Respiration
1. What are the three stages of Pathway of Respiration?
Glycolysis
oLocation- occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
oTwo stages:
1. Energy-requiring steps- ATP energy activities glucose and its six-carbon
derivatives
2. Energy-releasing steps- the products of the first part are split into three-carbon
pyruvate molecule
Energy is stored as ATP and NADH (nicotinamide dinucleotide)
oHow many ATP molecules in first stage? - two
oHow many ATP molecules in second? - four
oHow many the net number of ATP molecules- two ATP
oAPT- is the energy (electron) carrying molecule is formed during glycolysis
oPyruvate- the end product of glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
oLocation: In the mitochondria
oWhat molecule is recycled
oCarbon dioxide- gas molecule is produced
oNAD+ and FAD- electron that carries molecules that are produced during Krebs cycle
o2 ATP- are produced
Electron Transport Chain and Phosphorylation
ooccurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
oNADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to electron transport systems
oOxygen receives the electrons to make hydrogen peroxide
oElectron transport sets up hydrogen ion gradients
oFlow of hydrogen down gradients powers APT formation
2. What is the difference between respiration and fermentation?
Respiration
oOur food digests through the process of respiration
oThe three stages are glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain and
phosphorylation
Fermentation
oAnaerobic pathways
Don’t require oxygen
Start with glycolysis in cytoplasm
Competed in cytoplasm
oAerobic pathways
Require oxygen
Start with glycolysis in cytoplasm
Completed in mitochondria
3. What is ATP
All living processes require energy
There are three types of molecules we use to get energy
oCarbohydrates, fats, and protein
The energy release by breaking bonds is stored as adenosine triphosphate- ATP
4. What is Fermentation
Anaerobic Pathways –
oDon’t use oxygen
oProduce fewer APT molecules than aerobic pathways
oThere are TWO TYPES- fermentation pathways (lactate and alcohol) and anerobic
electron transport
Fermentation Pathways
oBegin with glycolysis
oDo no break glucose down completely to carbon dioxide and water
oYield only the 2 APT from glycolysis
oSteps that follow glycolysis serve only to generate NADH
Cardiovascular System
1. What are the functions of blood?
Transportation- O2, CO2, metabolic wastes, nutrients, heat and hormones
Regulation- helps regulate PH through buffers
oHelps regulate body temperature
Coolant properties of water
Vasodilatation of surface vessels dump heat
oHelps regulate water content of cells by interactions with dissolved ions and
proteins
Protection from disease and loss of blood
2. What type of tissue is blood classified as?
Connective tissue
3. How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transferred in the blood
Oxygen- arteries transport oxygen through the blood
Carbon dioxide- carried physically
4. Plasma
One of the largest part of your blood (55%)
When it is separated from blood its light-yellow liquid
It carries water, salts, and enzymes
Takes nutrients, hormones, and proteins to parts of the body that need it
5. Heart
Double pump
oSeptum- partition that separates heart into left and right sides
Atrium- receive blood from veins (first enters the right atrium, then flows to
the right ventricle)
Deoxygenated blood- right atrium
Oxygenated- left atrium
Ventricles- push blood into arteries
Oxygenated- left atrium
oEach pumps blood through a different circuit
Four chambers
oEach side has two chambers, the Upper Atrium (A) and the Lower ventricle (V)
oValves (atrioventricular) between atria and ventricles
7. Blood vessels- Vascular
Arteries- main transporters of oxygenated blood
Arterioles- diameter is adjusted to regulate blood flow
Capillaries- diffusion occurs across thin walls
1. Blood flows from capillaries into venules, then on to veins
2. Veins are large diameter vessels with some smooth muscle in wall
3. Valves in some veins prevent blood from flowing backward
8. Lymphatic System
Absorbs water and plasm proteins from tissues and returns it to the heart (leaked out from
blood capillaries)
Absorbs fats from small intestines and transfer to general circulation
Carries pathogens and foreign cells to lymph nodes (disposal centers)
Respiratory System
1. Four Principles of Gas Exchange
Partial pressure of gases
oGasses move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
oDifferenced between atmospheric oxygen pressure and body oxygen pressure, drive
oxygen into blood
oDifferences between atmospheric carbon dioxide pressure and body carbon dioxide
pressure, drive CO2 out of the blood
Surface-to-volume Ratios
oThe larger the surface area the faster the rate of gas exchange
oSmall organisms can do gas exchange through the skin by having a high surface-to-
volume ration that’s thin and flat
oWithin gills or lungs- use large surface area in gill filaments or lung alveoli
Ventilation
oMovement of fluid or air around gas exchanging tissue s
oMaintains steep gradient so concentration differences are high
oRemoves low oxygen/high carbon dioxide fluid or air; replaces with high ocygen/low
carbon dioxide fluid or air
Transport proteins
oHemoglobin- oxygen and carbon dioxide do not dissolve in water very well
oHemoglobin binds to O2 at high conc. And releases at low
oAllows same volume of blood to carry more oxygen and carbon dioxide
2. Exhalation and Inhalation
Exhalation
oDiaphragm relaxes
oThoracic cavity shrinks
oLung volume decreases and pressure increases
oAir flows down pressure gradient and out of lungs
Inhalation
oDiaphragm constricts
oExternal intercostal muscles contract
oVolume of thoracic cavity increases and pressure decreases
oLungs expand
oAir flows down pressure gradient into lungs
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