Module 5: Week 5
Study Guide: Your Body at Work
10 The Internally Integrated Human Animal
10.1 The Integrated Human
[x]List the names of 10 body systems and the principle role of each in serving the rest of the
body.
1. Muscular system: facilitate movement of the body and within the body
2. Skeletal system: gives support and form to the body/ support muscular system
3. Cardiovascular system: facilitate movement of cells and soluble materials throughout
the body
4. Respiratory system: enables critical gaseous reactants and products to be added to and
removed from the blood.
5. Integumentary system: skin / insulate & protection from desiccation(removal of
mositure) and invasion of foreign pathogens
6. Nervous system: coordination of organism activities and signal sending
7. Endocrine system: create hormones that control many aspects of the body's form and
function
8. Urinary system: Filters the blood / stores urine for excretion
9. Lymphatic system: surveys tissue fluids and their movement back to the bloodstream
10. facilitates intake, mechanical & enzymatic breakdown of foods / Digestive system:
absorption of nutirents and removing wastes
[x]A student runs up a flight of stairs. Other than the skeletal system, which body system
would be most immediate in its support of the muscular system in this activity?
Cardiovascular and respiratory systems
[x]As a student runs up a flight of stairs, her _______ system serves her by providing
moisture for evaporation to remove the heat her body is generating. It helps to moderate
her body temperature.
Integumentary
10.2 The Muscular System
Muscle Structural Organization
[x]A muscle is composed of thousands of muscle cells (fibers) bound into groups of 100 or
more fibers call __________ each of which is surrounded by _________ tissue called
perimysium.
Fascicles, connective
[x]What is the name of a contractile unit of a muscle?
Sacromeres
Muscle Contraction
[x]During muscle contraction, __________ filaments use their protein heads to attach
sequentially to sites along actin filaments.
Myosin
Control of Contraction: Ions, Gradients, and Membrane Potentials
[x]While waiting for a signal to contract, a muscle cell membrane maintains a slightly
higher positive charge on which side of the of the membrane? This is possible only because
________ pumps are available to generate this charge difference.
Outside, Na-k-ATPase
Contraction of Cardiac and Smooth Muscle
[x]Which of the three general types of muscle tissue helps to keep both our blood pressure
regulated and our digestive processes effective?
Smooth Muscle
[x]Name the calcium-binding proteins in skeletal muscle and those in smooth muscle.
Calmodulin, Troponin
10.3 The Cardiovascular System
Blood: A Medium of Exchange
[x]What is the most common molecule found in plasma, (or in all of blood for that
matter)? See Figure 10.9, chart.
Water
Blood Vessels: The Body’s Avenue of Life
[x]In which type of vessels—arteries, capillaries, or veins—do the exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide, and of nutrients and cell wastes occur (principally)?
Capillaries
The Heart: The Dynamo of Human Life
[x]Systolic blood pressure is the _______ number of your blood pressure reading. It is
recorded when the heart (—specifically the left _________ --) contracts.
Higher, Ventricle
Trace the route of blood flow through the human heart. Figure 10.11 will help.
10.4 Basic Concepts of Immunity
[x]Notice the parts of Table 10.2. List three general lines of defense in the human immune
system.
1. Natural Barriers at Body Surfaces which restrict entry of pathogen (nonspecific targets)
ex. skin, mucos membranes
2. Innate Nonspecific Responses immune defenses provide rapid local response to pathogen
after it has entered host (nonspecific targets) ex. fever, inflammation...
3. Antigen-specific Immune Responses specifically target and attack invaders that get past
first 2 lines of defense (specific targets only) ex. antibodies, lymphocytes
Your First Line of Defense
[x]The ___________ secretions from membranes lining your bronchial passages entrain
microbes. Cilia then carry them away to your acid-laden stomach where they will die.
Mucous
Your Second Line of Defense
[x]Name two contrasting the sites in the body where macrophages and neutrophils patrol
for foreign objects.
Blood (or Bloodstream), Tissues
[x]Inflammation results from increased release of fluids and cells in the area of an
infection. List four basic signs and symptoms of inflammation.
1. Redness
2. Swelling
3. Heat
4. Pain
Your Third Line of Defense
[x]Review Table 10.3. List four fundamental characteristics of the adaptive immune
response.
1. Requires exposure to foreign agent; non-innate
2. Is specific for the particular foreign agent
3. Is transferable from one host to another
4. is remembered when foreign agent returns a second time.
[x]Neither B lymphocytes nor T lymphocytes are able by themselves to respond to foreign
antigen. To undergo further division, they must at some point receive another signal to
proliferate (divide). They get this signal from what type of cells? (see Figures 10.17, 10.18)
Helper T Cells
Preparing Your Immune System: The Preemptive Strike
[x]When a vaccine is given to a person with a healthy immune system, what is the long-
term result? Your body has built up an:
your body now has immunologic memory built up and can mount an immune response
much faster and more effectively
Immunity
[x]Vaccination works because our immune system is able to “___________” the same
foreign entity if we are re-infected with it.
Remember
10.5 The Human Digestive System
[x]For these five digestive system organs: stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine and
large intestine, list their principle function(s).
1. Stomach: Receives, temporarily stores, and digests food.
2. Liver: Process & stores glycogen, decompses old red blood cells, synthesizes blood
plasma proteins, and hormones.
3. Pancreas: Generates degradative enzymes, secretes hormones insulin and glucagon.
4. Small intestine: Mechanical & chemical digestion, and nutrient absorption
5. Large intestine: Water reabsorption and some vitamin absorption
[x]The role of the hepatic portal system is to help the _________ (organ) to control nutrient
levels in your circulatory system.
Liver
[x]The hepatic portal vein forms from capillary beds in ______________ and leads to a
second set of capillary beds in ______________. See Figure 10.22.
Intestines, Liver
10.6 The Human Urinary System
[x]What is the principle function of the ureter?
It carries urine from its formation site in the kidney to its storage site in the urinary
bladder.
[x]What is the principle function of the urethra? The urinary bladder?
It extends from the base of the bladder to the exterior of the body; urine is excreted
through this duct.
Stores urine prior to voiding.
[x]List three separate, related functions of the kidney. A) _______ in the glomerular
capillaries, b) tubular _________ of water and small dissolved substances back in the
bloodstream, c) __________ of waste molecules in the distal tubule.
1. Filter the blood
2. Reabsorb what the body needs to keep
3. Secrete things the body definitely needs to be rid of.
a. Filtration
b. Tubular reabsorption
c. Tubular secretion
10.7 Neurons at Work
Neuron Structure and Function
[x]Which structural feature of a human neuron uniquely and perfectly fits it for its signal-
carrying role?
It's impressive length
[x]A neuron is a specialized cell that consists of three regions structurally. What are they?
The cell body
Dendrites
Axons
[x]Which type of neuron receives a stimulus, carries it toward the brain and spinal cord
and thus transmits it to the central nervous system? see Figure 10.29
Sensory neurons
Nervous Reflexes
[x]List in the correct order the separate structures through which a signal moves in a
“simple” reflex arc? Find the four named structures in Figure 10.30 (by following the
black lines).
Receptor, sensory neuron, the integration center, motor neuron, effector
[x]What kind of neuron is not a required element of the simple reflex arc? (even though it
is distantly connected to the reflex arc as represented and described in Figure 10.30)
Interneuron
10.8 The Human Nervous System
[x]What are the two main sections of the human nervous system? See Figure 10.31 a.
CNS (Central Nervous System), Peripheral Nervous System
[x]The efferent or motor branch of the peripheral nervous system is subdivided into the
______ (voluntary) and ____________ (involuntary) nervous systems.
Somatic, Autonomic
The Central Nervous System
[x]For the following brain regions, list each one’s principle functional role: cerebrum,
cerebellum, medulla, hypothalamus, thalamus.
Cerebrum: a large, bi-hemispheric region of the vertebrate brain that in humans
functions in learning, voluntary movement, and sensory interpretation. Conscious
thought, problem-solving skills, speech production, voluntary movement.
Cerebellum: Controls coordination of our motor movements/ functions in muscle
coordination, tone, and balance.
Medulla: portion of the brain closest to the spinal cord; functions in control of
involuntary processes such as heart rate and breathing intensity.
Hypothalamus: Controls the ANS and much of the endocrine system; regulates food and
water intake, sleep and wake cycles, and body temperature. Part of the limbic system- the
emotional area of the CNS
Thalamus: Sorts incoming information from the PNS and sends it to the proper place in
the cerebrum /a coordinating center of the brain that routes sensory inputs to areas of the
cerebrum devoted to generating motor responses.
[x]Which structure within the brain has the role of generating emotions?
Hypothalamus (limbic system)
The Peripheral Nervous System
[x]Cranial and spinal nerves of the peripheral nervous system serve both __________ and
_________ functions carrying impulses to and from the body parts.
Sensory, Motor
[x]Distinguish, in general terms, the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
(branches) of the ANS (autonomic nervous system). (Review the final paragraph of this
subsection.)
The parasympathetic division mediates control of processes operating within its organs
when the body is essentially at rest.
The sympathetic division mediates the control of these same organic processes when the
body is under stress.
The Nervous System is Internally Integrated
[x]The nervous system interacts with the ___________ system to coordinate the internal
integration of all the other body systems together.
Endocrine system
[x]Which systems of the body interact with the peripheral nervous system? See Figure
10.38.
Digestive
Repiratory
Circulatory
Unrinary
10.9 Drugs and the Nervous System
Alcohol acts as a depressant to the nervous system, meaning it slows down the
neurotransmitters that allow your brain to communicate with the rest of the
nerves in your body. In the short-term this can impair your vision, judgement,
and alertness while slowing down your reaction time and coordination.
Ethanol, also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol and grain alcohol, is a clear,
colorless liquid and the principle ingredient in alcoholic beverages like beer,
wine or brandy.
In beverage form ethanol leaves the digestive system from the stomach and
small intestine and enters the circulatory system, which carries it to the blood-
brain barrier.
as the level rises toward 0.2%, the broadly sedative nature of ethanol begins to
manifest itself in a slowed reaction time, slurred speech, and a staggering gait.
Between levels of 0.2% and 0.3%, loss of consciousness is possible, and
between levels of 0.3% and 0.4% death becomes a possibility as breathing and
heart rate are minimized.
Caffeine: Catalyst of the Technological Revolution
[x]Caffeine affects synapses by binding to __________ receptors without activating them.
See Figure 10.40
Adenosine
Fluoxetine Hydrochloride: Chemical Joy
[x]Fluoxetine HCl affects synapses by inhibiting re-uptake of _____________by its
transporter proteins. See Figure 10.41
Serotonin
