BIOL 101
STUDY G : Q 3UIDE UIZ
Quiz Preparation Tasks: Your Answers and Notes
6Energy-Driven Inventions
6.1 Living Systems Require a Flow of Energy
In a phrase, how do physicists define “energy” ? The ability to do work
How would a cell biologist define “energy” ? The ability to make specific changes occur
The physicist’s definition of energy is not ____________ for use in defining energy
changes within a living cell.
Comprehensive
List 5 major sorts or categories of energy change within the cell. Biosynthesis
Movement
Concentration
Electrical potential
Heat
On a cold day, which of the following processes do your cells depend on to maintain an
operating temperature of 37 degrees Celsius?
a. shivering
b. muscle contraction
c. respiration energy production
d. metabolic heat generation
e. all of the above
Shivering
Sometimes the cell pumps substances against diffusion forces that would carry those
substances the other way. What term would you give to this process?
Energy of concentration
6.2 Laws of Energy Flow in the Living World
____________ is freely convertible from one form to another, but ____________ can
never be created or destroyed.
Energy, energy
Systems that convert energy from one form to another are not 100% efficient, thus the
amount of useful energy ____________.
Decreases
In nature, as energy freely changes from one form to another, the total amount of energy
____________ ____________.
Stays the same or becomes useless
In living things, energy conversion is inefficient, with much energy being lost in the form
of ____________.
Heat
What form of energy do producers use when they set about to generate chemical energy—
the energy of C―H and C―O―H bonds?
Solar energy
A producer organism is called a “producer” because it produces usable ____________
____________.
Chemical energy
When your car engine burns the octane in gasoline, in what form does at least 50% of the
energy of the octane end up?
Heat energy
A lit match cannot continue to burn when the wood of the matchstick is consumed. This
statement illustrates what general law of energy flow?
Conservation of matter and energy
In a crowded, unventilated room, what causes the temperature to rise? Energy is lost to the room as heat or body heat
6.3 Energy Flows in Chemical Reactions
Existing chemical bonds between atoms are broken and new ones are formed between
different atoms. In the broadest sense this is the definition for a ____________
____________.
Chemical reaction
Give an example of a chemical reaction. Bacteria or four hydrogen atoms bond with two oxygen
atoms to form two water molecules
Whenever chemical bonds are broken, energy is ____________. Whenever chemical
bonds form, energy is ____________.
Required, given off
Does an endergonic reaction require the input of energy, or does it give off energy? Input of energy or give off
What term is given to the amount of energy required to break the bonds in reactant Activation energy
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molecules?
What is true of the bonds in reactant molecules that keeps most chemical reactions in
nature from occurring?
Lower or the amount of energy required to break theor bonds
is simply not present in their environment
When ____________ energy is not available for a given chemical reaction, the reaction
will not go.
Activation
6.4 Enzymes Direct Energy Flow
How is the activation energy of desired reactions lowered in living things so that the
desired reactions are able to go forward?
Enzymes(catalyzed)
What words best describe the way in which enzymes bind to reactant molecules? Selective: shape
What exactly does an enzyme do to the chemical bonds within the reactant molecule? Weakens then by binding to reactant molecules
By binding to reactant molecules, what effect does an enzyme have on the activation
energy for a given reaction?
Allows bonds in the reactant molecules to break freely
or ot lowers the activation energy
6.5 Energy Flow in Reaction Pathways: Metabolism
What name would you give to sequences of chemical reactions within cells? Metabolic pathways
In a(n) ____________, the product of one reaction becomes the reactant of the next
reaction, and so on.
Metabolic pathways
If the final end product of a metabolic pathway is continually removed and used
elsewhere, then the reactions of the entire pathway will be pulled in the direction of
making more ____________ ____________.
‘j’ molecule or of the end product
Suppose an excess amount of product accumulates at the end of a metabolic pathway. The
product then binds to the allosteric site of the first enzyme along the pathway, shutting
down the pathway. What do we call this regulatory process?
Feedback inhibition
An allosteric enzyme has a second binding site other than its own active site for
converting substrate to product. What does this second site bind to?
The product of the last enzyme in the pathway or regulatory
molecule from other strategic points within the cell’s
metabolic world
If the final product of a metabolic pathway begins to build up in excess, the pathway can
often be slowed down by a process called ____________ ____________.
Feedback inhibition
A single regulatory molecule can shut down multiple metabolic pathways if it is able to
add ____________ groups that alter the active site of the first enzyme in each pathway.
Phosphate group
6.6 Energy Pools in the Cell: ATP
Three phosphate groups are linked to a ribose sugar which, in turn, is linked to a
pyrimidine base known as adenine; this phrase describes the structure of ____________.
ATP (adenospine Triphospate
Where in the ATP molecule is the “high energy” bond that carries potential energy and is
easily broken?
Last two phospates
To derive energy from an ATP molecule, what bond must be broken? Phosphate bonds
Energy-releasing reactions drive biosynthetic ones forward by contributing to a pool of
____________ molecules.
ATP
The substance ____________ would most likely enable a flagellum to drive a bacterium
forward through the medium in which it is swimming.
ATP
6.7 Energy Flow from Carbohydrates to ATP: Respiration
In respiration, chemical energy is transferred from glucose to ATP. The energy transfer,
however, is not 100% efficient. In the transfer, some of the energy is lost as
____________ (review Section 6.2, above).
Heat
In what major cellular process are three interrelated, exergonic pathways and oxygen used
to generate large amounts of ATP from glucose molecules?
Aerobic Respiration
The term ____________ could be defined as about 30 individual, sequential chemical
reactions that form three metabolic pathways: one in the cytoplasm and two within the
mitochondrion.
Aerobic Respiration
List the reactants and products of the summary reaction for aerobic respiration. Reactants: Glucose, oxygen, and ADP
Products: Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
Write out the summary reaction for aerobic respiration. ^^^^
Name the 3 stages of aerobic respiration. Glycosis, Kerbs Cycle. Electron Transfer Phosphorylation
The three metabolic pathways that make up aerobic respiration are really all parts of one Oxygen
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larger pathway because the products of early pathways (like NADH) become
____________ in the last one.
Aerobic Respiration: Stage 1 - Glycolysis
What is the first stage of aerobic respiration? Glycosis
In the process of glycolysis, one molecule of ____________ is converted to two
molecules of ____________.
Glucose; pyruvates
Is carbon dioxide a reactant in or product of glycolysis? Product
Glycolysis is valuable to a cell because it produces ____________ for driving
biosynthetic processes.
ATP
Glycolysis is valuable to a cell because it supplies minimal energy without requiring the
presences of ____________ as a reactant.
Oxygen
Glycolysis is valuable to a cell because it generates ____________ that can be exchanged
for ATPs later.
NADH
Glycolysis is valuable to a cell because it produces ____________, which the Krebs cycle
can further degrade for more energy.
Pyruvate
Aerobic Respiration: Stage 2 - The Krebs Cycle
All of the six carbon atoms in each glucose molecule leave respiration in the form of
carbon dioxide. Most of them leave during which part of aerobic respiration?
Kerbs Cycle
Which of the following is not a product of the Krebs cycle?
a. FADH2
b. carbon dioxide
c. ATP
d. NAD
e. NADH
NAD
The Krebs cycle’s NADH products are of value. In what way? The still contain considerable potential energy for generating
ATP molecules
The most energetic and useful product of the Krebs cycle is ____________. NADH and FADH2
Aerobic Respiration: Stage 3 - Electron Transfer Phosphorylation
What is the immediate source of electrons for electron transfer phosphorylation? Substrates around the Kerbs Cycle
The final stage of aerobic respiration involves the phosphorylation of ____________ to
____________ by transfer of electrons.
ADP to ATP
During the electron transfer reactions, protons (H+ ions) are pumped (moved) to one side
of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. The value of this pumping is that the
resulting proton gradient is then used to ____________.
Creates an electrical potential which is relieved by an inward
flow of protons theough the ATPase enzyme that
phosphorylates ADP. Generating ATP
What is the most valuable product, energetically, of electron transfer phosphorylation? ATP
The value of the three stages of aerobic respiration is their ability to break down glucose,
a single molecule, with the resultant production of about ____________ ATP molecules.
36
6.9 Energy Flow from Photons to Carbohydrates:
Photosynthesis
____________ organisms build their own energy-rich molecules using solar energy. Autotroph
Plants are considered autotrophic because their cells contain what critical molecule? Chlorophyll
Name a process that uses chlorophyll molecules to produce high-energy carbohydrates. Photosynthesis
List the reactants and products for the overall process of photosynthesis. Reactants:6CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)+6H2O(Water)=Solar
Energy
Products: C6H1206(Glucose)=6O2(Oxygen
In photosynthesis, the H atoms used to make high-energy carbohydrates like glucose
come from which reactant molecule?
Water
Photosynthesis: Stage 1 - Light-Dependent Reactions
The wavelengths of light used in photosynthesis are found in the ____________ portion
of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Visible
Each wavelength of light has its own ____________ level. Energy
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When light of the correct wavelength hits a photosynthetic pigment molecule, an electron
within one of its atoms becomes ____________.
Energized
What is the value of accessory pigments within the chloroplast’s structure? The absorb wavelengths of light not readily absorbed by
chlorophyll. They transfer the energy of that absorption to
nearby chlorophyll molecules, enhancin their excitation of
electrons.
Accessory pigments and chlorophylls work together within the thylakoid membrane in
clusters called ____________.
Photosystems
Photosystems harvest light energy and use it to transfer electrons to ____________
molecules.
Chlorophyll
The light-dependent reaction is like the last stage of aerobic respiration in that both
reaction sequences carry out ____________ ____________ phosphorylations.
Electron transfer
The light-dependent reaction is like the last stage of aerobic respiration in that both
processes generate the energy-rich ____________ molecule.
ATP
The light-dependent reaction is like the last stage of aerobic respiration in that both
processes involve the flow of ____________.
Electrons
The light-dependent reaction is like the last stage of aerobic respiration in that both
systems are lodged with a ____________ surface.
Membrane/thylaloid
What is the role of NADPH in the process of photosynthesis? What does it carry? From
where to where?
Carries high-energy electrons to the second stage of
photosynthesis where they are used to create energy-rich
bonds
NADPH is formed when it accepts high-energy ____________ from an excited
photosystem.
Electrons
List 3 products of the light-dependent reaction. Oxygen,ATP,NADPH
Photosynthesis: Stage 2 - Light-Independent Reactions
In the chloroplast, light-dependent reactions take place in the ____________ membrane,
while light-independent reactions take place in the fluid of the ____________.
Thykaloid. Stroma
Where, within the chloroplast, are new molecules of glucose generated? Stroma
The immediate product of photosynthesis, three-carbon PGALs can be assembled together
to generate ____________ molecules.
Glucose
The immediate product of photosynthesis, three-carbon PGALs can also find their way
into ____________ sugar molecules.
Sucrose
The immediate product of photosynthesis, three-carbon PGALs may eventually become
part of the subunits of ____________ polymers.
Startch
The immediate product of photosynthesis, three-carbon PGALs are used to generate
transport and ____________ forms of carbohydrates.
Polymerize
6.10 Energy Flow: An Integrated Picture
The overall process that uptakes energy-poor molecules (CO2 and H2O) from their
reservoirs in nature and converts them into energy-rich molecules is ____________.
Photosynthesis
What 2 processes complement each other within the global carbon cycle? Photosynthesis; respiration
____________ organisms specialize in capturing energy. Sutotroph
____________ organisms are highly efficient at handling energy. Hetrotroph
____________ organisms generate far more C―H bond energy than they themselves
utilize.
Autotrophic bacteria and plant (servant
7Information and Its Expression in the Cell
7.1 The Need for Biological Information
Biological information must exist because cell structure is ____________ enough to
require information for its construction.
Expressed
7.2 The Nature of Biological Information
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Who discovered DNA and from what source did he isolate it? Fredrick Miescher. Samples of human white blood cells
(leucocytes) taken from the pus of discarded bandages from a
hospital
What was the principle tool Rosalind Franklin used to unravel the structure of DNA? X-Ray Crystallography
DNA contains two chains of nucleotides in which ____________ and ____________
alternate in supporting each chain structurally.
Sugars and Phosphates
Where in the DNA molecule’s structure is the genetic information located? The order of the nucleotide bases in 1 strand
Where in the cell is DNA stored? Nucleus
DNA is stored within a partially-condensed fiber called ____________. Chromatin
Griffith exposed weak living bacteria to just the fluids from heat-killed virulent bacteria.
Some of these weak bacteria became virulent and could now kill mice. What control
experiment did he do to argue that his weak bacteria changed to virulence in these
studies? Select a choice from below.
a. He grew his non-virulent bacteria for several years before infecting mice with
them.
b. He injected viruses into his mice to test their resistance to viral infection.
c. He injected virulent bacteria into rabbits to see if they would die.
d. He injected heat-killed virulent bacterial fluids into a mouse to make sure the
mouse would survive.
e. He isolated two strains of bacteria and maintained them in colonies.
D. he injected heat-killed virulent bacterial fluids into a
mouse to make sure the mouse would survivemo
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