BIOL 101
STUDY G : T W H BUIDE HE HY AND OW OF IOLOGY
1 Life is Significant
1.1 Design That Talks
The molecular structure of oak wood is comparable in complexity to the structure of the
Brooklyn Bridge. Your text uses this comparison to argue that ___________ (as indicated by the
title of your text).
1.2 Design at Multiple Levels
Microbiological Architecture
“Body systems work with each other in highly related ways.” Which principle of life does this
statement illustrate? (see second paragraph of this subsection)
Macrobiological Systems
Distinguish the way most scholars use the word “community” from the way a biologist uses that
term. (see second paragraph of this subsection)
Arrange the biological levels of organization described in your text from simplest to most
complex. Example:
individual – population – community – ecosystem (see Fig 1.17)
Identify biological levels of organization: Examples:
Biomolecules are composed of _________.
Cells of a similar type are organized into a __________.
A macro-molecular structure in a cell is composed of ________. (see Fig 1.17)
Identify biological levels of organization: Examples:
A collection of different populations forms a(n) ________________.
All ecosystems on the earth taken together are called a(n)___________. (see Fig 1.17)
1.3 Unity Within Diversity
Diversity of Styles
List the major groups of organisms within a three-domain system of classification. see Fig 1.22
List the major groups of organisms within a six-kingdom system of classification. see Fig 1.22
a–f
Unity in Essence
Identify 2 requirements that drive and direct the growth of any living thing. (Consider the topic
sentences of paragraphs three and four in this subsection.)
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Recall the two principles of life that describe these two requirements. (listed in those two
paragraphs)
Associate the principle “Life is Information Expressed” with a molecule that is this principle’s
starting point. (see fourth paragraph of this subsection)
Toward a Description of Life
Explain why life cannot be defined. It cannot be simply defined because living things are exhibit
way too much________ and __________. (see first few sentences of this subsection.)
Decreases in oxygen level at high altitudes cause hemoglobin levels in the bloodstream to rise.
Which principle of life does this statement illustrate? (see second paragraph of this subsection)
1.4 Teleology, Start to Finish
Examples of design in nature lead many to believe there is a purpose lying behind the design.
This idea is best captured in what term? (see first paragraph of this section)
The term “teleology” expresses the idea that behind the designs seen in nature there lies a more
ultimate ________. (see first paragraph of this section)
“A mouse runs because natural selection happens to have given it feet.” What sort of philosopher
would make this statement? (see third paragraph of this section)
Application: A mouse has feet for the purpose of running. Is this statement teleological or non-
teleological? (see glossary section for “teleology”)
Recognize 2 arguments that serious scholars of design use in order to see teleology in nature?
(see fourth paragraph of this section)
To Summarize
Recognize examples and non-examples of twelve principles of life on which this course is based.
Presentation: Biblical Basis of Life’s Significance
Recall the reference or location of four Bible passages that each give a reason for life’s
significance.
2 Understanding Life’s Design
2.1 How Design is Understood
Doing Science
Recognize elements of the scientific method based on their description in your textbook. Fig 2.2
(see numbered items in paragraph two of this subsection)
A skillful scientist can use a well-asked question to fashion a testable _________. Fig 2.2
A hypothesis is:
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a. a set of related suppositions that when taken together describe a phenomenon
b. an explanation to a problem that can be tested experimentally
c. a statement about nature that is universally confirmed
d. an experiment that tests a theory
The scientific method includes all of the following steps except:
a. forms a hypothesis
b. interpret data to form conclusions (a model)
c. builds a model to consider different hypotheses
d. experiment to determine whether hypothesis is correct
e. evaluates and draw conclusions (interpretation of data). Fig 2.2
Place the following activities in their correct order:
1. designing an experiment that yields data
2. deciding how much data to collect
3. running the experiment that generates the data
4. collecting the data
5. interpreting the data to validate or discredit a model (see third paragraph of this
subsection)
Whales communicate over many miles using different frequencies of sound. Would this
statement best be described as:
a. a specific numerical item of data?
b. a large set of data items?
c. an interpretation of many large sets of data items?
d. an initial hypothesis regarding how whales might communicate?
e. a conclusion reached as a result of logical thought about communication? (see third
paragraph of this subsection)
Which of the following activities could not properly be included in the scientific method?
a. validating information
b. thinking about problems
c. experimenting
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d. observing results
e. changing data. (see third paragraph of this section)
Many Christians believe that dinosaurs were created approximately 6,000 years ago because soft
tissues have been discovered in fossilized T. rex bones. This belief is an example of:
a. data from an experiment
b. a prediction leading to design of an experiment
c. a controlled experiment
d. an interpretation of data
e. a question leading to a hypothesis
Many evolutionists believe that Pakicetus, a terrestrial mammal, is the evolutionary ancestor of
modern whales because Pakicetus fossils are found below whale fossils in the geologic column.
This belief is an example of:
a. data from an experiment
b. a prediction leading to design of an experiment
c. a controlled experiment
d. an interpretation of data
e. a question leading to a hypothesis
A total of 679 leaves fell from trees kept at 10°C, whereas only 83 leaves fell from those kept at
32°C. Is this:
a. data from an experiment
b. a prediction leading to design of an experiment
c. a controlled experiment
d. an interpretation of data
e. a question leading to a hypothesis
A Brazilian student wondered why the leaves began changing colors on the trees in Virginia
right around the time of Fall Break. Is this wondering:
a. a question leading to an hypothesis
b. an hypothesis
c. a prediction leading to a design of an experiment
d. data from an experiment
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e. an interpretation of data
Tadpoles raised in water with atrazine levels of 0.1 ppb should produce a higher percentage of
male frogs with gonadal abnormalities than those raised in pure water. This statement is an
example of:
a. a question leading to an hypothesis
b. a hypothesis
c. a testable prediction leading to design of an experiment
d. data from an experiment
e. an interpretation of data
In 2003, Tyrone Hayes proposed that pesticides could be the cause of worldwide amphibian
declines. This statement is an example of:
a. a question leading to an hypothesis
b. an hypothesis
c. a testable prediction leading to design of an experiment
d. data from an experiment
e. an interpretation of data
30% of the male frogs raised in water with atrazine levels of 0.1 ppb showed signs of testicular
oogenesis. This statement is an example of:
a. data from an experiment
b. a prediction leading to design of an experiment
c. a controlled experiment
d. an interpretation of data
e. a question leading to a hypothesis
2.2 Rational Experimentation: Two Examples
The Effect of Sleep on Disease Resistance
We wish to know if a vaccine against flu virus will be responded to in a patient by the production
of antibodies in the bloodstream. Injection of the vaccine is an example of what element of the
scientific method? (see second paragraph of this subsection)
“Sleep deprivation results in a decreased ability of the body to challenge pathogens.” What sort
of statement is this? Is it an example of data? Or is it an interpretation of data? Fig 2.6
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A sleep deprived individual has antibody levels that are exactly 1/3 as high as those of a normal
individual. What sort of statement is this? Is it an example of data? Or is it an interpretation of
data? Fig 2.6
Experimenting with Prayer
Prayer for a cardiac patient will reduce the severity of hospital intervention during the patient’s
recovery. This statement is an example of a(n) ______________. (see second paragraph of this
subsection)
In the study on prayer for heart patients, which of the following would be the hardest thing to
control for?
a. doctor activities
b. hospital features
c. structure of experimental or control groups
d. unknown prayers said for people in the control group. (see third paragraph of this
subsection)
2.3 Seeing a Bigger Picture
Approaching Truth
List 2 separate approaches to truth. (second paragraph of this subsection)
Which of the following questions would be virtually impossible to address using the scientific
method?
a. How much insect variety is there on a species of maple tree in Virginia?
b. At what temperature does a 1% solution of NaCl freeze?
c. What is the role the enzyme DNase-1 in the lysosome of the cell?
d. Why does life exist at all?
e. How does the air pressure within a football affect the frequency with which it is
caught?
Comparing Truth Sources
In traditional Western culture, what are 2 widely accepted sources of truth? (paragraphs one and
two of this subsection)
According to your text, which of these 2 truth sources in more objective? (paragraph one of this
subsection)
Your text presents scientific truth as error-prone, but it still asserts that it is a valid source of
truth. What are 3 reasons found in this part of Section 2.3? (paragraph two of this subsection)
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Limits to Truth
What is 1 limitation that scientists face in being sure they possess scientific “truth”? (See the end
of the first paragraph of this subsection.)
Scholars face 2 inherent difficulties when they try to scientifically apply revealed truth to the
natural world. What are they? (second paragraph of this subsection)
The methods of science are limited. They cannot help us to:
a. study the reaches of deep space
b. derive laws governing modesty of dress in public
c. cure cancer
d. understand how human beings develop embryonically;
e. study oxygen diffusion from lower leaf surfaces.
The Value of Truth from Two Sources
Your text presents scientific truth as error-prone, but it still asserts that it is a valid source of
truth. What is one additional reason found in this part of Section 2.3? (Note the early content of
the second paragraph of this subsection.)
When considering the question of origins, what is the value of having two complementary truth
sources? (Review second half of the first paragraph of this subsection.)
3 Complexity I: Versatile Elemental Structure
3.1 A Brief History of Understanding Matter
Revealing Matter’s Complexity
What is a technique that is useful for separating compounds out of a mixture? Fig 3.2
Any substance found in nature will be either a __________, a ______ or a(n) ________. Fig 3.3
The smallest particle of a compound (that has all the properties of the compound) is a(n)
__________. (See paragraph four of this subsection.)
________ are made up of molecules that are a combination of two or more elements. (Distill this
blank’s identity from the last two paragraphs in this subsection.)
A(n)__________ cannot be degraded further by ordinary physical or chemical means. (See the
last paragraph of this subsection.)
The tiniest, most miniscule bit of a pure elemental substance is a(n)___________. (See the last
paragraph of this subsection.)
3.2 Atomic Structure
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What Are Its Parts?
A cloud of ___________ spins around a dense, centrally positioned nucleus. Consider the first
sentence of this subsection.
In the arrangement of particles within any atom, the outermost sort of particle is always the
_________. See Fig 3.5
Neutrons are located within the ________ of the atom. (first paragraph of this subsection)
Describe the net charge of a proton, a neutron and an electron. (See Fig 3.5 and first paragraph
of this subsection.)
In a normal atom, how does the number of protons compare to the number of electrons? (See the
second paragraph in this subsection.)
Name and describe the parts and regions within an atom. (See Fig 3.5 and text of this subsection)
When an atom loses an electron, it becomes a positively charged ____. (See the last sentence of
this subsection.)
A(n) _______is an “atom” that has lost or gained one or more electrons. (See the last sentence of
this subsection.)
Do Neutrons Make any Difference? What’s an Isotope?
The addition of neutrons to an atom affects its _______ but not its _________. See Fig 3.6
3.3 Chemical Bonding
Electrons are arranged within spherical ________ arranged in concentric ________ in the
structure of atoms. (early in the first paragraph of this section)
Ion Formation and Ionic Bonding
Sodium ions are attracted to chloride ions because they are __________________. See Fig 3.12
(end of long paragraph)
Covalent Bonding
The best term to describe the electrons that are involved in a covalent bond is that they are
_____________ by each of the two atoms involved. See Fig 3.14
Polarity in Water Molecules and Hydrogen Bonding
In forming a water molecule, the _______ atom with six electrons in its outer shell forms two
covalent bond(s) with two ___________ atoms. See Fig 3.15
Atoms share electrons __________ in a polar covalent bond. (second paragraph of this
subsection)
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Within a water molecule, the electrons spend most of their time attracted more closely to
_____________. See Fig 3.15
In a water molecule, the ______ bond between the oxygen and a hydrogen atom is _______
because the shared electrons orbit closer to the larger oxygen atom. (second paragraph of this
subsection, take apart the bold-faced phrase)
4 Complexity II: Molecular Efficiency and Variety
Give 4 examples from the living world that exhibit well-designed structures supporting well-
designed functions? (first paragraph of this section)
In an organism, the structure of an ___________ determines its function; in a cell the structure of
a ____________ determines its function (first paragraph of this section)
4.1 The Centrality of Carbon to the Organic Molecules of Life
What makes the carbon atom uniquely suited to building large molecules? See Fig. 4.2
Define the two terms, “monomer” and “polymer” and relate them to each other. (see paragraph
six of this section.)
4.2 Construction and Degradation of Organic Molecules
A condensation reaction joins two organic molecules together creating an H+ ion and an –OH
ion. What then happens to these two ions? See Fig 4.5. (second paragraph of this section)
Virtually all monomer in cells are built into polymers by removing _________ from one
monomer and ____________ from the other monomer, and using these products to form
____________. See Fig 4.5 (second paragraph of this section)
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