BIOL 101
STUDY GUIDE: THE DIVERSITY AND RELATIONSHIPS OF LIFE
14.1 The Challenge of Classifying Life’s Diversity
A problem that confounds attempts to organize the entire living world for study is that it is
unknown how many separate species of life forms exist on this planet.
A problem that confounds attempts to organize the entire living world for study is that there are
too many organisms with too much overlapping complexity to support a simple means of
classification.
A problem that confounds attempts to organize the entire living world for study is the need of
evolutionists to bring the entire diversity of living things ultimately into their origin.
14.2 Classification: Engaging the Challenge
Seeking to scientifically name each variety of life form found and relate it to other similar
species is a discipline known as taxonomy.
The term systematics refers to attempts to derive a biologically meaningful filing system for
organizing genera and species.
What criteria are used for collecting species of organisms into a genus? Structurally closely
related to each other and distinct from other such collections.
Compared to a species, a genus is more inclusive, with broader structural and functional
variations.
Be able to properly write the scientific name for human beings according to the rules for naming
species. Homo sapiens
The convention used for representing scientific names for newly discovered species is that Latin
root words are used in order to name the organism’s primary distinguishing features.
List these 4 taxonomic levels in their correct order, from least inclusive to most inclusive:
species, genus, family, order: Order, family, genus, species
List these 5 taxonomic levels in their correct order, from least inclusive to most inclusive:
family, order, class, phylum, kingdom: family, order, class, phylum, kingdom
14.3 Characteristics Used in Classification
List and describe 7 basic characteristics used to classify living things. Photosynthesis,
multicellularity, nucleus, flagellae, mitochondria, amoeboid, gene sequences
14.4 Using Characteristics: Priorities and Presuppositions
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BIOL 101
The state of flux in modern systematic groupings could best be described as/seen in a variety of
conflicting kingdom or domain structures.
List 2 currently accepted classification schemes shared in your text. Each scheme attempts to
take in all known organisms. Groups (systematic), or clades
In the mind of evolutionary theorists, separate clades (large groups) derived from a single
common ancestor at the point where clade lineages meet.
In the minds of design theorists, separate clades (large groups) derived from separate concepts in
the Mind of a Designer.
14.5 Using Characteristics to Derive Groups
List the names of 10 groups of living organisms and a representative species of organism
belonging to each group. Bacteria (E coli), archaea (Pyrodictium occultum), excavate
(Trichomonas vaginalis), rhizaria (Globigerina bulloides), Discicristates (Euglena gracilis),
alveolate (paramecium aurelium), stramenopiles (ellerbeckia arenaria), amoebozoa
(amoeba proteus), plants (Pisum sativum), opisthokonta (Zona-trichia leucophrys)
List 10 small sets of defining characteristics that can be used to place organisms within each of
the 10 groups. 1. Bacteria a large group of prokaryotic, mostly unicellular organisms; those
with cell walls contain the polymer peptidoglycan in those walls; 2. Archaea a large group of
prokaryotic, mostly unicellular organisms that tend to inhabit extremes of environment such as
high-temperature, high-pressure, or high-salt environments; 3. Excavata a large group of
unicellular eukaryotic organisms with mitochondria that are highly modified or absent; usually
possessing two, four, or more flagellae. 4. Rhizaria a large group of unicellular eukaryotes that
includes ameboid cells as well as foraminerans and radiolarians; most have mitochondria with
tubular cristae. 5. Discicristates a large group of unicellular eukaryotes whose mitochondrial
cristae are disc-like in shape; includes many euglenoid forms such as genus Euglena. 6.
Alveolata a large group of unicellular eukaryotic forms that includes those possessing cilia and
the sporozoan cells that cause malaria; possess mitochondria with tubular cristae. 7.
Stramenopiles a large group of golden and brown algae and diatoms; all are eukaryotic; also
called heterokonts as a motile stage of their life cycle contains two different shaped flagellae.
8. Amoebozoa single-celled, eukaryotic forms that move by internal flow of cytoplasm into
blunt, lobe-like pseudopodial extensions of the cell membrane. 9. Plant group are composed
largely of multicel-lular forms that are eukaryotic in structure and diverse in habitat. 10.
Opisthokonta a large group of eukaryotic multicel-lular life-forms that includes the fungi and
animal kingdoms. Flagellated cells in this group have a single, posteriorly oriented flagellum.
15. Ecology: Interactivity by Design
Your textbook describes two sequential Phases of interaction between organisms and their
environments that have existed since God’s creative work began.
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BIOL 101
15.1 Thinking like an Ecologist: Exploring a Lake
Name the 3 zones of life found in a lake. Littoral zone, limnetic zone, profundal zone
The phytoplankton of a lake would be found in highest numbers in the Limnetic zone.
During the springtime, a light wind blowing across a lake will foster the process of lake overturn.
This timely event will bring together accumulated nutrients with living phytoplankton.
Explain how the unusual relative densities of water and ice are critical to the viability of life in a
deep lake. The floating ice provides insulation against the cold, winter weather, allowing
more creatures to survive.
15.2 Hierarchical Organization in Ecology
List the names of several different levels of organization at which ecology is studied.
Organism, survive, grow, and reproduce, population ecology, community ecology,
ecosystem.
Studying competition between the Peaks of Otter salamander and the Eastern redback
salamander would be an example of studying ecology at the community level.
At which of the levels of organization listed above can the Peaks of Otter salamander be studied?
Ecosystem
15.3 Organismal Ecology
The functional role of a species within its habitat is referred to as its niche.
An area providing cool, moist conditions with rocks and decaying logs at an appropriate
elevation and rainfall level constitutes a good habitat for the Peaks of Otter salamander.
15.5 Community Ecology
A relationship between individuals of two species in which members of one species are benefited
and members of the other species are unaffected is termed Commensalism.
The relationship between the wildebeest and Thompson’s gazelle represents a good example of
Commensalism.
Interspecific Competition
Define the phrase “interspecific competition” in terms of how the species within its relationship
are affected. Competition between individuals of different species where both species are
adversely affected.
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BIOL 101
Explain why young Balanus barnacles cannot compete with Chthamalus barnacles in higher
intertidal regions. Balanus individuals are more vulnerable to drying out in this zone.
How do species of warblers (birds) living in the same general region minimize their interspecific
competition? They forage different zones of the spruce trees.
One Species Benefits and the Other is Adversely Affected
Baleen whales use bubble net feeding technique to prey on herring fish.
Thorns, toxic products of metabolism, fuzzy structures, and predator satiation are all defense
tactics that what large group of organisms use to keep from being preyed upon? Plants
When a species of fly has a bold coloration very similar to that of an unpalatable (stinging)
yellow jacket, the fly’s “strategy” is termed Batesian mimicry.
Both Species Benefit
The best term to describe the species-species interaction between Pseudomyrmex ants and the
bullhorn acacia plant would be mutualism.
In the human and greater honeyguide mutualism, how is the honeyguide bird benefited?
Honeyguide leads human to honey bee hive and eats the wax and grubs left behind by
humans.
5.7 A Final Word about Our Interaction with God’s Household
Summarize a rationale for why a fallen, decaying created order still needs to be stewarded
carefully by its human inhabitants. We should care for the environment like we care for our
own bodies; to bring glory to God.
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