BIOL 101
STUDY G : Q 3UIDE UIZ
Quiz Preparation Tasks: Your Answers and Notes
6Energy-Driven Inventions
6.1 Living Systems Require a Flow of Energy
In a phrase, how do physicists define “energy”? The ability to do work
How would a cell biologist define “energy”? The ability to make specific changes occur
The physicist’s definition of energy is not _______________ for use in
defining energy changes within a living cell.
Comprehensive enough?
List five major sorts or categories of energy change within the cell. Biosynthesis, movement, concentration of a substance,
electrical potential, heat energy
On a cold day, which of the following processes do your cells depend on to
maintain an operating temperature of 37 degrees Celsius?
a. shivering
b. muscle contraction
c. respiration energy production
d. metabolic heat generation
e. all of the above
All of the above
Sometimes the cell pumps substances against diffusion forces that would
carry those substances the other way. What term would we give to this
process?
Energy of concentration
6.2 Laws of Energy Flow in the Living World
______ is freely convertible from one form to another but _______ can
never be created or destroyed.
energy
Systems that convert energy from one form to another are not 100%
efficient, thus the amount of useful energy ___________.
decreases
In nature, as energy freely changes from one form to another, the total
amount of energy _________ _________.
Stays the same
In living things, energy conversion is inefficient, with much energy being
lost in the form of _______.
heat
What form of energy do producers use when they set about to generate
chemical energy—the energy of C―H and C―O―H bonds.
Solar energy
Thus, a producer organism is called a “producer” because it produces usable
______ _______.
Chemical energy
When your car engine burns the octane in gasoline, in what form does at
least 50% of the energy of the octane end up?
heat
A lit match cannot continue to burn when the wood of the match stick is
consumed. This statement illustrates what general law of energy flow?
Conservation of mass and energy
In a crowded, unventilated room, what causes the temperature to rise? Body heat
6.3 Energy Flows in Chemical Reactions
Existing chemical bonds between atoms are broken and new ones are formed
between different atoms. In the broadest sense, this is the definition for a
_______ _________.
Chemical reaction
Give an example of a chemical reaction. Four hydrogen atoms bond with two oxygen atoms to form
two water molecules. Ie: 2H2+O2 > 2H2O
Whenever chemical bonds are broken, energy is __________. Whenever Required; given off
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BIOL 101
chemical bonds form, energy is __________.
Does an endergonic reaction require the input of energy, or does it give off
energy?
Give off
What term is given to the amount of energy required to break the bonds in
reactant molecules?
Activation energy
What is true of the bonds in reactant molecules that keeps most chemical
reactions in nature from occurring?
The amount of energy required to break their bonds is simply
not present in their environment
When ________ energy is not available for a given chemical reaction, the
reaction will not go.
activation
6.4 Enzymes Direct Energy Flow
How is the activation energy of desired reactions lowered in living things, so
that the desired reactions are able to go forward?
Enzymes
What words best describe the way in which enzymes bind to reactant
molecules?
It binds the reactant in such a way as to stress just the bond
that needs to be broken to get the product that is desired
What exactly does an enzyme do the chemical bonds within the reactant
molecule?
Weakens them
By binding to reactant molecules, what effect does an enzyme have on the
activation energy for a given reaction?
It lowers the activation energy
6.5 Energy Flow in Reaction Pathways: Metabolism
What name do we give to sequences of chemical reactions within cells? Metabolic pathways
In a (n) ________ the product of one reaction becomes the reactant of the
next reaction and so on.
Metabolic pathway
If the final end product of a metabolic pathway is continually removed and
used elsewhere, then the reactions of the entire pathway will be pulled in the
direction of making more _____ ____________.
Of the end product
Suppose an excess amount of product accumulates at the end of a metabolic
pathway. The product then binds to the allosteric site of the first enzyme
along the pathway, shutting down the pathway. What do we call this
regulatory process?
Feedback inhibition
An allosteric enzyme has a second binding site other than its own active site
for converting substrate to product. What does this second site bind to?
Regulatory molecule from other strategic points within the
cell’s metabolic world
If the final product of a metabolic pathway begins to build up in excess, the
pathway can often be slowed down by a process called ______________
____________.
feedback inhibition
A single regulatory molecule can shut down multiple metabolic pathways if
it is able to add _________ groups that alter the active site of the first
enzyme in each pathway.
Phosphate
6.6 Energy Pools in the Cell: ATP
Three phosphate groups linked to a ribose sugar which, in turn, is linked to a
pyrimidine base known as adenine: this phrase describes the structure of
_______.
Adenosphine Triphosphate (ATP)
Where in the ATP molecule is the “high energy” bond that carries potential
energy and is easily broken?
Last two phosphates
To derive energy from an ATP molecule, what bond must be broken? Phosphate bonds
Energy-releasing reactions drive biosynthetic ones forward by contributing
to a pool of _____ molecules.
ATP
The substance _______ would most likely enable a flagellum to drive a
bacterium forward through the medium in which it is swimming.
ATP
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BIOL 101
6.7 Energy Flow from Carbohydrates to ATP:
Respiration
In respiration, chemical energy is transferred from glucose to ATP. The
energy transfer, however, is not 100% efficient. In the transfer, some of the
energy is lost as _______. (Review Section 6.2 above)
Heat
In what major cellular process are three interrelated, exergonic pathways and
oxygen used to generate large amounts of ATP from glucose molecules?
Aerobic respiration
The term ___________________ could be defined as about 30 individual,
sequential chemical reactions that form three metabolic pathways: one in the
cytoplasm and two within the mitochondrion.
Aerobic respiration
List the reactants and products of the summary reaction for aerobic
respiration.
Reactants: Glucose, oxygen, and ADP
Products: Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
Write out the summary reaction for aerobic respiration. ^^^
Name the three stages of aerobic respiration. Glycosis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transfer Phosphorylation
The three metabolic pathways that make up aerobic respiration are really all
parts of one larger pathway because the products of early pathways (like
NADH) become _______ in the last one.
oxygen
Aerobic Respiration: Stage 1 - Glycolysis
What is the first stage of aerobic respiration? glycosis
In the process of glycolysis, one molecule of _______ is converted to two
molecules of __________.
Glucose; pyruvates
Is carbon dioxide either a reactant in or product of glycolysis? product
Glycolysis is valuable to a cell because it produces _______ for driving
biosynthetic processes.
ATP
Glycolysis is valuable to a cell because supplies minimal energy without
requiring the presences of __________ as a reactant.
Oxygen
Glycolysis is valuable to a cell because it generates _____ that can be
“cashed in” for ATPs later.
NADH
Glycolysis is valuable to a cell because it produces ___________, which the
Krebs cycle can further degrade for more energy.
Pyruvate
Aerobic Respiration: Stage 2 – The Krebs Cycle
All of the six carbon atoms in each glucose molecule leave respiration in the
form of carbon dioxide. Most of them leave during which part of aerobic
respiration?
Krebs cycle
Which of the following is not a product of the Krebs cycle?
a. FADH2
b. carbon dioxide
c. ATP
d. NAD
e. NADH
NAD
The Krebs cycle’s NADH products are of value. In what way? They still contain considerable potential energy for
generating ATP molecules
The most energetic and useful product of the Krebs cycle is ________. NADH and FADH2
Aerobic Respiration: Stage 3 – Electron Transfer
Phosphorylation
What is the immediate source of electrons for electron transfer
phosphorylation?
substrates around the Krebs Cycle
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BIOL 101
The final stage of aerobic respiration involves the phosphorylation of ____
to ____ by transfer of electrons.
ADP to ATP
During the electron transfer reactions, protons (H+ ions) are pumped
(moved) to one side of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. The value
of this pumping is that the resulting proton gradient is then used to
____________.
Creates an electrical potential which is relieved by an inward
flow of protons through the ATPase enzyme that
phosphorylates ADP, generating ATP.
What is the most valuable product, energetically, of electron transfer
phosphorylation?
ATP
The value of the three stages of aerobic respiration is their ability to break
down glucose, a single molecule, with the resultant production of about ____
ATP molecules.
36
6.9 Energy Flow from Photons to Carbohydrates:
Photosynthesis
________organisms build their own energy-rich molecules using solar
energy.
autotroph
Plants are considered autotrophic because their cells contain what critical
molecule?
chlorophyll
Name a process that uses chlorophyll molecules to produce high-energy
carbohydrates.
Photosynthesis
List the reactants and products for the overall process of photosynthesis. Reactants: 6CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) + 6H20 (Water) + Solar
Energy
Products: C6H1206 (Glucose) + 602 (Oxygen)
In photosynthesis, the H atoms used to make high-energy carbohydrates like
glucose come from which reactant molecule?
Water
Photosynthesis: Stage 1 – Light-Dependent Reactions
The wavelengths of light used in photosynthesis are found in the _________
portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Visible
Each wavelength of light has its own _______ level. energy
When light of the correct wavelength hits a photosynthetic pigment
molecule, an electron within one of its atoms becomes ________.
energized
What is the value of accessory pigments within the chloroplast’s structure? They absorb wavelengths of light not readily absorbed by
chlorophyll. They transfer the energy of that absorption to
nearby chlorophyll molecules, enhancing their excitation of
electrons.
Accessory pigments and chlorophylls work together within the thylakoid
membrane in clusters called __________.
photosystems
Photosystems harvest light energy and use it to transfer electrons to
_________ molecules.
chlorophyll
The light-dependent reaction is like the last stage of aerobic respiration in
that both reaction sequences carry out ________ _________
phosphorylations.
Electron transfer
The light-dependent reaction is like the last stage of aerobic respiration in
that both processes generate the energy-rich _____ molecule.
ATP
The light-dependent reaction is like the last stage of aerobic respiration in
that both processes involve the flow of __________.
Electrons
The light-dependent reaction is like the last stage of aerobic respiration in
that both systems are lodged within a ___________ surface.
Membrane/thykaloid
What is the role of NADPH in the process of photosynthesis? What does it
carry? From where to where?
Carries high-energy electrons to the second stage of
photosynthesis where they are used to create energy-rich
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bonds.
NADPH is formed when it accepts high-energy __________ from an excited
photosystem.
electrons
List three products of the light-dependent reaction. Oxygen, ATP, NADPH
Photosynthesis: Stage 2 – Light-Independent Reactions
In the chloroplast, light dependent reactions take place in the
__________________ membrane, while light independent reactions take
place in the fluid of the ___________.
thykaloid, stroma
Where, within the chloroplast, are new molecules of glucose generated? stroma
The immediate product of photosynthesis, three-carbon PGALs can be
assembled together to generate _______ molecules.
glucose
The immediate product of photosynthesis, three-carbon PGALs can also find
their way into _______ sugar molecules.
sucrose
The immediate product of photosynthesis, three-carbon PGALs may
eventually become part of the subunits of ________ polymers.
starch
The immediate product of photosynthesis, three-carbon PGALs are used to
generate, transport, and __________ forms of carbohydrates
polymerize
6.1
0
Energy Flow: An Integrated Picture
The overall process that uptakes energy-poor molecules (CO2 and H2O)
from their reservoirs in nature and converts them into energy-rich molecules
is ___________.
photosynthesis
What two processes complement each other within the global carbon cycle? Photosynthesis, Respiration
___________ organisms specialize in capturing energy. autotroph
___________ organisms are highly efficient at handling energy. Heterotroph
___________ organisms generate far more C―H bond energy than they
themselves utilize.
Autotrophic bacteria and plant (servant)
7Information and Its Expression in the
Cell
7.1 The Need for Biological Information
Biological information must exist because cell structure is ________ enough
to require information for its construction.
expressed
7.2 The Nature of Biological Information
Who discovered DNA, and from what source did he isolate it? Friederick Miescher. Samples of human white blood cells
(leucocytes) taken from the pus of discarded bandages from
a hospital
What was the principle tool Rosalind Franklin used to unravel the structure
of DNA?
X-Ray Crystallography
DNA contains two chains of nucleotides in which ______ and ______
alternate in supporting each chain structurally.
Sugars and phosphates
Where in the DNA molecule’s structure is the genetic information located? The order of the nucleotide bases in 1 strand
Where in the cell is DNA stored? Nucleus
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DNA is stored within in a partially condensed fiber called __________. chromatin
Griffith exposed weak living bacteria to just the fluids from heat-killed
virulent bacteria. Some of these weak bacteria became virulent and could
now kill mice. What control experiment did he do to argue that his weak
bacteria changed to virulence in these studies? (select a choice from below)
a. He grew his non-virulent bacteria for several years before infecting mice
with them.
b. He injected viruses into his mice to test their resistance to viral infection.
c. He injected virulent bacteria into rabbits to see if they would die.
d. He injected heat-killed virulent bacterial fluids into a mouse to make sure
the mouse would survive.
e. He isolated two strains of bacteria and maintained them in colonies.
d. He injected heat-killed virulent bacterial fluids into a mouse to
make sure the mouse would survive.
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