Unit 3 Study Guide with Energy Introduction
Chapter 6: Energy Introduction:
a. Know the three laws (principles) that govern energy flow and descriptions of each.
First law of thermodynamics: the total amount of energy in the universe remains
constant. Energy undergoes conversions but it is never created or destroyed.
Second law: No energy conversion is 100% efficient. Everything is constantly moving
from high levels of energy and org. to low org. Energy is never lost just unusable.
Principle of entropy: measure of degree of disorder. All chemical reactions are driven by
either decreases in potential energy or increase or both.
b. Know the difference between active and passive transport as far as energy input.
ACTIVE:
An energy input is required.
Objects too big to pass through cell membrane.
Low to high concentration.
PASSIVE:
No energy input is needed.
Objects small enough to slip through spaces of membranes.
High to low concentration.
c. Know the difference between active and passive transport as far as movement of
particles is concerned.
ACTIVE
Requires energy input.
Moves solutes up their concentration gradient.
IS directional.
PASSIVE
Requires no energy input.
Solutes are carried down their concentration gradient.
NON directional.
d. Know the difference between the two main types of energy.
Potential: based on position of object or stored energy.
Kinetic: energy of motion; releases ATP
e. Know examples of each type of energy
Potential: chemical, elastic, nuclear, gravitational.
Kinetic: thermal, mechanical,, electrical, magnetic.
f. Know which type of energy is unusable.
Heat.
2. Know the following about enzymes.
a. Know an enzyme’s role in a chemical reaction.
They allow for regulation of reactions.
Decrease activation energy.
Speed up rate at which reaction reaches an equilibrium.
Breaks down molecular bonds to release ATP.
Increases the effective concentration of substances.
Allow energy release from breaking bonds to be linked up to make ATP.
b. Know the factors that influence enzyme activity.
Temperature
pH
Salt Concentrations
c. Know the model of function for the way that enzymes work.
Cellular Respiration
- Be able to list the three stages of aerobic pathway of respiration.
Glycolysis – in the cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle – in the inner compartment of mitochondria
Electron Transport Phosphorylation – inner membrane of mitochondria
- Know the difference between respiration and fermentation.
Fermentation does not use oxygen (Anaerobic). Aerobic Respiration uses oxygen.
- Know the importance of the ATP molecule.
Stores energy released from bonds of molecules into its bonds.
- About glycolysis:
o Know where it takes place.
Cytoplasm of the cell.
o Know the two stages.
Energy requiring steps: investing 2 ATP.
Energy releasing steps: NADH formed and 4 ATP gained + 2 pyruvate.
Energy requiring- ATP activates glucose Energy releasing steps- Products are split into
three carbon molecules and stored as ATP & NADH.
o Know how many ATP molecules are used in the first stage.
2 ATP molecules.
o Know how many ATP molecules are produced in the 2nd stage.
4 ATP molecules.
o Know the net number of ATP molecules.
2 ATP molecules.
o Know what molecule the end product of glycolysis is (and how many of them are
produced per glucose molecule (look at the Carbon number).
4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 ADP, 2 Pyruvate.
o Know what energy (electron) carrying molecule is formed during glycolysis.
Pyruvate, carrying 2 carbon molecules into Kreb’s cycle + 2 NADH.
- About Krebs cycle
o What molecule is recycled?
NADH.
o Know what gas molecule is produced during the Krebs cycle.
Carbon dioxide.
o Know what electron (energy) carrying molecules are produced during the Krebs cycle.
NADH, ATP, and FADH2.
o Know how many ATP molecules are produced during the Krebs cycle.
2 ATP.
- About the electron transport system
o Know where it takes place.
The inner membrane of the mitochondria.
o Know what molecules from the Krebs cycle deliver energy carrying electrons to the
electron transport system.
NADH and FADH.
o Know what molecule scoops up electrons that have been depleted of their excess energy
at the end of the electron transport system.
Oxygen.
- Fermentation
o Know the two types of fermentation.
alcoholic and lactate.
o Know what each produces.
Lactate: 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
Alcoholic: Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide.
o Know what organisms use each of these and what human uses each has.
Bacteria rely on lactate fermentation to make cheese, yogurts. Our muscles and liver.
- Anaerobic electron transport
o Know what organisms use this.
Bacteria.
o Know how it is different from fermentation and from aerobic electron transport.
No oxygen.
Chapter 10: Cardiovascular System
- Be able to list the parts of the cardiovascular system.
Arteries: The blood vessels that take blood away from the heart.
Veins: Blood vessels that return blood to the heart.
Capillaries: Very small vessels that lie between the arteries and veins.
- Blood
o Know the functions of the blood.
Transports oxygen
Carries waste away from cells.
Stabilize internal pH.
Carries infection fighting cells (white blood cells).
Equalize temperature.
o Know what type of tissue blood is classified as
Fluid tissue.
o Know how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transferred in the blood.
Capillaries.
o Know the composition and function of plasma.
55% plasma, carries proteins, and solutes through the blood.
o Know the composition and function of the formed elements (cell) portion of the blood.
Erythrocytes: red blood cells.
Leukocytes: white blood cells.
Platelets: cell fragments
Plasma: fluid extracellular matrix. (non-living)
- Heart
o Know the structure and function of the heart.
To pump blood to various parts of the body.
o Know the pathway the blood takes in the heart.
Blood enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava,
emptying oxygen poor blood from the body into the right atrium. As the atrium
contracts, blood flows from your right atrium into your right ventricle through the open
tricuspid valve.
o Know which part of the heart has deoxygenated blood and which part of the heart has
oxygenated blood.
Left atrium – Deoxygenated.
Right atrium + pulmonary valve – Oxygenated.
- Blood vessels
o Know the difference between arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Veins: blood vessels that conducts blood INTO the heart, AWAY from the lungs or tissues.
Arteries: main transporters of oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart.
Capillaries: small blood vessels extending between areries and veins; blood flow is
slowed within these vessels and nutrient, waste, and gas exchange occurs between them
and the surrounding tissues.
o Know the order of vessels that blood travels after leaving the heart through back to the
heart.
Blood flows from capillaries into venules, then on to veins.
Veins are larger-diameter vessels with some smooth muscle in wall.
Valves in some veins prevent blood from flowing backward.
o Know the wall structure of each of the vessels.
Tunica intima: The inner layer surrounds the blood as it flows through your body. ...
Media: The middle layer contains elastic fibers that keep your blood flowing in one
direction.
Adventitia: The outer layer contains nerves and tiny vessels.
o Know in which of the above blood pressure is the highest.
Arteries
o Know which vessels contain valves and the function of the valves.
Veins. Prevent blood from flowing backward.
o Know the difference between the three circuits the blood takes and from the heart.
Arteries take blood away from the heart.
Capillaries carry blood away from the body/heart and exchange nutrients, waste, and
oxygen.
Veins bring blood to the heart.
- Know the function(s) of the lymphatic system.
Absorb water and plasma proteins from tissues and return it to the heart (leaked out from blood
capillaries)
- Absorbs fats from small intestines and transfers to general circulation
- Carries pathogens and foreign cells to lymph nodes (disposal centers)
- Know the parts of the lymphatic system and their functions.
Tonsils, spleen, Thymus gland
Central to the body's defense.
Chapter 10: Respiratory System
■
Know what the four principles of gas exchange are.
o Partial pressures of gases
▪
Gas moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.
▪
What direction does Co2 move? What direction does O2 move?
Differences in atmospheric oxygen pressure and body pressure drive Oxygen
into the body.
Differences in atmospheric Carbon pressure and body pressure drive Carbon
out of the blood.
o Surface to Volume Ratio
▪
The larger the surface area the faster the rate of gas exchange.
▪
Examples of Gas exchange
Small organisms can do gas exchange through their thin skin.
Gills or lungs provide larger surface area.
o Ventilation
▪
Movement of fluid or air around gas exchanging tissues.
▪
High gradient is maintained.
In the lungs oxygen has high concentration so it moves into blood vessels.
Carbon has low concentration, so it moves into lungs.
o Transport Proteins
▪
What is the transport protein in the blood?
HEMOGLOBIN
▪
Know the process that oxygen and carbon dioxide are bonded to and
released from the transport protein.
Hemoglobin binds to Oxygen at high concentration and releases it at a low
concentration.
■
Human Respiratory System
o Gas Exchange
▪
Where does it occur?
Alveoli in the capillaries.
▪
What gas come into the alveolar sacs; what gas moves out?
Oxygen, carbon dioxide.
o What is the respiratory membrane?
Thin squamous epithelium of the alveoli.
o Know what occurs in the processes of exhalation and inhalation.
Diaphragm constricts.
External intercostal muscles contract
Volume of thoracic cavity increases; pressure decreases.
Lungs expand.
Air flows down pressure gradient into lungs.
o How is most oxygen transported in the circulatory system?
Through red blood cells in the Hemoglobin.
o Carbon Dioxide Transport
▪
How is most CO2 transported?
Also, through th4e blood, in bicarbonate form.
▪
What are the secondary ways of CO2 transport?
o What is the 2-step reaction for bicarbonate production.
Carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid.
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3
(Catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase)
Carbonic acid releases a hydrogen ion to form bicarbonate.
H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3-
o Breathing controls
▪
Know the sensors that regulate breathing.
Brain: detects decrease in pH due to increased carbonic acid.
Sensors in major arteries.
▪
Know the conditions that result in increased rate and depth of breathing.
Low ph. or Oxygen.
