antibiotic production
83. What is the term for the ability of some phages to inject only a portion of their genome into
the host cell?
a) Partial injection
b) Superinfection
c) Abortive infection
d) Pseudolysogeny
Answer: a) Partial injection
84. Which of the following phage families has a cubic or icosahedral capsid with a short tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Inoviridae
Answer: c) Podoviridae
85. What is the name of the process by which phages can transfer antibiotic resistance genes
between bacteria?
a) Antibiotic resistance transduction
b) Lysogenic conversion
c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
d) Resistance acquisition
Answer: c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
86. Which of the following is a characteristic of the Mu phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Transposable element
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Transposable element
87. What is the term for phages that can replicate in bacterial cells at high temperatures?
a) Thermophages
b) Hyperthermophages
c) Heat-resistant phages
d) Extremophages
Answer: a) Thermophages
88. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host range?
a) Spot test
b) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
c) Cross-streak test
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
89. What is the function of the tape measure protein in tailed phages?
a) Determines tail length
b) Initiates DNA replication
c) Regulates gene expression
d) Facilitates host cell lysis
Answer: a) Determines tail length
90. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T7 phage RNA polymerase?
a) Low promoter specificity
b) High transcription rate
c) Ability to transcribe host genes
d) Dependence on host factors
Answer: b) High transcription rate
Which of the following is NOT a stage in the assembly of tailed phages?
a) Prohead formation
b) DNA packaging
c) Tail attachment
d) Cell wall synthesis
Answer: d) Cell wall synthesis
57. What is the name of the enzyme responsible for phage DNA integration into the host
genome?
a) Integrase
b) Recombinase
c) Transposase
d) Ligase
Answer: a) Integrase
58. Which of the following phage families has no tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Microviridae
Answer: d) Microviridae
59. What is the term for the period between phage infection and the appearance of mature
phage particles inside the host cell?
a) Latent period
b) Eclipse period
c) Lysis period
d) Burst period
Answer: b) Eclipse period
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of RNA phages?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex morphology with tail structures
c) Simple icosahedral structure
d) Ability to integrate into host genome
Answer: c) Simple icosahedral structure
61. What is the name of the phage-encoded protein that causes host cell lysis?
a) Lysozyme
b) Endolysin
c) Holin
d) Protease
Answer: b) Endolysin
62. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can induce the lytic cycle in a lysogenic phage?
a) UV radiation
b) Certain chemicals
c) Host cell stress
d) Increased nutrient availability
Answer: d) Increased nutrient availability
63. What is the term for phages that can replicate in different bacterial genera?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Monovalent phages
c) Sympatric phages
d) Allopatric phages
Answer: a) Polyvalent phages
64. Which of the following is a characteristic of the lambda phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Contractile tail
c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
d) Obligate lytic cycle
Answer: c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
65. What is the function of the phage baseplate?
a) DNA storage
b) Host cell recognition and attachment
c) Genome replication
d) Protein synthesis
Answer: b) Host cell recognition and attachment
66. Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of phage therapy?
a) Specificity to target bacteria
b) Ability to evolve with bacterial resistance
c) Low production cost
d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
Answer: d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
67. What is the term for phages that infect cyanobacteria?
a) Cyanophages
b) Algal phages
c) Photophages
d) Bluepages
Answer: a) Cyanophages
68. Which of the following is a characteristic of the P1 phage?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
69. What is the name of the protein that forms the tail sheath in some phages?
a) Capsid protein
b) Tail fiber protein
c) Contractin
d) Baseplate protein
Answer: c) Contractin
70. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host interactions?
a) One-step growth curve
b) Phage adsorption assay
c) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
71. What is the term for phages that can replicate in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Eukaryotic phages
c) Hybrid phages
d) Archaeal phages
Answer: c) Hybrid phages
72. Which of the following is a characteristic of the phi X174 phage?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex tail structure
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Ability to undergo lysogeny
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
73. What is the function of the holin protein in phage lysis?
a) Degrades peptidoglycan
b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
c) Initiates DNA replication
d) Regulates gene expression
Answer: b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
74. Which of the following is NOT a common method for phage genome sequencing?
a) Shotgun sequencing
b) Next-generation sequencing
c) Sanger sequencing
d) Electron microscopy
Answer: d) Electron microscopy
75. What is the term for phages that infect archaea?
a) Archaeophages
b) Extremophages
c) Thermophages
d) Halophages
Answer: a) Archaeophages
76. Which of the following is a characteristic of the M13 phage?
a) Lytic life cycle
b) Icosahedral head
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Contractile tail
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
77. What is the name of the process by which phages transfer bacterial genes within the same
species?
a) Transduction
b) Transformation
c) Conjugation
d) Translocation
Answer: a) Transduction
78. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect phage adsorption?
a) Temperature
b) pH
c) Presence of cofactors
d) Host cell size
Answer: d) Host cell size
79. What is the term for phages that can package only a specific portion of the host genome?
a) Generalized transducing phages
b) Specialized transducing phages
c) Defective phages
d) Temperate phages
Answer: b) Specialized transducing phages
80. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T-even phages (T2, T4, T6)?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Lysogenic life cycle
c) Contractile tail
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: c) Contractile tail
81. What is the function of the portal protein in phage assembly?
a) DNA packaging
b) Host recognition
c) Tail assembly
d) Capsid formation
Answer: a) DNA packaging
82. Which of the following is NOT a potential application of phages in biotechnology?
a) Phage display
b) Gene therapy vectors
c) Biosensors
d) Antibiotic production
Answer: d) Antibiotic production
83. What is the term for the ability of some phages to inject only a portion of their genome into
the host cell?
a) Partial injection
b) Superinfection
c) Abortive infection
d) Pseudolysogeny
Answer: a) Partial injection
84. Which of the following phage families has a cubic or icosahedral capsid with a short tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Inoviridae
Answer: c) Podoviridae
85. What is the name of the process by which phages can transfer antibiotic resistance genes
between bacteria?
a) Antibiotic resistance transduction
b) Lysogenic conversion
c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
d) Resistance acquisition
Answer: c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
86. Which of the following is a characteristic of the Mu phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Transposable element
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Transposable element
87. What is the term for phages that can replicate in bacterial cells at high temperatures?
a) Thermophages
b) Hyperthermophages
c) Heat-resistant phages
d) Extremophages
Answer: a) Thermophages
88. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host range?
a) Spot test
b) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
c) Cross-streak test
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
89. What is the function of the tape measure protein in tailed phages?
a) Determines tail length
b) Initiates DNA replication
c) Regulates gene expression
d) Facilitates host cell lysis
Answer: a) Determines tail length
90. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T7 phage RNA polymerase?
a) Low promoter specificity
b) High transcription rate
c) Ability to transcribe host genes
d) Dependence on host factors
Answer: b) High transcription rate
Which of the following is NOT a stage in the assembly of tailed phages?
a) Prohead formation
b) DNA packaging
c) Tail attachment
d) Cell wall synthesis
Answer: d) Cell wall synthesis
57. What is the name of the enzyme responsible for phage DNA integration into the host
genome?
a) Integrase
b) Recombinase
c) Transposase
d) Ligase
Answer: a) Integrase
58. Which of the following phage families has no tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Microviridae
Answer: d) Microviridae
59. What is the term for the period between phage infection and the appearance of mature
phage particles inside the host cell?
a) Latent period
b) Eclipse period
c) Lysis period
d) Burst period
Answer: b) Eclipse period
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of RNA phages?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex morphology with tail structures
c) Simple icosahedral structure
d) Ability to integrate into host genome
Answer: c) Simple icosahedral structure
61. What is the name of the phage-encoded protein that causes host cell lysis?
a) Lysozyme
b) Endolysin
c) Holin
d) Protease
Answer: b) Endolysin
62. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can induce the lytic cycle in a lysogenic phage?
a) UV radiation
b) Certain chemicals
c) Host cell stress
d) Increased nutrient availability
Answer: d) Increased nutrient availability
63. What is the term for phages that can replicate in different bacterial genera?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Monovalent phages
c) Sympatric phages
d) Allopatric phages
Answer: a) Polyvalent phages
64. Which of the following is a characteristic of the lambda phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Contractile tail
c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
d) Obligate lytic cycle
Answer: c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
65. What is the function of the phage baseplate?
a) DNA storage
b) Host cell recognition and attachment
c) Genome replication
d) Protein synthesis
Answer: b) Host cell recognition and attachment
66. Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of phage therapy?
a) Specificity to target bacteria
b) Ability to evolve with bacterial resistance
c) Low production cost
d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
Answer: d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
67. What is the term for phages that infect cyanobacteria?
a) Cyanophages
b) Algal phages
c) Photophages
d) Bluepages
Answer: a) Cyanophages
68. Which of the following is a characteristic of the P1 phage?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
69. What is the name of the protein that forms the tail sheath in some phages?
a) Capsid protein
b) Tail fiber protein
c) Contractin
d) Baseplate protein
Answer: c) Contractin
70. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host interactions?
a) One-step growth curve
b) Phage adsorption assay
c) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
71. What is the term for phages that can replicate in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Eukaryotic phages
c) Hybrid phages
d) Archaeal phages
Answer: c) Hybrid phages
72. Which of the following is a characteristic of the phi X174 phage?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex tail structure
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Ability to undergo lysogeny
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
73. What is the function of the holin protein in phage lysis?
a) Degrades peptidoglycan
b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
c) Initiates DNA replication
d) Regulates gene expression
Answer: b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
74. Which of the following is NOT a common method for phage genome sequencing?
a) Shotgun sequencing
b) Next-generation sequencing
c) Sanger sequencing
d) Electron microscopy
Answer: d) Electron microscopy
75. What is the term for phages that infect archaea?
a) Archaeophages
b) Extremophages
c) Thermophages
d) Halophages
Answer: a) Archaeophages
76. Which of the following is a characteristic of the M13 phage?
a) Lytic life cycle
b) Icosahedral head
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Contractile tail
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
77. What is the name of the process by which phages transfer bacterial genes within the same
species?
a) Transduction
b) Transformation
c) Conjugation
d) Translocation
Answer: a) Transduction
78. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect phage adsorption?
a) Temperature
b) pH
c) Presence of cofactors
d) Host cell size
Answer: d) Host cell size
79. What is the term for phages that can package only a specific portion of the host genome?
a) Generalized transducing phages
b) Specialized transducing phages
c) Defective phages
d) Temperate phages
Answer: b) Specialized transducing phages
80. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T-even phages (T2, T4, T6)?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Lysogenic life cycle
c) Contractile tail
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: c) Contractile tail
81. What is the function of the portal protein in phage assembly?
a) DNA packaging
b) Host recognition
c) Tail assembly
d) Capsid formation
Answer: a) DNA packaging
82. Which of the following is NOT a potential application of phages in biotechnology?
a) Phage display
b) Gene therapy vectors
c) Biosensors
d) Antibiotic production
Answer: d) Antibiotic production
83. What is the term for the ability of some phages to inject only a portion of their genome into
the host cell?
a) Partial injection
b) Superinfection
c) Abortive infection
d) Pseudolysogeny
Answer: a) Partial injection
84. Which of the following phage families has a cubic or icosahedral capsid with a short tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Inoviridae
Answer: c) Podoviridae
85. What is the name of the process by which phages can transfer antibiotic resistance genes
between bacteria?
a) Antibiotic resistance transduction
b) Lysogenic conversion
c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
d) Resistance acquisition
Answer: c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
86. Which of the following is a characteristic of the Mu phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Transposable element
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Transposable element
87. What is the term for phages that can replicate in bacterial cells at high temperatures?
a) Thermophages
b) Hyperthermophages
c) Heat-resistant phages
d) Extremophages
Answer: a) Thermophages
88. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host range?
a) Spot test
b) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
c) Cross-streak test
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
89. What is the function of the tape measure protein in tailed phages?
a) Determines tail length
b) Initiates DNA replication
c) Regulates gene expression
d) Facilitates host cell lysis
Answer: a) Determines tail length
90. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T7 phage RNA polymerase?
a) Low promoter specificity
b) High transcription rate
c) Ability to transcribe host genes
d) Dependence on host factors
Answer: b) High transcription rate
Which of the following is NOT a stage in the assembly of tailed phages?
a) Prohead formation
b) DNA packaging
c) Tail attachment
d) Cell wall synthesis
Answer: d) Cell wall synthesis
57. What is the name of the enzyme responsible for phage DNA integration into the host
genome?
a) Integrase
b) Recombinase
c) Transposase
d) Ligase
Answer: a) Integrase
58. Which of the following phage families has no tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Microviridae
Answer: d) Microviridae
59. What is the term for the period between phage infection and the appearance of mature
phage particles inside the host cell?
a) Latent period
b) Eclipse period
c) Lysis period
d) Burst period
Answer: b) Eclipse period
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of RNA phages?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex morphology with tail structures
c) Simple icosahedral structure
d) Ability to integrate into host genome
Answer: c) Simple icosahedral structure
61. What is the name of the phage-encoded protein that causes host cell lysis?
a) Lysozyme
b) Endolysin
c) Holin
d) Protease
Answer: b) Endolysin
62. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can induce the lytic cycle in a lysogenic phage?
a) UV radiation
b) Certain chemicals
c) Host cell stress
d) Increased nutrient availability
Answer: d) Increased nutrient availability
63. What is the term for phages that can replicate in different bacterial genera?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Monovalent phages
c) Sympatric phages
d) Allopatric phages
Answer: a) Polyvalent phages
64. Which of the following is a characteristic of the lambda phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Contractile tail
c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
d) Obligate lytic cycle
Answer: c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
65. What is the function of the phage baseplate?
a) DNA storage
b) Host cell recognition and attachment
c) Genome replication
d) Protein synthesis
Answer: b) Host cell recognition and attachment
66. Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of phage therapy?
a) Specificity to target bacteria
b) Ability to evolve with bacterial resistance
c) Low production cost
d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
Answer: d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
67. What is the term for phages that infect cyanobacteria?
a) Cyanophages
b) Algal phages
c) Photophages
d) Bluepages
Answer: a) Cyanophages
68. Which of the following is a characteristic of the P1 phage?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
69. What is the name of the protein that forms the tail sheath in some phages?
a) Capsid protein
b) Tail fiber protein
c) Contractin
d) Baseplate protein
Answer: c) Contractin
70. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host interactions?
a) One-step growth curve
b) Phage adsorption assay
c) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
71. What is the term for phages that can replicate in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Eukaryotic phages
c) Hybrid phages
d) Archaeal phages
Answer: c) Hybrid phages
72. Which of the following is a characteristic of the phi X174 phage?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex tail structure
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Ability to undergo lysogeny
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
73. What is the function of the holin protein in phage lysis?
a) Degrades peptidoglycan
b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
c) Initiates DNA replication
d) Regulates gene expression
Answer: b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
74. Which of the following is NOT a common method for phage genome sequencing?
a) Shotgun sequencing
b) Next-generation sequencing
c) Sanger sequencing
d) Electron microscopy
Answer: d) Electron microscopy
75. What is the term for phages that infect archaea?
a) Archaeophages
b) Extremophages
c) Thermophages
d) Halophages
Answer: a) Archaeophages
76. Which of the following is a characteristic of the M13 phage?
a) Lytic life cycle
b) Icosahedral head
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Contractile tail
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
77. What is the name of the process by which phages transfer bacterial genes within the same
species?
a) Transduction
b) Transformation
c) Conjugation
d) Translocation
Answer: a) Transduction
78. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect phage adsorption?
a) Temperature
b) pH
c) Presence of cofactors
d) Host cell size
Answer: d) Host cell size
79. What is the term for phages that can package only a specific portion of the host genome?
a) Generalized transducing phages
b) Specialized transducing phages
c) Defective phages
d) Temperate phages
Answer: b) Specialized transducing phages
80. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T-even phages (T2, T4, T6)?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Lysogenic life cycle
c) Contractile tail
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: c) Contractile tail
81. What is the function of the portal protein in phage assembly?
a) DNA packaging
b) Host recognition
c) Tail assembly
d) Capsid formation
Answer: a) DNA packaging
82. Which of the following is NOT a potential application of phages in biotechnology?
a) Phage display
b) Gene therapy vectors
c) Biosensors
d) Antibiotic production
Answer: d) Antibiotic production
83. What is the term for the ability of some phages to inject only a portion of their genome into
the host cell?
a) Partial injection
b) Superinfection
c) Abortive infection
d) Pseudolysogeny
Answer: a) Partial injection
84. Which of the following phage families has a cubic or icosahedral capsid with a short tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Inoviridae
Answer: c) Podoviridae
85. What is the name of the process by which phages can transfer antibiotic resistance genes
between bacteria?
a) Antibiotic resistance transduction
b) Lysogenic conversion
c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
d) Resistance acquisition
Answer: c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
86. Which of the following is a characteristic of the Mu phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Transposable element
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Transposable element
87. What is the term for phages that can replicate in bacterial cells at high temperatures?
a) Thermophages
b) Hyperthermophages
c) Heat-resistant phages
d) Extremophages
Answer: a) Thermophages
88. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host range?
a) Spot test
b) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
c) Cross-streak test
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
89. What is the function of the tape measure protein in tailed phages?
a) Determines tail length
b) Initiates DNA replication
c) Regulates gene expression
d) Facilitates host cell lysis
Answer: a) Determines tail length
90. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T7 phage RNA polymerase?
a) Low promoter specificity
b) High transcription rate
c) Ability to transcribe host genes
d) Dependence on host factors
Answer: b) High transcription rate
Which of the following is NOT a stage in the assembly of tailed phages?
a) Prohead formation
b) DNA packaging
c) Tail attachment
d) Cell wall synthesis
Answer: d) Cell wall synthesis
57. What is the name of the enzyme responsible for phage DNA integration into the host
genome?
a) Integrase
b) Recombinase
c) Transposase
d) Ligase
Answer: a) Integrase
58. Which of the following phage families has no tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Microviridae
Answer: d) Microviridae
59. What is the term for the period between phage infection and the appearance of mature
phage particles inside the host cell?
a) Latent period
b) Eclipse period
c) Lysis period
d) Burst period
Answer: b) Eclipse period
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of RNA phages?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex morphology with tail structures
c) Simple icosahedral structure
d) Ability to integrate into host genome
Answer: c) Simple icosahedral structure
61. What is the name of the phage-encoded protein that causes host cell lysis?
a) Lysozyme
b) Endolysin
c) Holin
d) Protease
Answer: b) Endolysin
62. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can induce the lytic cycle in a lysogenic phage?
a) UV radiation
b) Certain chemicals
c) Host cell stress
d) Increased nutrient availability
Answer: d) Increased nutrient availability
63. What is the term for phages that can replicate in different bacterial genera?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Monovalent phages
c) Sympatric phages
d) Allopatric phages
Answer: a) Polyvalent phages
64. Which of the following is a characteristic of the lambda phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Contractile tail
c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
d) Obligate lytic cycle
Answer: c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
65. What is the function of the phage baseplate?
a) DNA storage
b) Host cell recognition and attachment
c) Genome replication
d) Protein synthesis
Answer: b) Host cell recognition and attachment
66. Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of phage therapy?
a) Specificity to target bacteria
b) Ability to evolve with bacterial resistance
c) Low production cost
d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
Answer: d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
67. What is the term for phages that infect cyanobacteria?
a) Cyanophages
b) Algal phages
c) Photophages
d) Bluepages
Answer: a) Cyanophages
68. Which of the following is a characteristic of the P1 phage?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
69. What is the name of the protein that forms the tail sheath in some phages?
a) Capsid protein
b) Tail fiber protein
c) Contractin
d) Baseplate protein
Answer: c) Contractin
70. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host interactions?
a) One-step growth curve
b) Phage adsorption assay
c) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
71. What is the term for phages that can replicate in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Eukaryotic phages
c) Hybrid phages
d) Archaeal phages
Answer: c) Hybrid phages
72. Which of the following is a characteristic of the phi X174 phage?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex tail structure
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Ability to undergo lysogeny
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
73. What is the function of the holin protein in phage lysis?
a) Degrades peptidoglycan
b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
c) Initiates DNA replication
d) Regulates gene expression
Answer: b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
74. Which of the following is NOT a common method for phage genome sequencing?
a) Shotgun sequencing
b) Next-generation sequencing
c) Sanger sequencing
d) Electron microscopy
Answer: d) Electron microscopy
75. What is the term for phages that infect archaea?
a) Archaeophages
b) Extremophages
c) Thermophages
d) Halophages
Answer: a) Archaeophages
76. Which of the following is a characteristic of the M13 phage?
a) Lytic life cycle
b) Icosahedral head
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Contractile tail
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
77. What is the name of the process by which phages transfer bacterial genes within the same
species?
a) Transduction
b) Transformation
c) Conjugation
d) Translocation
Answer: a) Transduction
78. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect phage adsorption?
a) Temperature
b) pH
c) Presence of cofactors
d) Host cell size
Answer: d) Host cell size
79. What is the term for phages that can package only a specific portion of the host genome?
a) Generalized transducing phages
b) Specialized transducing phages
c) Defective phages
d) Temperate phages
Answer: b) Specialized transducing phages
80. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T-even phages (T2, T4, T6)?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Lysogenic life cycle
c) Contractile tail
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: c) Contractile tail
81. What is the function of the portal protein in phage assembly?
a) DNA packaging
b) Host recognition
c) Tail assembly
d) Capsid formation
Answer: a) DNA packaging
82. Which of the following is NOT a potential application of phages in biotechnology?
a) Phage display
b) Gene therapy vectors
c) Biosensors
d) Antibiotic production
Answer: d) Antibiotic production
83. What is the term for the ability of some phages to inject only a portion of their genome into
the host cell?
a) Partial injection
b) Superinfection
c) Abortive infection
d) Pseudolysogeny
Answer: a) Partial injection
84. Which of the following phage families has a cubic or icosahedral capsid with a short tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Inoviridae
Answer: c) Podoviridae
85. What is the name of the process by which phages can transfer antibiotic resistance genes
between bacteria?
a) Antibiotic resistance transduction
b) Lysogenic conversion
c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
d) Resistance acquisition
Answer: c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
86. Which of the following is a characteristic of the Mu phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Transposable element
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Transposable element
87. What is the term for phages that can replicate in bacterial cells at high temperatures?
a) Thermophages
b) Hyperthermophages
c) Heat-resistant phages
d) Extremophages
Answer: a) Thermophages
88. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host range?
a) Spot test
b) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
c) Cross-streak test
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
89. What is the function of the tape measure protein in tailed phages?
a) Determines tail length
b) Initiates DNA replication
c) Regulates gene expression
d) Facilitates host cell lysis
Answer: a) Determines tail length
90. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T7 phage RNA polymerase?
a) Low promoter specificity
b) High transcription rate
c) Ability to transcribe host genes
d) Dependence on host factors
Answer: b) High transcription rate
Which of the following is NOT a stage in the assembly of tailed phages?
a) Prohead formation
b) DNA packaging
c) Tail attachment
d) Cell wall synthesis
Answer: d) Cell wall synthesis
57. What is the name of the enzyme responsible for phage DNA integration into the host
genome?
a) Integrase
b) Recombinase
c) Transposase
d) Ligase
Answer: a) Integrase
58. Which of the following phage families has no tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Microviridae
Answer: d) Microviridae
59. What is the term for the period between phage infection and the appearance of mature
phage particles inside the host cell?
a) Latent period
b) Eclipse period
c) Lysis period
d) Burst period
Answer: b) Eclipse period
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of RNA phages?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex morphology with tail structures
c) Simple icosahedral structure
d) Ability to integrate into host genome
Answer: c) Simple icosahedral structure
61. What is the name of the phage-encoded protein that causes host cell lysis?
a) Lysozyme
b) Endolysin
c) Holin
d) Protease
Answer: b) Endolysin
62. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can induce the lytic cycle in a lysogenic phage?
a) UV radiation
b) Certain chemicals
c) Host cell stress
d) Increased nutrient availability
Answer: d) Increased nutrient availability
63. What is the term for phages that can replicate in different bacterial genera?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Monovalent phages
c) Sympatric phages
d) Allopatric phages
Answer: a) Polyvalent phages
64. Which of the following is a characteristic of the lambda phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Contractile tail
c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
d) Obligate lytic cycle
Answer: c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
65. What is the function of the phage baseplate?
a) DNA storage
b) Host cell recognition and attachment
c) Genome replication
d) Protein synthesis
Answer: b) Host cell recognition and attachment
66. Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of phage therapy?
a) Specificity to target bacteria
b) Ability to evolve with bacterial resistance
c) Low production cost
d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
Answer: d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
67. What is the term for phages that infect cyanobacteria?
a) Cyanophages
b) Algal phages
c) Photophages
d) Bluepages
Answer: a) Cyanophages
68. Which of the following is a characteristic of the P1 phage?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
69. What is the name of the protein that forms the tail sheath in some phages?
a) Capsid protein
b) Tail fiber protein
c) Contractin
d) Baseplate protein
Answer: c) Contractin
70. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host interactions?
a) One-step growth curve
b) Phage adsorption assay
c) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
71. What is the term for phages that can replicate in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Eukaryotic phages
c) Hybrid phages
d) Archaeal phages
Answer: c) Hybrid phages
72. Which of the following is a characteristic of the phi X174 phage?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex tail structure
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Ability to undergo lysogeny
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
73. What is the function of the holin protein in phage lysis?
a) Degrades peptidoglycan
b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
c) Initiates DNA replication
d) Regulates gene expression
Answer: b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
74. Which of the following is NOT a common method for phage genome sequencing?
a) Shotgun sequencing
b) Next-generation sequencing
c) Sanger sequencing
d) Electron microscopy
Answer: d) Electron microscopy
75. What is the term for phages that infect archaea?
a) Archaeophages
b) Extremophages
c) Thermophages
d) Halophages
Answer: a) Archaeophages
76. Which of the following is a characteristic of the M13 phage?
a) Lytic life cycle
b) Icosahedral head
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Contractile tail
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
77. What is the name of the process by which phages transfer bacterial genes within the same
species?
a) Transduction
b) Transformation
c) Conjugation
d) Translocation
Answer: a) Transduction
78. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect phage adsorption?
a) Temperature
b) pH
c) Presence of cofactors
d) Host cell size
Answer: d) Host cell size
79. What is the term for phages that can package only a specific portion of the host genome?
a) Generalized transducing phages
b) Specialized transducing phages
c) Defective phages
d) Temperate phages
Answer: b) Specialized transducing phages
80. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T-even phages (T2, T4, T6)?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Lysogenic life cycle
c) Contractile tail
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: c) Contractile tail
81. What is the function of the portal protein in phage assembly?
a) DNA packaging
b) Host recognition
c) Tail assembly
d) Capsid formation
Answer: a) DNA packaging
82. Which of the following is NOT a potential application of phages in biotechnology?
a) Phage display
b) Gene therapy vectors
c) Biosensors
d) Antibiotic production
Answer: d) Antibiotic production
83. What is the term for the ability of some phages to inject only a portion of their genome into
the host cell?
a) Partial injection
b) Superinfection
c) Abortive infection
d) Pseudolysogeny
Answer: a) Partial injection
84. Which of the following phage families has a cubic or icosahedral capsid with a short tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Inoviridae
Answer: c) Podoviridae
85. What is the name of the process by which phages can transfer antibiotic resistance genes
between bacteria?
a) Antibiotic resistance transduction
b) Lysogenic conversion
c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
d) Resistance acquisition
Answer: c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
86. Which of the following is a characteristic of the Mu phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Transposable element
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Transposable element
87. What is the term for phages that can replicate in bacterial cells at high temperatures?
a) Thermophages
b) Hyperthermophages
c) Heat-resistant phages
d) Extremophages
Answer: a) Thermophages
88. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host range?
a) Spot test
b) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
c) Cross-streak test
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
89. What is the function of the tape measure protein in tailed phages?
a) Determines tail length
b) Initiates DNA replication
c) Regulates gene expression
d) Facilitates host cell lysis
Answer: a) Determines tail length
90. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T7 phage RNA polymerase?
a) Low promoter specificity
b) High transcription rate
c) Ability to transcribe host genes
d) Dependence on host factors
Answer: b) High transcription rate
Which of the following is NOT a stage in the assembly of tailed phages?
a) Prohead formation
b) DNA packaging
c) Tail attachment
d) Cell wall synthesis
Answer: d) Cell wall synthesis
57. What is the name of the enzyme responsible for phage DNA integration into the host
genome?
a) Integrase
b) Recombinase
c) Transposase
d) Ligase
Answer: a) Integrase
58. Which of the following phage families has no tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Microviridae
Answer: d) Microviridae
59. What is the term for the period between phage infection and the appearance of mature
phage particles inside the host cell?
a) Latent period
b) Eclipse period
c) Lysis period
d) Burst period
Answer: b) Eclipse period
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of RNA phages?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex morphology with tail structures
c) Simple icosahedral structure
d) Ability to integrate into host genome
Answer: c) Simple icosahedral structure
61. What is the name of the phage-encoded protein that causes host cell lysis?
a) Lysozyme
b) Endolysin
c) Holin
d) Protease
Answer: b) Endolysin
62. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can induce the lytic cycle in a lysogenic phage?
a) UV radiation
b) Certain chemicals
c) Host cell stress
d) Increased nutrient availability
Answer: d) Increased nutrient availability
63. What is the term for phages that can replicate in different bacterial genera?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Monovalent phages
c) Sympatric phages
d) Allopatric phages
Answer: a) Polyvalent phages
64. Which of the following is a characteristic of the lambda phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Contractile tail
c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
d) Obligate lytic cycle
Answer: c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
65. What is the function of the phage baseplate?
a) DNA storage
b) Host cell recognition and attachment
c) Genome replication
d) Protein synthesis
Answer: b) Host cell recognition and attachment
66. Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of phage therapy?
a) Specificity to target bacteria
b) Ability to evolve with bacterial resistance
c) Low production cost
d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
Answer: d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
67. What is the term for phages that infect cyanobacteria?
a) Cyanophages
b) Algal phages
c) Photophages
d) Bluepages
Answer: a) Cyanophages
68. Which of the following is a characteristic of the P1 phage?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
69. What is the name of the protein that forms the tail sheath in some phages?
a) Capsid protein
b) Tail fiber protein
c) Contractin
d) Baseplate protein
Answer: c) Contractin
70. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host interactions?
a) One-step growth curve
b) Phage adsorption assay
c) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
71. What is the term for phages that can replicate in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Eukaryotic phages
c) Hybrid phages
d) Archaeal phages
Answer: c) Hybrid phages
72. Which of the following is a characteristic of the phi X174 phage?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex tail structure
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Ability to undergo lysogeny
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
73. What is the function of the holin protein in phage lysis?
a) Degrades peptidoglycan
b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
c) Initiates DNA replication
d) Regulates gene expression
Answer: b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
74. Which of the following is NOT a common method for phage genome sequencing?
a) Shotgun sequencing
b) Next-generation sequencing
c) Sanger sequencing
d) Electron microscopy
Answer: d) Electron microscopy
75. What is the term for phages that infect archaea?
a) Archaeophages
b) Extremophages
c) Thermophages
d) Halophages
Answer: a) Archaeophages
76. Which of the following is a characteristic of the M13 phage?
a) Lytic life cycle
b) Icosahedral head
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Contractile tail
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
77. What is the name of the process by which phages transfer bacterial genes within the same
species?
a) Transduction
b) Transformation
c) Conjugation
d) Translocation
Answer: a) Transduction
78. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect phage adsorption?
a) Temperature
b) pH
c) Presence of cofactors
d) Host cell size
Answer: d) Host cell size
79. What is the term for phages that can package only a specific portion of the host genome?
a) Generalized transducing phages
b) Specialized transducing phages
c) Defective phages
d) Temperate phages
Answer: b) Specialized transducing phages
80. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T-even phages (T2, T4, T6)?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Lysogenic life cycle
c) Contractile tail
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: c) Contractile tail
81. What is the function of the portal protein in phage assembly?
a) DNA packaging
b) Host recognition
c) Tail assembly
d) Capsid formation
Answer: a) DNA packaging
82. Which of the following is NOT a potential application of phages in biotechnology?
a) Phage display
b) Gene therapy vectors
c) Biosensors
d) Antibiotic production
Answer: d) Antibiotic production
83. What is the term for the ability of some phages to inject only a portion of their genome into
the host cell?
a) Partial injection
b) Superinfection
c) Abortive infection
d) Pseudolysogeny
Answer: a) Partial injection
84. Which of the following phage families has a cubic or icosahedral capsid with a short tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Inoviridae
Answer: c) Podoviridae
85. What is the name of the process by which phages can transfer antibiotic resistance genes
between bacteria?
a) Antibiotic resistance transduction
b) Lysogenic conversion
c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
d) Resistance acquisition
Answer: c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
86. Which of the following is a characteristic of the Mu phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Transposable element
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Transposable element
87. What is the term for phages that can replicate in bacterial cells at high temperatures?
a) Thermophages
b) Hyperthermophages
c) Heat-resistant phages
d) Extremophages
Answer: a) Thermophages
88. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host range?
a) Spot test
b) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
c) Cross-streak test
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
89. What is the function of the tape measure protein in tailed phages?
a) Determines tail length
b) Initiates DNA replication
c) Regulates gene expression
d) Facilitates host cell lysis
Answer: a) Determines tail length
90. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T7 phage RNA polymerase?
a) Low promoter specificity
b) High transcription rate
c) Ability to transcribe host genes
d) Dependence on host factors
Answer: b) High transcription rate
Which of the following is NOT a stage in the assembly of tailed phages?
a) Prohead formation
b) DNA packaging
c) Tail attachment
d) Cell wall synthesis
Answer: d) Cell wall synthesis
57. What is the name of the enzyme responsible for phage DNA integration into the host
genome?
a) Integrase
b) Recombinase
c) Transposase
d) Ligase
Answer: a) Integrase
58. Which of the following phage families has no tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Microviridae
Answer: d) Microviridae
59. What is the term for the period between phage infection and the appearance of mature
phage particles inside the host cell?
a) Latent period
b) Eclipse period
c) Lysis period
d) Burst period
Answer: b) Eclipse period
60. Which of the following is a characteristic of RNA phages?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex morphology with tail structures
c) Simple icosahedral structure
d) Ability to integrate into host genome
Answer: c) Simple icosahedral structure
61. What is the name of the phage-encoded protein that causes host cell lysis?
a) Lysozyme
b) Endolysin
c) Holin
d) Protease
Answer: b) Endolysin
62. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can induce the lytic cycle in a lysogenic phage?
a) UV radiation
b) Certain chemicals
c) Host cell stress
d) Increased nutrient availability
Answer: d) Increased nutrient availability
63. What is the term for phages that can replicate in different bacterial genera?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Monovalent phages
c) Sympatric phages
d) Allopatric phages
Answer: a) Polyvalent phages
64. Which of the following is a characteristic of the lambda phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Contractile tail
c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
d) Obligate lytic cycle
Answer: c) Ability to undergo lysogeny
65. What is the function of the phage baseplate?
a) DNA storage
b) Host cell recognition and attachment
c) Genome replication
d) Protein synthesis
Answer: b) Host cell recognition and attachment
66. Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of phage therapy?
a) Specificity to target bacteria
b) Ability to evolve with bacterial resistance
c) Low production cost
d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
Answer: d) Broad-spectrum activity against all pathogens
67. What is the term for phages that infect cyanobacteria?
a) Cyanophages
b) Algal phages
c) Photophages
d) Bluepages
Answer: a) Cyanophages
68. Which of the following is a characteristic of the P1 phage?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Ability to package large amounts of host DNA
69. What is the name of the protein that forms the tail sheath in some phages?
a) Capsid protein
b) Tail fiber protein
c) Contractin
d) Baseplate protein
Answer: c) Contractin
70. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host interactions?
a) One-step growth curve
b) Phage adsorption assay
c) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
71. What is the term for phages that can replicate in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a) Polyvalent phages
b) Eukaryotic phages
c) Hybrid phages
d) Archaeal phages
Answer: c) Hybrid phages
72. Which of the following is a characteristic of the phi X174 phage?
a) Double-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex tail structure
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Ability to undergo lysogeny
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
73. What is the function of the holin protein in phage lysis?
a) Degrades peptidoglycan
b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
c) Initiates DNA replication
d) Regulates gene expression
Answer: b) Forms pores in the cell membrane
74. Which of the following is NOT a common method for phage genome sequencing?
a) Shotgun sequencing
b) Next-generation sequencing
c) Sanger sequencing
d) Electron microscopy
Answer: d) Electron microscopy
75. What is the term for phages that infect archaea?
a) Archaeophages
b) Extremophages
c) Thermophages
d) Halophages
Answer: a) Archaeophages
76. Which of the following is a characteristic of the M13 phage?
a) Lytic life cycle
b) Icosahedral head
c) Single-stranded DNA genome
d) Contractile tail
Answer: c) Single-stranded DNA genome
77. What is the name of the process by which phages transfer bacterial genes within the same
species?
a) Transduction
b) Transformation
c) Conjugation
d) Translocation
Answer: a) Transduction
78. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect phage adsorption?
a) Temperature
b) pH
c) Presence of cofactors
d) Host cell size
Answer: d) Host cell size
79. What is the term for phages that can package only a specific portion of the host genome?
a) Generalized transducing phages
b) Specialized transducing phages
c) Defective phages
d) Temperate phages
Answer: b) Specialized transducing phages
80. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T-even phages (T2, T4, T6)?
a) Single-stranded RNA genome
b) Lysogenic life cycle
c) Contractile tail
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: c) Contractile tail
81. What is the function of the portal protein in phage assembly?
a) DNA packaging
b) Host recognition
c) Tail assembly
d) Capsid formation
Answer: a) DNA packaging
82. Which of the following is NOT a potential application of phages in biotechnology?
a) Phage display
b) Gene therapy vectors
c) Biosensors
d) Antibiotic production
Answer: d) Antibiotic production
83. What is the term for the ability of some phages to inject only a portion of their genome into
the host cell?
a) Partial injection
b) Superinfection
c) Abortive infection
d) Pseudolysogeny
Answer: a) Partial injection
84. Which of the following phage families has a cubic or icosahedral capsid with a short tail?
a) Myoviridae
b) Siphoviridae
c) Podoviridae
d) Inoviridae
Answer: c) Podoviridae
85. What is the name of the process by which phages can transfer antibiotic resistance genes
between bacteria?
a) Antibiotic resistance transduction
b) Lysogenic conversion
c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
d) Resistance acquisition
Answer: c) Phage-mediated gene transfer
86. Which of the following is a characteristic of the Mu phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Transposable element
c) Obligate lytic cycle
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: b) Transposable element
87. What is the term for phages that can replicate in bacterial cells at high temperatures?
a) Thermophages
b) Hyperthermophages
c) Heat-resistant phages
d) Extremophages
Answer: a) Thermophages
88. Which of the following is NOT a method for studying phage-host range?
a) Spot test
b) Efficiency of plating (EOP)
c) Cross-streak test
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
89. What is the function of the tape measure protein in tailed phages?
a) Determines tail length
b) Initiates DNA replication
c) Regulates gene expression
d) Facilitates host cell lysis
Answer: a) Determines tail length
90. Which of the following is a characteristic of the T7 phage RNA polymerase?
a) Low promoter specificity
b) High transcription rate
c) Ability to transcribe host genes
d) Dependence on host factors
Answer: b) High transcription rate
91. What is the term for phages that can replicate in bacterial cells at low temperatures?
a) Psychrophages
b) Cryophages
c) Cold-resistant phages
d) Extremophages
Answer: a) Psychrophages
92. Which of the following is NOT a potential application of phages in food safety?
a) Biocontrol of foodborne pathogens
b) Food preservation
c) Detection of bacterial contamination
d) Flavor enhancement
Answer: d) Flavor enhancement
93. What is the name of the process by which phages can transfer toxin genes to bacteria?
a) Toxin transduction
b) Lysogenic conversion
c) Phage-mediated toxigenesis
d) Virulence acquisition
Answer: b) Lysogenic conversion
94. Which of the following is a characteristic of the N4 phage?
a) RNA genome
b) Lysogenic life cycle
c) Three RNA polymerases
d) Filamentous morphology
Answer: c) Three RNA polymerases
95. What is the term for phages that can replicate in bacterial cells in high-salt environments?
a) Halophages
b) Saliniphages
c) Salt-resistant phages
d) Extremophages
Answer: a) Halophages
96. Which of the following is NOT a method for concentrating phages from environmental
samples?
a) Ultracentrifugation
b) Polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation
c) Ultrafiltration
d) Gram staining
Answer: d) Gram staining
97. What is the function of the tail spike proteins in some phages?
a) DNA injection
b) Host cell recognition and attachment
c) Tail contraction
d) Genome replication
Answer: b) Host cell recognition and attachment
98. Which of the following is a characteristic of the phi 6 phage?
a) Single-stranded DNA genome
b) Complex tail structure
c) Segmented double-stranded RNA genome
d) Ability to undergo lysogeny
Answer: c) Segmented double-stranded RNA genome
99. What is the term for phages that can replicate in bacterial cells in acidic environments?
a) Acidophages
b) pH-resistant phages
c) Extremophages
d) Acidiphages
Answer: a) Acidophages
100. Which of the following is NOT a potential application of phages in environmental
remediation?
a) Biocontrol of harmful algal blooms
b) Reduction of bacterial loads in wastewater
c) Degradation of plastic pollutants
d) Control of plant pathogens in agriculture
Answer: c) Degradation of plastic pollutants
