BIOL 101
VSTUDY UIDE UIZ G : Q 1
Quiz Preparation Tasks: Your Answers and Notes
1Life Is Significant
1.1 Design That Talks
The molecular structure of oak wood is comparable in complexity to the structure of the
Brooklyn Bridge. Your text uses this comparison to argue that ____________.
The structural design of the Brooklyn Bridge speaks of a
power and intellect that go beyond the work of a single
human being. In the oak tree under duress, the molecular
structure of the wood whispers a similar message. It
reveals an intellect that did not resort to random
attempts at fortuitous combinations of atoms. So Mother
Nature’s intricacy speaks of a powerful Designer. And
for reasons that lie to one side of rationality, some hear
her voice and some do not.
1.2 Design at Multiple Levels
Microbiological Architecture
“Body systems work with each other in highly related ways.” Which principle of life does
this statement illustrate?
7. Life in Internally Intregrated
Identify biological levels of organization.
Examples:
Biomolecules are composed of ____________.
Cells of a similar type are organized into a ____________.
A macro-molecular structure in a cell is composed of ____________.
Biomolecules are composed of-ATOMS
Cells of a similar type are organized ito a TISSUE
A macro-molecular structure in a cell is composed of
BIOMOLECULES----which are made up of from ATOMS
Cells in our body is composed of variety of organelles.
Humans design their technology at one or a few
ascending levels of reality. The Designer of life took at least
12 levels of reality into account as living things were
fashioned.
Your body is organized into at least 11 systems that
work together to support your life.
Each system of your body is composed of separate
organs that support its function.
Each organ in your body is composed of separate
tissues that support its function.
Each tissue in any organ of your body is composed
of separate cells that cooperate to serve that tissue’s role.
Each cell in your body is composed of a variety of
organelles that support its life functions.
Each organelle we’ve studied is fashioned from
macromolecular structures that carry out the organelle’s
role in the cell.
Each macromolecular structure is assembled from
biomolecules that the cell has made or acquired from other
cells.
Each kind of biomolecule is a collection of specific
atoms bonded together in a way that enables the bio-
molecule to serve its unique role in the life of the cell.
10. Life Is Complex.
Arrange the biological levels of organization described in your text from simplest to most
complex.
Example:
atom – biomolecule – macromolecular structure – organelle
Atom-biomolecule-macromoleculear structure, organelle-cell-
tissue-organ-organ system-individual-population-community-
ecosystem-biosphere-
Page 1 of 7
BIOL 101
Macrobiological Systems
Identify biological levels of organization.
Examples:
A collection of different populations forms a(n) ____________.
All ecosystems on the earth taken together are called a(n) ____________.
A collection of different populations forms a(n)
_____ecosystems_______.
All ecosystems on the earth taken together are called
a(n) bisphere____________.
Distinguish the way most scholars use the word “community” from the way a biologist
uses that term.
All the populations of species in a given area—
populations that have the potential to interact with each
other—are together called a .community
Arrange the biological levels of organization described in your text from simplest to most
complex.
Example:
individual – population – community – ecosystem
Atom-biomolecule-macromoleculear structure,
organelle-cell-tissue-organ-organ system-individual-
population-community-ecosystem-biosphere-
1.3 Unity within Diversity
Diversity of Styles
List the major groups of organisms within a three-domain system of classification. Bacteria-Archaea-Eukarya
List the major groups of organisms within a six-kingdom system of classification. Bacteria-Archaea-Protists-Plantae-Animalia-Fungi-
Unity in Essence
Associate the principle “Life Is Information Expressed” with a molecule that is this
principle’s starting point.
nucleic acid molecule in DNA-holds are biological (genetic)
information
Identify 2 requirements that drive and direct the growth of any living thing. Protein molecule
(information)DNA Strand/Multicellular
organism/Nucleic Acid
Energy,oxygen,water,metabolism
Recall the 2 principles of life that describe these 2 requirements. Life is Informational Continuity
Life is information Expressed
Toward a Description of Life
Explain why life cannot be defined. It cannot be simply defined because living things
exhibit way too much ____________ and ____________.
Complexity and diversity
Decreases in oxygen level at high altitudes cause hemoglobin levels in the bloodstream to
rise. Which principle of life does this statement illustrate?
Life is Responsive
1.4 Teleology, Start to Finish
Examples of design in nature lead many to believe there is a purpose lying behind the
design. This idea is best captured in what term?
-Teleology
-Outside the bounds of rationality
-“Since we cannot establish ultimate purpose using our
method, it makes no sense to speak of purpose. So we will
not.”
The term “teleology” expresses the idea that behind the designs seen in nature there lies a
more ultimate ____________.
Ultimate purpose
“A mouse runs because natural selection happens to have given it feet.” What sort of
philosopher would make this statement?
Naturalists
A mouse has feet for the purpose of running. Is this statement teleological or non-
teleological?
Teleological
Recognize 2 arguments that serious scholars of design use in order to see teleology in
nature.
When a bush sends longer branches away from a wall,
and shorter branches toward the wall, we assume that
the bush is favoring growth in the direction of its light
source. When a mouse flees to a dark corner of a room,
when a bacterial cell swims toward a higher
concentration of sugar molecules or away from some
toxic substance, we again assume that we know reasons
for these behaviors.
To Summarize This content follows Section 1.4 in the text.
Recognize examples and non-examples of 12 principles of life on which this course is
based.
Page 2 of 7
BIOL 101
Presentation: Biblical Basis of Life’s Significance This presentation is found in the Reading & Study folder
of Module/Week 1 of the course.
Recall the reference or location of 4 Bible passages that each give a reason for life’s
significance.
2Understanding Life’s Design
2.1 How Design Is Understood
Doing Science
Recognize elements of the scientific method based on their description in your textbook.
A skillful scientist can use a well-asked question to fashion a testable ____________. Experiment or study or test
Place the following activities in their correct order: designing an experiment that yields
data, deciding how much data to collect, running the experiment that generates the data,
collecting the data, interpreting the data to validate or discredit a model
deciding how much data to collect, collecting the data,
running the experiment that generates the data,
interpreting the data to validate or discredit a model
“Whales communicate over many miles using different frequencies of sound.” Would this
statement be best described as a specific numerical item of data? a large set of data items?
an interpretation of many large sets of data items? an initial hypothesis regarding how
whales might communicate? a conclusion reached as a result of logical thought about
communication?
An initial hypothesis regarding how whales might
communicate?
2.2 Rational Experimentation: Two Examples
The Effect of Sleep on Disease Resistance
Scientists wish to know if a vaccine against flu virus will be responded to in a patient by
the production of antibodies in the bloodstream. Injection of the vaccine is an example of
what element of the scientific method?
Experimental
“Sleep deprivation results in a decreased ability of the body to challenge pathogens.” What
sort of statement is this? Is it an example of data? Or is it an interpretation of data?
Interpetation of Data
“In other Words”
“A sleep-deprived individual has antibody levels that are exactly 1/3 as high as those of a
normal individual.” What sort of statement is this? Is it an example of data? Or is it an
interpretation of data?
Interpretation of Data?
Experimenting with Prayer
Which of the following activities would not be included in the scientific method?
validating information, thinking about problems, experimenting, observing results,
changing data
Changing Data
Prayer for a cardiac patient will reduce the severity of hospital intervention during the
patient’s recovery. This statement is an example of a(n) ____________.
CCU Score or Coronary Care Unit Course Score
In the study on prayer for heart patients, which of the following would be the hardest thing
to control for? doctor activities, hospital features, structure of experimental or control
groups, praying people outside of the experimental study
Structure of experimental or control groups
2.3 Seeing a Bigger Picture
Approaching Truth
List 2 separate approaches to truth. Scripture and Nature
Comparing Truth Sources
In traditional Western culture, what are 2 widely accepted sources of truth? Revealed and Scientific Method
Objectivity or subjectivity
According to your text, which of these 2 truth sources is more objective? Revealed truth comes with an objectivity inherent in the nature
of the Revealer of the Truth. This would be more Objective
Your text presents scientific truth as error-prone, but it still asserts that it is a valid source
of truth. What are 3 reasons found in this part of Section 2.3?
Repeatability of our tests, the internal consistency of our best
theories, and the pleasing utility of these theories in support of
many technological improvements in our lives.
Limits to Truth
What is 1 limitation that scientists face in being sure they possess scientific “truth” ? Science, on the other hand, has discovered a process that can
change existing life-forms, doom some to extinction, and help
others to weather environmental changes. The careful student
Page 3 of 7
BIOL 101
must sort through data and interpretations to see what the
physical process of evolution is capable of. She must also
allow the Biblical text to be determinative where it truly places
constraints on how living things originated.
The Value of Truth from Two Sources
Your text presents scientific truth as error-prone, but it still asserts that it is a valid source
of truth. What is 1 additional reason found in this part of Section 2.3?
Great Biblical concepts like the “rule of law” have granted
society a stability in which it can flourish. Great scientific
discoveries like antibiotics have likewise contributed to the
stability of society. It is the God of the Bible Who clarifies for
us His desire that humans should have full lives as a result of
applying truth from both sources. At one point He states: “Man
shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceeds
from the mouth of God.” Human life is threatened in serious,
even ultimate ways when God’s words are ignored. On the
other hand, God’s command to “replenish the earth and subdue
it” implies that we must understand and control nature if we
are to manage our environmental resources for our good as He
intends.
Scholars face 2 inherent difficulties when they try to scientifically apply revealed truth to
the natural world. What are they?
Scholars argue as to how Scripture’s truth informs the issue on
one hand, and on the other, how to sort the data of science
from the subjective interpretation of it. Consider the question
of origins, as an example. The Bible reveals that God has
supplied the creativity and power necessary to explain the
diversity of lifeforms on Earth. Science, on the other hand, has
discovered a process that can change existing life-forms, doom
some to extinction, and help others to weather environmental
changes. The careful student must sort through data and
interpretations to see what the physical process of evolution is
capable of. She must also allow the Biblical text to be
determinative where it truly places constraints on how living
things originated.
When considering the question of origins, what is the value of having two complementary
truth sources?
This text is a call to nonscientists to be fair and balanced in
their scrutiny of truth from complementary sources. To do
otherwise is to twist the Divine mandates into extreme and
contradictory world and life views. That result will either
degrade our concept of humanity or leave it at the mercy of
nature’s harsh realities.
3Complexity I: Versatile Elemental
Structure
3.1 A Brief History of Understanding Matter
Revealing Matter’s Complexity
Any substance found in nature will be either a(n) ____________, a(n) ____________, or
a(n) ____________.
Atom, Element,Compound, Molecule,
What is a technique that is useful for separating compounds out of a mixture? As part of his work, he inserted pulverized calcium carbonate,
a common mineral, into a glass tube and used it as a matrix on
which to separate from each other the distinct plant pigments
he was studying. Since the plant pigments differed from each
other in color, he named his technique . chromatography
Historical circumstances buried his new method in the
scientific literature for almost four decades—science
sometimes does this. But upon its rediscovery,
chromatography was developed into a science of its own using
many chemical and physical varieties of separating matrix.
Chromatography has been included in a vast variety of
purification projects. All along, the goal has been to purify
substances out of these horribly complex mixtures so that their
properties can be studied in isolation.
____________ are made up of molecules that are a combination of two or more elements. Compounds
Page 4 of 7
BIOL 101
The smallest particle of a compound (that has all the properties of the compound) is a(n)
____________.
Molecule(s)
Arrange the following terms in order of their complexity: atom, proton, neutron, electron,
molecule
Proton,Neutron,Electron,Molecule,Atom
Atom(s)=(Electron(s)+Proton(s))+Neutron(s)=Molecule(s)
A(n) ____________ cannot be degraded further by ordinary physical or chemical means. Elements
The tiniest, most miniscule bit of a pure elemental substance is a(n) ____________. Atom
3.2 Atomic Structure
What Are Its Parts?
Name and describe the parts and regions within an atom.
An atom consists of a dense, centrally positioned with a cloud of nucleus
negatively charged spinning around it (see ). The electrons Figure 3.5
overall picture is somewhat like the planets in a solar system. Physicists,
who invest millions of (your) dollars in this, tell us that the tiny, dense
nucleus holds a collection of positively charged particles
called and neutrally charged particles called . They also protons neutrons
tell us that protons and neutrons are themselves composite particles built
up from still simpler particles. We will not chase down the identities and
properties of these simpler particles. To do so is to peer into what may
well be an infinite regress of particles within particles. This would take us
further and further beyond the realm of biology, which is the collection of
levels of reality that we’ve chosen to study.
The term comes from the Greek , which means atom átomos
unable to be cut, something that cannot be divided further.
Ahh! Have we finally arrived at some minimal structural end
point? Is the atom the smallest thing that the Designer created
with? The very names we give to the phenomena around us
betray the naïveté of man and the overwhelming glory of a
truly Great Artist. Not only is the atom divisible into
constituent parts, but to understand how life works at the
metabolic-chemical level, we will need to dissect the atom and
consider those parts.
A cloud of ____________ spins around a dense, centrally-positioned nucleus. Electrons
In a normal atom, how does the number of protons compare to the number of electrons? There are equal amount of protons as there are electrons
Neutrons are located within the ____________ of the atom. Nucleus of the atom
In the arrangement of particles within any atom, the outermost sort of particle is always the
____________.
Electrical neutrality within the atom is maintained because the
number of protons in the nucleus equals the number of
electrons in the cloud about the nucleus. If the number of
electrons and protons ever becomes unequal, then the entire
atom takes on a net electrical charge and is called an .ion
Describe the net charge of a proton, a neutron, and an electron. Protons and electrons have a net charge. This word means that
these tiny particles have electrical properties. Since each
electron has a unit negative charge, it continually orbits the
nucleus to which it is attracted by the positively charged
protons found there. Electrical neutrality within the atom is
maintained because the number of protons in the nucleus
equals the number of electrons in the cloud about the nucleus.
If the number of electrons and protons ever becomes unequal,
then the entire atom takes on a net electrical charge and is
called an .ion
When an atom loses an electron, it becomes a positively charged ____________. Proton
A(n) ____________ is an “atom” that has lost or gained one or more electrons. Ion
Do Neutrons Make Any Difference? What’s an Isotope?
The addition of neutrons to an atom affects its __ MASS__________ but not its
_______ATOMIC WEIGHT
MASS but not its atomic weight?
How Are the Parts of an Atom Arranged?
Electrons are arranged within spherical ____________ arranged in concentric
____________ in the structure of atoms.
We stated that an atom is composed of a centrally located
nucleus containing positively charged protons that attract and
hold in orbit negatively charged electrons arranged around the
nucleus in a large cloud. The positions the electrons take
within this “cloud” are fairly well defined physically and are
referred to as (see ). How are these orbitals Figure 3.5
orbitals arranged? Consider this wonderful olfactory analogy:
Imagine a large dining room filled with small, round dining
tables (see ). Each table contains at least one pizza. Figure 3.7
Page 5 of 7
BIOL 101
Some tables contain several pizzas. A few contain many
pizzas.
3.3 Chemical Bonding
Ion Formation and Ionic Bonding
Sodium ions are attracted to chloride ions because they are __________electrostatically
attracted__.
So, if sodium metal atoms and chlorine gas atoms are
combined, there is a wonderful explosion (why?), and this
white powdery residue called sodium chloride (table salt)
results. The chlorine atoms have stolen the extra electron
dangling from the surface of the sodium atoms and the
resulting ions are now highly stable. The negatively charged
chloride ion is now attracted to the positively
charged sodium ion. They stick together by means of an
electrostatic attraction called an . Within ionic bond
a sodium chloride crystal, each sodium ion is ionically bonded
to all the chloride ions it is adjacent to (see Figure 3.13).
Covalent Bonding
The best term to describe the electrons that are involved in a covalent bond is that they are
____________ by each of the two atoms involved.
Sharing Electrons
Pulling from each others electrons
Polarity in Water Molecules and Hydrogen Bonding
In forming a water molecule, the ____________ atom with six electrons in its outer shell
forms two covalent bond(s) with two ____________ atoms.
Oxygen Atom
Hydrogen Atoms
Atoms share electrons ____________ in a polar covalent bond. Unequally
Within a water molecule, the electrons spend most of their time attracted more closely to
____________.
They will feel more strongly the pull of the eight protons in the
oxygen nucleus, and therefore spend more time around it.
They will spend less time around a single proton (the hydrogen
nucleus). Because of this, we draw the water molecule as
shown in . The bonds between hydrogen and Figure 3.15
oxygen are said to be because the polar covalent bonds
electrons are not shared equally—along the bond distance,
they gravitate toward the oxygen nucleus pole. If we step back
now and look at the outside surface of the water molecule, this
polarity has major consequences.
In a water molecule, the ______COVELANT______ bond between the oxygen and a
hydrogen atom is __________WEAK__ because the shared electrons orbit closer to the
larger oxygen atom.
COVELANT bond WEAK because
4Complexity II: Molecular Efficiency and
Variety
Give 4 examples from the living world that exhibit well-designed structures supporting
well-designed functions. carbohydrates molecules contain atoms of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1
lipids molecules are hydrophobic, insoluble in
water, oils, fats
proteins polymers of amino acids, linked in
linear chains, contain nitrogen
nucleic acids polymers composed of nucleotide
monomers, includes informational
molecules DNA and RNA
Page 6 of 7
BIOL 101
In an organism, the structure of a(n) ____________ determines its function; in a cell, the
structure of a(n) ____________ determines its function.
Organs determine its function,
Molecular form and fuction determine cellular form and
function
Organ tissue cellular organellar molecular structure
4.1 The Centrality of Carbon to the Organic Molecules of Life
What makes the carbon atom uniquely suited to building large molecules? They are readily bond
Of the 90 or so naturally occurring elements, only about 28 of
them find their way into significant amounts of cellular
structure. And of those, only four—carbon (C), oxygen (O),
hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N)—compose 95% of the mass of
the cell! Among these four kinds of elements is one whose
atoms are incredibly versatile for the purpose of building large
biological molecules. That element is carbon.
Define the terms “monomer” and “polymer” and relate them to each other.
The relation between a “monomer” and “polymer” refers to the process in which a
Monomer-a chemical compound can be used as a building block or structural subunit in the
assembly of a much larger molecule, known as a “polymer”.
Repeated structural units assembled (Monomers) result in much larger
molecules(Polymers)
--The term monomer refers to any chemical compound that
can be used as a building block or structural subunit in the
assembly of a much larger molecule called a .polymer
--The term polymer refers to a large chemical compound
formed by assembly of repeating structural units
called .monomers
4.2 Construction and Degradation of Organic Molecules
A condensation reaction joins two organic molecules together creating an H+ ion and an –
OH ion. What then happens to these two ions?
Once any cell has the monomers needed for growth, metabolic
reactions link these monomers together into polymers. These
reactions are essentially the same in all cells. In each case, a
large catalytic molecule called an enzyme (see ) Section 4.5
attaches to two monomers. It removes an oxygen and
hydrogen atom from one monomer and a hydrogen from the
other. Then it covalently bonds the two monomers together.
The two hydrogens and the oxygen are combined to form
water. The entire process is termed a reaction condensation
(see ).Figure 4.5
Virtually all monomer in cells are built into polymers by removing ____________ from
one monomer and ____________ from the other monomer, and using these products to
form ____________.
Condensation of two monomers to form a dimer. Addition of
further monomers will generate a polymer, starch. An enzyme
carries out this reaction.
Page 7 of 7
