Human Physiological Biochemistry MCQ Question Bank for Liberty
University
1. Which of the following is not a major class of biomolecules?
a) Carbohydrates
b) Lipids
c) Proteins
d) Minerals
2. The process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP is called:
a) Glycogenesis
b) Gluconeogenesis
c) Glycolysis
d) Glycogenolysis
3. Which enzyme catalyzes the first step of glycolysis?
a) Hexokinase
b) Phosphofructokinase
c) Pyruvate kinase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
4. The Krebs cycle occurs in which cellular compartment?
a) Cytoplasm
b) Mitochondrial matrix
c) Endoplasmic reticulum
d) Golgi apparatus
5. Which of the following is not a product of the citric acid cycle?
a) NADH
b) FADH2
c) ATP
d) Acetyl-CoA
6. The electron transport chain is located in:
a) Mitochondrial matrix
b) Inner mitochondrial membrane
c) Outer mitochondrial membrane
d) Cytoplasm
7. Which of the following is not a component of the electron transport chain?
a) NADH dehydrogenase
b) Cytochrome c
c) ATP synthase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
8. The process of creating glucose from non-carbohydrate sources is called:
a) Glycogenesis
b) Gluconeogenesis
c) Glycolysis
d) Glycogenolysis
9. Which hormone stimulates glycogen breakdown?
a) Insulin
b) Glucagon
c) Thyroxine
d) Aldosterone
10. The primary storage form of carbohydrates in animals is:
a) Starch
b) Cellulose
c) Glycogen
d) Chitin
11. Beta-oxidation is the process of:
a) Fatty acid synthesis
b) Fatty acid breakdown
c) Glucose oxidation
d) Amino acid catabolism
12. Which of the following is not a ketone body?
a) Acetoacetate
b) Beta-hydroxybutyrate
c) Acetone
d) Pyruvate
13. The rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis is:
a) HMG-CoA reductase
b) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
c) Fatty acid synthase
d) Lipoprotein lipase
14. Which of the following is not an essential amino acid?
a) Lysine
b) Tryptophan
c) Alanine
d) Methionine
15. The process of removing the amino group from amino acids is called:
a) Deamination
b) Transamination
c) Decarboxylation
d) Oxidation
16. The end product of purine catabolism in humans is:
a) Urea
b) Uric acid
c) Creatinine
d) Ammonia
17. Which enzyme is responsible for converting ammonia to urea in the liver?
a) Glutamate dehydrogenase
b) Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
c) Arginase
d) Ornithine transcarbamoylase
18. The primary bile acid synthesized in the liver is:
a) Cholic acid
b) Deoxycholic acid
c) Lithocholic acid
d) Ursodeoxycholic acid
19. Which of the following is not a function of the liver?
a) Glycogen storage
b) Bile production
c) Insulin secretion
d) Plasma protein synthesis
20. The hormone responsible for stimulating red blood cell production is:
a) Thyroxine
b) Erythropoietin
c) Cortisol
d) Growth hormone
21. Which of the following is not a component of hemoglobin?
a) Iron
b) Heme
c) Globin
d) Vitamin B12
22. The process of forming glucose from lactic acid in the liver is called:
a) Glycolysis
b) Gluconeogenesis
c) Cori cycle
d) Glycogenolysis
23. Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose?
a) Hexokinase
b) Glucose-6-phosphatase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Pyruvate kinase
24. The main storage form of iron in the body is:
a) Transferrin
b) Ferritin
c) Hemosiderin
d) Ceruloplasmin
25. Which of the following is not a fat-soluble vitamin?
a) Vitamin A
b) Vitamin D
c) Vitamin E
d) Vitamin C
26. The process of breaking down glycogen to glucose is called:
a) Glycogenesis
b) Gluconeogenesis
c) Glycolysis
d) Glycogenolysis
27. Which hormone is responsible for decreasing blood glucose levels?
a) Glucagon
b) Cortisol
c) Insulin
d) Epinephrine
28. The primary source of energy for the brain under normal conditions is:
a) Fatty acids
b) Ketone bodies
c) Glucose
d) Amino acids
29. Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys?
a) Erythropoietin production
b) Vitamin D activation
c) Insulin secretion
d) Acid-base balance regulation
30. The process of forming glucose from amino acids is called:
a) Glycolysis
b) Gluconeogenesis
c) Glycogenolysis
d) Transamination
31. Which of the following is not a component of the extracellular matrix?
a) Collagen
b) Elastin
c) Proteoglycans
d) Actin
32. The enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the urea cycle is:
a) Arginase
b) Ornithine transcarbamoylase
c) Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
d) Argininosuccinate synthetase
33. Which of the following is not a function of vitamin K?
a) Blood clotting
b) Bone metabolism
c) Antioxidant activity
d) Cell growth regulation
34. The primary site of erythropoiesis in adults is:
a) Liver
b) Spleen
c) Bone marrow
d) Lymph nodes
35. Which of the following is not a component of gastric juice?
a) Hydrochloric acid
b) Pepsin
c) Intrinsic factor
d) Lipase
36. The enzyme responsible for breaking down triglycerides in the small intestine is:
a) Amylase
b) Lipase
c) Pepsin
d) Trypsin
37. Which of the following is not a function of the pancreas?
a) Insulin production
b) Glucagon production
c) Bile production
d) Digestive enzyme production
38. The process of forming new glucose molecules from non-carbohydrate precursors is called:
a) Glycolysis
b) Gluconeogenesis
c) Glycogenolysis
d) Glycogenesis
39. Which of the following is not a function of the adrenal glands?
a) Cortisol production
b) Aldosterone production
c) Epinephrine production
d) Thyroxine production
40. The primary site of vitamin B12 absorption is:
a) Stomach
b) Duodenum
c) Jejunum
d) Ileum
41. Which of the following is not a component of the complement system?
a) C1
b) C3
c) C5
d) IgG
42. The enzyme responsible for converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II is:
a) Renin
b) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
c) Aldosterone synthase
d) Pepsin
43. Which of the following is not a function of vitamin D?
a) Calcium absorption
b) Bone mineralization
c) Blood clotting
d) Phosphate homeostasis
44. The primary site of vitamin K absorption is:
a) Stomach
b) Duodenum
c) Jejunum
d) Ileum
45. Which of the following is not a component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
a) Juxtaglomerular cells
b) Angiotensinogen
c) Angiotensin II
d) Parathyroid hormone
46. The enzyme responsible for converting tryptophan to serotonin is:
a) Tryptophan hydroxylase
b) Monoamine oxidase
c) Tyrosine hydroxylase
d) Dopamine β-hydroxylase
47. Which of the following is not a function of the thyroid gland?
a) Thyroxine production
b) Calcitonin production
c) Parathyroid hormone production
d) Triiodothyronine production
48. The primary site of iron absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
49. Which of the following is not a component of the clotting cascade?
a) Factor VIII
b) Prothrombin
c) Fibrinogen
d) Albumin
50. The enzyme responsible for converting norepinephrine to epinephrine is:
a) Tyrosine hydroxylase
b) Dopamine β-hydroxylase
c) Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
d) Monoamine oxidase
51. Which of the following is not a function of the parathyroid glands?
a) Calcium homeostasis
b) Phosphate homeostasis
c) Vitamin D activation
d) Insulin secretion
52. The primary site of bilirubin conjugation is:
a) Liver
b) Spleen
c) Kidney
d) Bone marrow
53. Which of the following is not a component of the electron transport chain?
a) Complex I
b) Complex III
c) Complex V
d) Citrate synthase
54. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step of heme synthesis is:
a) Aminolevulinic acid synthase
b) Porphobilinogen synthase
c) Uroporphyrinogen synthase
d) Ferrochelatase
55. Which of the following is not a function of the spleen?
a) Red blood cell breakdown
b) Platelet storage
c) Insulin production
d) Immune response
56. The primary site of vitamin A storage in the body is:
a) Liver
b) Adipose tissue
c) Muscle
d) Bone
57. Which of the following is not a component of the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VIII
b) Factor IX
c) Factor XI
d) Factor VII
58. The enzyme responsible for converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis is:
a) Pyruvate carboxylase
b) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
c) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
59. Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?
a) Temperature regulation
b) Appetite control
c) Insulin secretion
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
60. The primary site of erythropoietin production in adults is:
a) Liver
b) Kidney
c) Spleen
d) Bone marrow
61. Which of the following is not a component of the extracellular fluid?
a) Sodium
b) Chloride
c) Potassium
d) Bicarbonate
62. The enzyme responsible for converting homocysteine to methionine is:
a) Methionine synthase
b) Cystathionine β-synthase
c) S-adenosylmethionine synthetase
d) Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
63. Which of the following is not a function of the gallbladder?
a) Bile storage
b) Bile concentration
c) Cholesterol synthesis
d) Bile release
64. The primary site of glucagon production is:
a) Alpha cells of the pancreas
b) Beta cells of the pancreas
c) Delta cells of the pancreas
d) Epsilon cells of the pancreas
65. Which of the following is not a component of the complement system?
a) C3 convertase
b) Membrane attack complex
c) Opsonins
d) Antibodies
66. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is:
a) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
b) Fatty acid synthase
c) HMG-CoA reductase
d) Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
67. Which of the following is not a function of the pineal gland?
a) Melatonin production
b) Circadian rhythm regulation
c) Calcium homeostasis
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
68. The primary site of vitamin C absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
69. Which of the following is not a component of the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VII
b) Tissue factor
c) Factor X
d) Factor XII
70. The enzyme responsible for converting glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in
glycolysis is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Phosphoglucose isomerase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Aldolase
71. Which of the following is not a function of the thymus gland?
a) T cell maturation
b) Thymopoietin production
c) Insulin-like growth factor production
d) Erythropoietin production
72. The primary site of vitamin E absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
73. Which of the following is not a component of the citric acid cycle?
a) Citrate synthase
b) Isocitrate dehydrogenase
c) Succinyl-CoA synthetase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
74. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway is:
a) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
b) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
c) Transketolase
d) Transaldolase
75. Which of the following is not a function of the adrenal cortex?
a) Cortisol production
b) Aldosterone production
c) Epinephrine production
d) Androgen production
76. The primary site of vitamin B1 (thiamine) absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
77. Which of the following is not a component of the respiratory chain?
a) NADH dehydrogenase
b) Cytochrome c oxidase
c) ATP synthase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
78. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Glucokinase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
79. Which of the following is not a function of the pancreatic beta cells?
a) Insulin production
b) Amylin production
c) C-peptide production
d) Glucagon production
80. The primary site of folic acid absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
81. Which of the following is not a component of the urea cycle?
a) Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
b) Ornithine transcarbamylase
c) Argininosuccinate synthetase
d) Glutamate dehydrogenase
82. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is:
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Pyruvate carboxylase
c) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
d) Lactate dehydrogenase
83. Which of the following is not a function of the growth hormone?
a) Promoting protein synthesis
b) Stimulating lipolysis
c) Increasing insulin sensitivity
d) Enhancing bone growth
84. The primary site of vitamin B6 absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
85. Which of the following is not a component of the electron transport chain complex III?
a) Cytochrome b
b) Cytochrome c1
c) Iron-sulfur protein
d) Cytochrome a
86. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis is:
a) HMG-CoA reductase
b) HMG-CoA synthase
c) Mevalonate kinase
d) Squalene synthase
87. Which of the following is not a function of the parathyroid hormone?
a) Increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
b) Stimulating calcium absorption in the intestines
c) Promoting bone resorption
d) Decreasing phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys
88. The primary site of biotin absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
89. Which of the following is not a component of the mitochondrial matrix?
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Citric acid cycle enzymes
c) Electron transport chain complexes
d) Fatty acid oxidation enzymes
90. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step in purine synthesis is:
a) Glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase
b) IMP dehydrogenase
c) Adenylosuccinate synthetase
d) Xanthine oxidase
57. Which of the following is not a component of the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VIII
b) Factor IX
c) Factor XI
d) Factor VII
58. The enzyme responsible for converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis is:
a) Pyruvate carboxylase
b) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
c) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
59. Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?
a) Temperature regulation
b) Appetite control
c) Insulin secretion
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
60. The primary site of erythropoietin production in adults is:
a) Liver
b) Kidney
c) Spleen
d) Bone marrow
61. Which of the following is not a component of the extracellular fluid?
a) Sodium
b) Chloride
c) Potassium
d) Bicarbonate
62. The enzyme responsible for converting homocysteine to methionine is:
a) Methionine synthase
b) Cystathionine β-synthase
c) S-adenosylmethionine synthetase
d) Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
63. Which of the following is not a function of the gallbladder?
a) Bile storage
b) Bile concentration
c) Cholesterol synthesis
d) Bile release
64. The primary site of glucagon production is:
a) Alpha cells of the pancreas
b) Beta cells of the pancreas
c) Delta cells of the pancreas
d) Epsilon cells of the pancreas
65. Which of the following is not a component of the complement system?
a) C3 convertase
b) Membrane attack complex
c) Opsonins
d) Antibodies
66. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is:
a) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
b) Fatty acid synthase
c) HMG-CoA reductase
d) Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
67. Which of the following is not a function of the pineal gland?
a) Melatonin production
b) Circadian rhythm regulation
c) Calcium homeostasis
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
68. The primary site of vitamin C absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
69. Which of the following is not a component of the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VII
b) Tissue factor
c) Factor X
d) Factor XII
70. The enzyme responsible for converting glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in
glycolysis is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Phosphoglucose isomerase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Aldolase
71. Which of the following is not a function of the thymus gland?
a) T cell maturation
b) Thymopoietin production
c) Insulin-like growth factor production
d) Erythropoietin production
72. The primary site of vitamin E absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
73. Which of the following is not a component of the citric acid cycle?
a) Citrate synthase
b) Isocitrate dehydrogenase
c) Succinyl-CoA synthetase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
74. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway is:
a) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
b) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
c) Transketolase
d) Transaldolase
75. Which of the following is not a function of the adrenal cortex?
a) Cortisol production
b) Aldosterone production
c) Epinephrine production
d) Androgen production
76. The primary site of vitamin B1 (thiamine) absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
77. Which of the following is not a component of the respiratory chain?
a) NADH dehydrogenase
b) Cytochrome c oxidase
c) ATP synthase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
78. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Glucokinase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
79. Which of the following is not a function of the pancreatic beta cells?
a) Insulin production
b) Amylin production
c) C-peptide production
d) Glucagon production
80. The primary site of folic acid absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
81. Which of the following is not a component of the urea cycle?
a) Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
b) Ornithine transcarbamylase
c) Argininosuccinate synthetase
d) Glutamate dehydrogenase
82. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is:
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Pyruvate carboxylase
c) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
d) Lactate dehydrogenase
83. Which of the following is not a function of the growth hormone?
a) Promoting protein synthesis
b) Stimulating lipolysis
c) Increasing insulin sensitivity
d) Enhancing bone growth
84. The primary site of vitamin B6 absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
85. Which of the following is not a component of the electron transport chain complex III?
a) Cytochrome b
b) Cytochrome c1
c) Iron-sulfur protein
d) Cytochrome a
86. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis is:
a) HMG-CoA reductase
b) HMG-CoA synthase
c) Mevalonate kinase
d) Squalene synthase
87. Which of the following is not a function of the parathyroid hormone?
a) Increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
b) Stimulating calcium absorption in the intestines
c) Promoting bone resorption
d) Decreasing phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys
88. The primary site of biotin absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
89. Which of the following is not a component of the mitochondrial matrix?
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Citric acid cycle enzymes
c) Electron transport chain complexes
d) Fatty acid oxidation enzymes
90. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step in purine synthesis is:
a) Glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase
b) IMP dehydrogenase
c) Adenylosuccinate synthetase
d) Xanthine oxidase
57. Which of the following is not a component of the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VIII
b) Factor IX
c) Factor XI
d) Factor VII
58. The enzyme responsible for converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis is:
a) Pyruvate carboxylase
b) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
c) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
59. Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?
a) Temperature regulation
b) Appetite control
c) Insulin secretion
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
60. The primary site of erythropoietin production in adults is:
a) Liver
b) Kidney
c) Spleen
d) Bone marrow
61. Which of the following is not a component of the extracellular fluid?
a) Sodium
b) Chloride
c) Potassium
d) Bicarbonate
62. The enzyme responsible for converting homocysteine to methionine is:
a) Methionine synthase
b) Cystathionine β-synthase
c) S-adenosylmethionine synthetase
d) Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
63. Which of the following is not a function of the gallbladder?
a) Bile storage
b) Bile concentration
c) Cholesterol synthesis
d) Bile release
64. The primary site of glucagon production is:
a) Alpha cells of the pancreas
b) Beta cells of the pancreas
c) Delta cells of the pancreas
d) Epsilon cells of the pancreas
65. Which of the following is not a component of the complement system?
a) C3 convertase
b) Membrane attack complex
c) Opsonins
d) Antibodies
66. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is:
a) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
b) Fatty acid synthase
c) HMG-CoA reductase
d) Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
67. Which of the following is not a function of the pineal gland?
a) Melatonin production
b) Circadian rhythm regulation
c) Calcium homeostasis
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
68. The primary site of vitamin C absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
69. Which of the following is not a component of the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VII
b) Tissue factor
c) Factor X
d) Factor XII
70. The enzyme responsible for converting glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in
glycolysis is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Phosphoglucose isomerase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Aldolase
71. Which of the following is not a function of the thymus gland?
a) T cell maturation
b) Thymopoietin production
c) Insulin-like growth factor production
d) Erythropoietin production
72. The primary site of vitamin E absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
73. Which of the following is not a component of the citric acid cycle?
a) Citrate synthase
b) Isocitrate dehydrogenase
c) Succinyl-CoA synthetase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
74. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway is:
a) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
b) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
c) Transketolase
d) Transaldolase
75. Which of the following is not a function of the adrenal cortex?
a) Cortisol production
b) Aldosterone production
c) Epinephrine production
d) Androgen production
76. The primary site of vitamin B1 (thiamine) absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
77. Which of the following is not a component of the respiratory chain?
a) NADH dehydrogenase
b) Cytochrome c oxidase
c) ATP synthase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
78. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Glucokinase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
79. Which of the following is not a function of the pancreatic beta cells?
a) Insulin production
b) Amylin production
c) C-peptide production
d) Glucagon production
80. The primary site of folic acid absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
81. Which of the following is not a component of the urea cycle?
a) Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
b) Ornithine transcarbamylase
c) Argininosuccinate synthetase
d) Glutamate dehydrogenase
82. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is:
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Pyruvate carboxylase
c) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
d) Lactate dehydrogenase
83. Which of the following is not a function of the growth hormone?
a) Promoting protein synthesis
b) Stimulating lipolysis
c) Increasing insulin sensitivity
d) Enhancing bone growth
84. The primary site of vitamin B6 absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
85. Which of the following is not a component of the electron transport chain complex III?
a) Cytochrome b
b) Cytochrome c1
c) Iron-sulfur protein
d) Cytochrome a
86. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis is:
a) HMG-CoA reductase
b) HMG-CoA synthase
c) Mevalonate kinase
d) Squalene synthase
87. Which of the following is not a function of the parathyroid hormone?
a) Increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
b) Stimulating calcium absorption in the intestines
c) Promoting bone resorption
d) Decreasing phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys
88. The primary site of biotin absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
89. Which of the following is not a component of the mitochondrial matrix?
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Citric acid cycle enzymes
c) Electron transport chain complexes
d) Fatty acid oxidation enzymes
90. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step in purine synthesis is:
a) Glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase
b) IMP dehydrogenase
c) Adenylosuccinate synthetase
d) Xanthine oxidase
57. Which of the following is not a component of the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VIII
b) Factor IX
c) Factor XI
d) Factor VII
58. The enzyme responsible for converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis is:
a) Pyruvate carboxylase
b) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
c) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
59. Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?
a) Temperature regulation
b) Appetite control
c) Insulin secretion
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
60. The primary site of erythropoietin production in adults is:
a) Liver
b) Kidney
c) Spleen
d) Bone marrow
61. Which of the following is not a component of the extracellular fluid?
a) Sodium
b) Chloride
c) Potassium
d) Bicarbonate
62. The enzyme responsible for converting homocysteine to methionine is:
a) Methionine synthase
b) Cystathionine β-synthase
c) S-adenosylmethionine synthetase
d) Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
63. Which of the following is not a function of the gallbladder?
a) Bile storage
b) Bile concentration
c) Cholesterol synthesis
d) Bile release
64. The primary site of glucagon production is:
a) Alpha cells of the pancreas
b) Beta cells of the pancreas
c) Delta cells of the pancreas
d) Epsilon cells of the pancreas
65. Which of the following is not a component of the complement system?
a) C3 convertase
b) Membrane attack complex
c) Opsonins
d) Antibodies
66. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is:
a) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
b) Fatty acid synthase
c) HMG-CoA reductase
d) Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
67. Which of the following is not a function of the pineal gland?
a) Melatonin production
b) Circadian rhythm regulation
c) Calcium homeostasis
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
68. The primary site of vitamin C absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
69. Which of the following is not a component of the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VII
b) Tissue factor
c) Factor X
d) Factor XII
70. The enzyme responsible for converting glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in
glycolysis is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Phosphoglucose isomerase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Aldolase
71. Which of the following is not a function of the thymus gland?
a) T cell maturation
b) Thymopoietin production
c) Insulin-like growth factor production
d) Erythropoietin production
72. The primary site of vitamin E absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
73. Which of the following is not a component of the citric acid cycle?
a) Citrate synthase
b) Isocitrate dehydrogenase
c) Succinyl-CoA synthetase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
74. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway is:
a) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
b) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
c) Transketolase
d) Transaldolase
75. Which of the following is not a function of the adrenal cortex?
a) Cortisol production
b) Aldosterone production
c) Epinephrine production
d) Androgen production
76. The primary site of vitamin B1 (thiamine) absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
77. Which of the following is not a component of the respiratory chain?
a) NADH dehydrogenase
b) Cytochrome c oxidase
c) ATP synthase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
78. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Glucokinase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
79. Which of the following is not a function of the pancreatic beta cells?
a) Insulin production
b) Amylin production
c) C-peptide production
d) Glucagon production
80. The primary site of folic acid absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
81. Which of the following is not a component of the urea cycle?
a) Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
b) Ornithine transcarbamylase
c) Argininosuccinate synthetase
d) Glutamate dehydrogenase
82. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is:
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Pyruvate carboxylase
c) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
d) Lactate dehydrogenase
83. Which of the following is not a function of the growth hormone?
a) Promoting protein synthesis
b) Stimulating lipolysis
c) Increasing insulin sensitivity
d) Enhancing bone growth
84. The primary site of vitamin B6 absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
85. Which of the following is not a component of the electron transport chain complex III?
a) Cytochrome b
b) Cytochrome c1
c) Iron-sulfur protein
d) Cytochrome a
86. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis is:
a) HMG-CoA reductase
b) HMG-CoA synthase
c) Mevalonate kinase
d) Squalene synthase
87. Which of the following is not a function of the parathyroid hormone?
a) Increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
b) Stimulating calcium absorption in the intestines
c) Promoting bone resorption
d) Decreasing phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys
88. The primary site of biotin absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
89. Which of the following is not a component of the mitochondrial matrix?
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Citric acid cycle enzymes
c) Electron transport chain complexes
d) Fatty acid oxidation enzymes
90. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step in purine synthesis is:
a) Glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase
b) IMP dehydrogenase
c) Adenylosuccinate synthetase
d) Xanthine oxidase
57. Which of the following is not a component of the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VIII
b) Factor IX
c) Factor XI
d) Factor VII
58. The enzyme responsible for converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis is:
a) Pyruvate carboxylase
b) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
c) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
59. Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?
a) Temperature regulation
b) Appetite control
c) Insulin secretion
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
60. The primary site of erythropoietin production in adults is:
a) Liver
b) Kidney
c) Spleen
d) Bone marrow
61. Which of the following is not a component of the extracellular fluid?
a) Sodium
b) Chloride
c) Potassium
d) Bicarbonate
62. The enzyme responsible for converting homocysteine to methionine is:
a) Methionine synthase
b) Cystathionine β-synthase
c) S-adenosylmethionine synthetase
d) Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
63. Which of the following is not a function of the gallbladder?
a) Bile storage
b) Bile concentration
c) Cholesterol synthesis
d) Bile release
64. The primary site of glucagon production is:
a) Alpha cells of the pancreas
b) Beta cells of the pancreas
c) Delta cells of the pancreas
d) Epsilon cells of the pancreas
65. Which of the following is not a component of the complement system?
a) C3 convertase
b) Membrane attack complex
c) Opsonins
d) Antibodies
66. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is:
a) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
b) Fatty acid synthase
c) HMG-CoA reductase
d) Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
67. Which of the following is not a function of the pineal gland?
a) Melatonin production
b) Circadian rhythm regulation
c) Calcium homeostasis
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
68. The primary site of vitamin C absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
69. Which of the following is not a component of the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VII
b) Tissue factor
c) Factor X
d) Factor XII
70. The enzyme responsible for converting glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in
glycolysis is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Phosphoglucose isomerase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Aldolase
71. Which of the following is not a function of the thymus gland?
a) T cell maturation
b) Thymopoietin production
c) Insulin-like growth factor production
d) Erythropoietin production
72. The primary site of vitamin E absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
73. Which of the following is not a component of the citric acid cycle?
a) Citrate synthase
b) Isocitrate dehydrogenase
c) Succinyl-CoA synthetase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
74. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway is:
a) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
b) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
c) Transketolase
d) Transaldolase
75. Which of the following is not a function of the adrenal cortex?
a) Cortisol production
b) Aldosterone production
c) Epinephrine production
d) Androgen production
76. The primary site of vitamin B1 (thiamine) absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
77. Which of the following is not a component of the respiratory chain?
a) NADH dehydrogenase
b) Cytochrome c oxidase
c) ATP synthase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
78. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Glucokinase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
79. Which of the following is not a function of the pancreatic beta cells?
a) Insulin production
b) Amylin production
c) C-peptide production
d) Glucagon production
80. The primary site of folic acid absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
81. Which of the following is not a component of the urea cycle?
a) Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
b) Ornithine transcarbamylase
c) Argininosuccinate synthetase
d) Glutamate dehydrogenase
82. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is:
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Pyruvate carboxylase
c) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
d) Lactate dehydrogenase
83. Which of the following is not a function of the growth hormone?
a) Promoting protein synthesis
b) Stimulating lipolysis
c) Increasing insulin sensitivity
d) Enhancing bone growth
84. The primary site of vitamin B6 absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
85. Which of the following is not a component of the electron transport chain complex III?
a) Cytochrome b
b) Cytochrome c1
c) Iron-sulfur protein
d) Cytochrome a
86. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis is:
a) HMG-CoA reductase
b) HMG-CoA synthase
c) Mevalonate kinase
d) Squalene synthase
87. Which of the following is not a function of the parathyroid hormone?
a) Increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
b) Stimulating calcium absorption in the intestines
c) Promoting bone resorption
d) Decreasing phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys
88. The primary site of biotin absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
89. Which of the following is not a component of the mitochondrial matrix?
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Citric acid cycle enzymes
c) Electron transport chain complexes
d) Fatty acid oxidation enzymes
90. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step in purine synthesis is:
a) Glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase
b) IMP dehydrogenase
c) Adenylosuccinate synthetase
d) Xanthine oxidase
57. Which of the following is not a component of the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VIII
b) Factor IX
c) Factor XI
d) Factor VII
58. The enzyme responsible for converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis is:
a) Pyruvate carboxylase
b) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
c) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
59. Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?
a) Temperature regulation
b) Appetite control
c) Insulin secretion
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
60. The primary site of erythropoietin production in adults is:
a) Liver
b) Kidney
c) Spleen
d) Bone marrow
61. Which of the following is not a component of the extracellular fluid?
a) Sodium
b) Chloride
c) Potassium
d) Bicarbonate
62. The enzyme responsible for converting homocysteine to methionine is:
a) Methionine synthase
b) Cystathionine β-synthase
c) S-adenosylmethionine synthetase
d) Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
63. Which of the following is not a function of the gallbladder?
a) Bile storage
b) Bile concentration
c) Cholesterol synthesis
d) Bile release
64. The primary site of glucagon production is:
a) Alpha cells of the pancreas
b) Beta cells of the pancreas
c) Delta cells of the pancreas
d) Epsilon cells of the pancreas
65. Which of the following is not a component of the complement system?
a) C3 convertase
b) Membrane attack complex
c) Opsonins
d) Antibodies
66. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is:
a) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
b) Fatty acid synthase
c) HMG-CoA reductase
d) Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
67. Which of the following is not a function of the pineal gland?
a) Melatonin production
b) Circadian rhythm regulation
c) Calcium homeostasis
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
68. The primary site of vitamin C absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
69. Which of the following is not a component of the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VII
b) Tissue factor
c) Factor X
d) Factor XII
70. The enzyme responsible for converting glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in
glycolysis is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Phosphoglucose isomerase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Aldolase
71. Which of the following is not a function of the thymus gland?
a) T cell maturation
b) Thymopoietin production
c) Insulin-like growth factor production
d) Erythropoietin production
72. The primary site of vitamin E absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
73. Which of the following is not a component of the citric acid cycle?
a) Citrate synthase
b) Isocitrate dehydrogenase
c) Succinyl-CoA synthetase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
74. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway is:
a) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
b) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
c) Transketolase
d) Transaldolase
75. Which of the following is not a function of the adrenal cortex?
a) Cortisol production
b) Aldosterone production
c) Epinephrine production
d) Androgen production
76. The primary site of vitamin B1 (thiamine) absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
77. Which of the following is not a component of the respiratory chain?
a) NADH dehydrogenase
b) Cytochrome c oxidase
c) ATP synthase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
78. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Glucokinase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
79. Which of the following is not a function of the pancreatic beta cells?
a) Insulin production
b) Amylin production
c) C-peptide production
d) Glucagon production
80. The primary site of folic acid absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
81. Which of the following is not a component of the urea cycle?
a) Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
b) Ornithine transcarbamylase
c) Argininosuccinate synthetase
d) Glutamate dehydrogenase
82. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is:
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Pyruvate carboxylase
c) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
d) Lactate dehydrogenase
83. Which of the following is not a function of the growth hormone?
a) Promoting protein synthesis
b) Stimulating lipolysis
c) Increasing insulin sensitivity
d) Enhancing bone growth
84. The primary site of vitamin B6 absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
85. Which of the following is not a component of the electron transport chain complex III?
a) Cytochrome b
b) Cytochrome c1
c) Iron-sulfur protein
d) Cytochrome a
86. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis is:
a) HMG-CoA reductase
b) HMG-CoA synthase
c) Mevalonate kinase
d) Squalene synthase
87. Which of the following is not a function of the parathyroid hormone?
a) Increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
b) Stimulating calcium absorption in the intestines
c) Promoting bone resorption
d) Decreasing phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys
88. The primary site of biotin absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
89. Which of the following is not a component of the mitochondrial matrix?
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Citric acid cycle enzymes
c) Electron transport chain complexes
d) Fatty acid oxidation enzymes
90. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step in purine synthesis is:
a) Glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase
b) IMP dehydrogenase
c) Adenylosuccinate synthetase
d) Xanthine oxidase
57. Which of the following is not a component of the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VIII
b) Factor IX
c) Factor XI
d) Factor VII
58. The enzyme responsible for converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis is:
a) Pyruvate carboxylase
b) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
c) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
59. Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?
a) Temperature regulation
b) Appetite control
c) Insulin secretion
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
60. The primary site of erythropoietin production in adults is:
a) Liver
b) Kidney
c) Spleen
d) Bone marrow
61. Which of the following is not a component of the extracellular fluid?
a) Sodium
b) Chloride
c) Potassium
d) Bicarbonate
62. The enzyme responsible for converting homocysteine to methionine is:
a) Methionine synthase
b) Cystathionine β-synthase
c) S-adenosylmethionine synthetase
d) Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
63. Which of the following is not a function of the gallbladder?
a) Bile storage
b) Bile concentration
c) Cholesterol synthesis
d) Bile release
64. The primary site of glucagon production is:
a) Alpha cells of the pancreas
b) Beta cells of the pancreas
c) Delta cells of the pancreas
d) Epsilon cells of the pancreas
65. Which of the following is not a component of the complement system?
a) C3 convertase
b) Membrane attack complex
c) Opsonins
d) Antibodies
66. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is:
a) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
b) Fatty acid synthase
c) HMG-CoA reductase
d) Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
67. Which of the following is not a function of the pineal gland?
a) Melatonin production
b) Circadian rhythm regulation
c) Calcium homeostasis
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
68. The primary site of vitamin C absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
69. Which of the following is not a component of the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VII
b) Tissue factor
c) Factor X
d) Factor XII
70. The enzyme responsible for converting glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in
glycolysis is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Phosphoglucose isomerase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Aldolase
71. Which of the following is not a function of the thymus gland?
a) T cell maturation
b) Thymopoietin production
c) Insulin-like growth factor production
d) Erythropoietin production
72. The primary site of vitamin E absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
73. Which of the following is not a component of the citric acid cycle?
a) Citrate synthase
b) Isocitrate dehydrogenase
c) Succinyl-CoA synthetase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
74. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway is:
a) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
b) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
c) Transketolase
d) Transaldolase
75. Which of the following is not a function of the adrenal cortex?
a) Cortisol production
b) Aldosterone production
c) Epinephrine production
d) Androgen production
76. The primary site of vitamin B1 (thiamine) absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
77. Which of the following is not a component of the respiratory chain?
a) NADH dehydrogenase
b) Cytochrome c oxidase
c) ATP synthase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
78. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Glucokinase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
79. Which of the following is not a function of the pancreatic beta cells?
a) Insulin production
b) Amylin production
c) C-peptide production
d) Glucagon production
80. The primary site of folic acid absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
81. Which of the following is not a component of the urea cycle?
a) Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
b) Ornithine transcarbamylase
c) Argininosuccinate synthetase
d) Glutamate dehydrogenase
82. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is:
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Pyruvate carboxylase
c) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
d) Lactate dehydrogenase
83. Which of the following is not a function of the growth hormone?
a) Promoting protein synthesis
b) Stimulating lipolysis
c) Increasing insulin sensitivity
d) Enhancing bone growth
84. The primary site of vitamin B6 absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
85. Which of the following is not a component of the electron transport chain complex III?
a) Cytochrome b
b) Cytochrome c1
c) Iron-sulfur protein
d) Cytochrome a
86. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis is:
a) HMG-CoA reductase
b) HMG-CoA synthase
c) Mevalonate kinase
d) Squalene synthase
87. Which of the following is not a function of the parathyroid hormone?
a) Increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
b) Stimulating calcium absorption in the intestines
c) Promoting bone resorption
d) Decreasing phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys
88. The primary site of biotin absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
89. Which of the following is not a component of the mitochondrial matrix?
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Citric acid cycle enzymes
c) Electron transport chain complexes
d) Fatty acid oxidation enzymes
90. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step in purine synthesis is:
a) Glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase
b) IMP dehydrogenase
c) Adenylosuccinate synthetase
d) Xanthine oxidase
57. Which of the following is not a component of the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VIII
b) Factor IX
c) Factor XI
d) Factor VII
58. The enzyme responsible for converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis is:
a) Pyruvate carboxylase
b) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
c) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
59. Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?
a) Temperature regulation
b) Appetite control
c) Insulin secretion
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
60. The primary site of erythropoietin production in adults is:
a) Liver
b) Kidney
c) Spleen
d) Bone marrow
61. Which of the following is not a component of the extracellular fluid?
a) Sodium
b) Chloride
c) Potassium
d) Bicarbonate
62. The enzyme responsible for converting homocysteine to methionine is:
a) Methionine synthase
b) Cystathionine β-synthase
c) S-adenosylmethionine synthetase
d) Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
63. Which of the following is not a function of the gallbladder?
a) Bile storage
b) Bile concentration
c) Cholesterol synthesis
d) Bile release
64. The primary site of glucagon production is:
a) Alpha cells of the pancreas
b) Beta cells of the pancreas
c) Delta cells of the pancreas
d) Epsilon cells of the pancreas
65. Which of the following is not a component of the complement system?
a) C3 convertase
b) Membrane attack complex
c) Opsonins
d) Antibodies
66. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is:
a) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
b) Fatty acid synthase
c) HMG-CoA reductase
d) Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
67. Which of the following is not a function of the pineal gland?
a) Melatonin production
b) Circadian rhythm regulation
c) Calcium homeostasis
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
68. The primary site of vitamin C absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
69. Which of the following is not a component of the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VII
b) Tissue factor
c) Factor X
d) Factor XII
70. The enzyme responsible for converting glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in
glycolysis is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Phosphoglucose isomerase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Aldolase
71. Which of the following is not a function of the thymus gland?
a) T cell maturation
b) Thymopoietin production
c) Insulin-like growth factor production
d) Erythropoietin production
72. The primary site of vitamin E absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
73. Which of the following is not a component of the citric acid cycle?
a) Citrate synthase
b) Isocitrate dehydrogenase
c) Succinyl-CoA synthetase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
74. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway is:
a) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
b) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
c) Transketolase
d) Transaldolase
75. Which of the following is not a function of the adrenal cortex?
a) Cortisol production
b) Aldosterone production
c) Epinephrine production
d) Androgen production
76. The primary site of vitamin B1 (thiamine) absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
77. Which of the following is not a component of the respiratory chain?
a) NADH dehydrogenase
b) Cytochrome c oxidase
c) ATP synthase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
78. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Glucokinase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
79. Which of the following is not a function of the pancreatic beta cells?
a) Insulin production
b) Amylin production
c) C-peptide production
d) Glucagon production
80. The primary site of folic acid absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
81. Which of the following is not a component of the urea cycle?
a) Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
b) Ornithine transcarbamylase
c) Argininosuccinate synthetase
d) Glutamate dehydrogenase
82. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is:
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Pyruvate carboxylase
c) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
d) Lactate dehydrogenase
83. Which of the following is not a function of the growth hormone?
a) Promoting protein synthesis
b) Stimulating lipolysis
c) Increasing insulin sensitivity
d) Enhancing bone growth
84. The primary site of vitamin B6 absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
85. Which of the following is not a component of the electron transport chain complex III?
a) Cytochrome b
b) Cytochrome c1
c) Iron-sulfur protein
d) Cytochrome a
86. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis is:
a) HMG-CoA reductase
b) HMG-CoA synthase
c) Mevalonate kinase
d) Squalene synthase
87. Which of the following is not a function of the parathyroid hormone?
a) Increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
b) Stimulating calcium absorption in the intestines
c) Promoting bone resorption
d) Decreasing phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys
88. The primary site of biotin absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
89. Which of the following is not a component of the mitochondrial matrix?
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Citric acid cycle enzymes
c) Electron transport chain complexes
d) Fatty acid oxidation enzymes
90. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step in purine synthesis is:
a) Glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase
b) IMP dehydrogenase
c) Adenylosuccinate synthetase
d) Xanthine oxidase
57. Which of the following is not a component of the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VIII
b) Factor IX
c) Factor XI
d) Factor VII
58. The enzyme responsible for converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis is:
a) Pyruvate carboxylase
b) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
c) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
59. Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?
a) Temperature regulation
b) Appetite control
c) Insulin secretion
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
60. The primary site of erythropoietin production in adults is:
a) Liver
b) Kidney
c) Spleen
d) Bone marrow
61. Which of the following is not a component of the extracellular fluid?
a) Sodium
b) Chloride
c) Potassium
d) Bicarbonate
62. The enzyme responsible for converting homocysteine to methionine is:
a) Methionine synthase
b) Cystathionine β-synthase
c) S-adenosylmethionine synthetase
d) Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
63. Which of the following is not a function of the gallbladder?
a) Bile storage
b) Bile concentration
c) Cholesterol synthesis
d) Bile release
64. The primary site of glucagon production is:
a) Alpha cells of the pancreas
b) Beta cells of the pancreas
c) Delta cells of the pancreas
d) Epsilon cells of the pancreas
65. Which of the following is not a component of the complement system?
a) C3 convertase
b) Membrane attack complex
c) Opsonins
d) Antibodies
66. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is:
a) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
b) Fatty acid synthase
c) HMG-CoA reductase
d) Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
67. Which of the following is not a function of the pineal gland?
a) Melatonin production
b) Circadian rhythm regulation
c) Calcium homeostasis
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
68. The primary site of vitamin C absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
69. Which of the following is not a component of the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VII
b) Tissue factor
c) Factor X
d) Factor XII
70. The enzyme responsible for converting glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in
glycolysis is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Phosphoglucose isomerase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Aldolase
71. Which of the following is not a function of the thymus gland?
a) T cell maturation
b) Thymopoietin production
c) Insulin-like growth factor production
d) Erythropoietin production
72. The primary site of vitamin E absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
73. Which of the following is not a component of the citric acid cycle?
a) Citrate synthase
b) Isocitrate dehydrogenase
c) Succinyl-CoA synthetase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
74. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway is:
a) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
b) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
c) Transketolase
d) Transaldolase
75. Which of the following is not a function of the adrenal cortex?
a) Cortisol production
b) Aldosterone production
c) Epinephrine production
d) Androgen production
76. The primary site of vitamin B1 (thiamine) absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
77. Which of the following is not a component of the respiratory chain?
a) NADH dehydrogenase
b) Cytochrome c oxidase
c) ATP synthase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
78. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Glucokinase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
79. Which of the following is not a function of the pancreatic beta cells?
a) Insulin production
b) Amylin production
c) C-peptide production
d) Glucagon production
80. The primary site of folic acid absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
81. Which of the following is not a component of the urea cycle?
a) Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
b) Ornithine transcarbamylase
c) Argininosuccinate synthetase
d) Glutamate dehydrogenase
82. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is:
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Pyruvate carboxylase
c) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
d) Lactate dehydrogenase
83. Which of the following is not a function of the growth hormone?
a) Promoting protein synthesis
b) Stimulating lipolysis
c) Increasing insulin sensitivity
d) Enhancing bone growth
84. The primary site of vitamin B6 absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
85. Which of the following is not a component of the electron transport chain complex III?
a) Cytochrome b
b) Cytochrome c1
c) Iron-sulfur protein
d) Cytochrome a
86. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis is:
a) HMG-CoA reductase
b) HMG-CoA synthase
c) Mevalonate kinase
d) Squalene synthase
87. Which of the following is not a function of the parathyroid hormone?
a) Increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
b) Stimulating calcium absorption in the intestines
c) Promoting bone resorption
d) Decreasing phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys
88. The primary site of biotin absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
89. Which of the following is not a component of the mitochondrial matrix?
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Citric acid cycle enzymes
c) Electron transport chain complexes
d) Fatty acid oxidation enzymes
90. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step in purine synthesis is:
a) Glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase
b) IMP dehydrogenase
c) Adenylosuccinate synthetase
d) Xanthine oxidase
57. Which of the following is not a component of the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VIII
b) Factor IX
c) Factor XI
d) Factor VII
58. The enzyme responsible for converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis is:
a) Pyruvate carboxylase
b) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
c) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
59. Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?
a) Temperature regulation
b) Appetite control
c) Insulin secretion
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
60. The primary site of erythropoietin production in adults is:
a) Liver
b) Kidney
c) Spleen
d) Bone marrow
61. Which of the following is not a component of the extracellular fluid?
a) Sodium
b) Chloride
c) Potassium
d) Bicarbonate
62. The enzyme responsible for converting homocysteine to methionine is:
a) Methionine synthase
b) Cystathionine β-synthase
c) S-adenosylmethionine synthetase
d) Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
63. Which of the following is not a function of the gallbladder?
a) Bile storage
b) Bile concentration
c) Cholesterol synthesis
d) Bile release
64. The primary site of glucagon production is:
a) Alpha cells of the pancreas
b) Beta cells of the pancreas
c) Delta cells of the pancreas
d) Epsilon cells of the pancreas
65. Which of the following is not a component of the complement system?
a) C3 convertase
b) Membrane attack complex
c) Opsonins
d) Antibodies
66. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is:
a) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
b) Fatty acid synthase
c) HMG-CoA reductase
d) Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
67. Which of the following is not a function of the pineal gland?
a) Melatonin production
b) Circadian rhythm regulation
c) Calcium homeostasis
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
68. The primary site of vitamin C absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
69. Which of the following is not a component of the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VII
b) Tissue factor
c) Factor X
d) Factor XII
70. The enzyme responsible for converting glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in
glycolysis is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Phosphoglucose isomerase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Aldolase
71. Which of the following is not a function of the thymus gland?
a) T cell maturation
b) Thymopoietin production
c) Insulin-like growth factor production
d) Erythropoietin production
72. The primary site of vitamin E absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
73. Which of the following is not a component of the citric acid cycle?
a) Citrate synthase
b) Isocitrate dehydrogenase
c) Succinyl-CoA synthetase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
74. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway is:
a) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
b) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
c) Transketolase
d) Transaldolase
75. Which of the following is not a function of the adrenal cortex?
a) Cortisol production
b) Aldosterone production
c) Epinephrine production
d) Androgen production
76. The primary site of vitamin B1 (thiamine) absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
77. Which of the following is not a component of the respiratory chain?
a) NADH dehydrogenase
b) Cytochrome c oxidase
c) ATP synthase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
78. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Glucokinase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
79. Which of the following is not a function of the pancreatic beta cells?
a) Insulin production
b) Amylin production
c) C-peptide production
d) Glucagon production
80. The primary site of folic acid absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
81. Which of the following is not a component of the urea cycle?
a) Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
b) Ornithine transcarbamylase
c) Argininosuccinate synthetase
d) Glutamate dehydrogenase
82. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is:
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Pyruvate carboxylase
c) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
d) Lactate dehydrogenase
83. Which of the following is not a function of the growth hormone?
a) Promoting protein synthesis
b) Stimulating lipolysis
c) Increasing insulin sensitivity
d) Enhancing bone growth
84. The primary site of vitamin B6 absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
85. Which of the following is not a component of the electron transport chain complex III?
a) Cytochrome b
b) Cytochrome c1
c) Iron-sulfur protein
d) Cytochrome a
86. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis is:
a) HMG-CoA reductase
b) HMG-CoA synthase
c) Mevalonate kinase
d) Squalene synthase
87. Which of the following is not a function of the parathyroid hormone?
a) Increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
b) Stimulating calcium absorption in the intestines
c) Promoting bone resorption
d) Decreasing phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys
88. The primary site of biotin absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
89. Which of the following is not a component of the mitochondrial matrix?
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Citric acid cycle enzymes
c) Electron transport chain complexes
d) Fatty acid oxidation enzymes
90. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step in purine synthesis is:
a) Glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase
b) IMP dehydrogenase
c) Adenylosuccinate synthetase
d) Xanthine oxidase
57. Which of the following is not a component of the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VIII
b) Factor IX
c) Factor XI
d) Factor VII
58. The enzyme responsible for converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis is:
a) Pyruvate carboxylase
b) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
c) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
59. Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?
a) Temperature regulation
b) Appetite control
c) Insulin secretion
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
60. The primary site of erythropoietin production in adults is:
a) Liver
b) Kidney
c) Spleen
d) Bone marrow
61. Which of the following is not a component of the extracellular fluid?
a) Sodium
b) Chloride
c) Potassium
d) Bicarbonate
62. The enzyme responsible for converting homocysteine to methionine is:
a) Methionine synthase
b) Cystathionine β-synthase
c) S-adenosylmethionine synthetase
d) Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
63. Which of the following is not a function of the gallbladder?
a) Bile storage
b) Bile concentration
c) Cholesterol synthesis
d) Bile release
64. The primary site of glucagon production is:
a) Alpha cells of the pancreas
b) Beta cells of the pancreas
c) Delta cells of the pancreas
d) Epsilon cells of the pancreas
65. Which of the following is not a component of the complement system?
a) C3 convertase
b) Membrane attack complex
c) Opsonins
d) Antibodies
66. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is:
a) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
b) Fatty acid synthase
c) HMG-CoA reductase
d) Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
67. Which of the following is not a function of the pineal gland?
a) Melatonin production
b) Circadian rhythm regulation
c) Calcium homeostasis
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
68. The primary site of vitamin C absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
69. Which of the following is not a component of the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VII
b) Tissue factor
c) Factor X
d) Factor XII
70. The enzyme responsible for converting glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in
glycolysis is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Phosphoglucose isomerase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Aldolase
71. Which of the following is not a function of the thymus gland?
a) T cell maturation
b) Thymopoietin production
c) Insulin-like growth factor production
d) Erythropoietin production
72. The primary site of vitamin E absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
73. Which of the following is not a component of the citric acid cycle?
a) Citrate synthase
b) Isocitrate dehydrogenase
c) Succinyl-CoA synthetase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
74. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway is:
a) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
b) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
c) Transketolase
d) Transaldolase
75. Which of the following is not a function of the adrenal cortex?
a) Cortisol production
b) Aldosterone production
c) Epinephrine production
d) Androgen production
76. The primary site of vitamin B1 (thiamine) absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
77. Which of the following is not a component of the respiratory chain?
a) NADH dehydrogenase
b) Cytochrome c oxidase
c) ATP synthase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
78. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Glucokinase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
79. Which of the following is not a function of the pancreatic beta cells?
a) Insulin production
b) Amylin production
c) C-peptide production
d) Glucagon production
80. The primary site of folic acid absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
81. Which of the following is not a component of the urea cycle?
a) Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
b) Ornithine transcarbamylase
c) Argininosuccinate synthetase
d) Glutamate dehydrogenase
82. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is:
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Pyruvate carboxylase
c) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
d) Lactate dehydrogenase
83. Which of the following is not a function of the growth hormone?
a) Promoting protein synthesis
b) Stimulating lipolysis
c) Increasing insulin sensitivity
d) Enhancing bone growth
84. The primary site of vitamin B6 absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
85. Which of the following is not a component of the electron transport chain complex III?
a) Cytochrome b
b) Cytochrome c1
c) Iron-sulfur protein
d) Cytochrome a
86. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis is:
a) HMG-CoA reductase
b) HMG-CoA synthase
c) Mevalonate kinase
d) Squalene synthase
87. Which of the following is not a function of the parathyroid hormone?
a) Increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
b) Stimulating calcium absorption in the intestines
c) Promoting bone resorption
d) Decreasing phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys
88. The primary site of biotin absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
89. Which of the following is not a component of the mitochondrial matrix?
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Citric acid cycle enzymes
c) Electron transport chain complexes
d) Fatty acid oxidation enzymes
90. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step in purine synthesis is:
a) Glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase
b) IMP dehydrogenase
c) Adenylosuccinate synthetase
d) Xanthine oxidase
57. Which of the following is not a component of the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VIII
b) Factor IX
c) Factor XI
d) Factor VII
58. The enzyme responsible for converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis is:
a) Pyruvate carboxylase
b) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
c) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
59. Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?
a) Temperature regulation
b) Appetite control
c) Insulin secretion
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
60. The primary site of erythropoietin production in adults is:
a) Liver
b) Kidney
c) Spleen
d) Bone marrow
61. Which of the following is not a component of the extracellular fluid?
a) Sodium
b) Chloride
c) Potassium
d) Bicarbonate
62. The enzyme responsible for converting homocysteine to methionine is:
a) Methionine synthase
b) Cystathionine β-synthase
c) S-adenosylmethionine synthetase
d) Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
63. Which of the following is not a function of the gallbladder?
a) Bile storage
b) Bile concentration
c) Cholesterol synthesis
d) Bile release
64. The primary site of glucagon production is:
a) Alpha cells of the pancreas
b) Beta cells of the pancreas
c) Delta cells of the pancreas
d) Epsilon cells of the pancreas
65. Which of the following is not a component of the complement system?
a) C3 convertase
b) Membrane attack complex
c) Opsonins
d) Antibodies
66. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is:
a) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
b) Fatty acid synthase
c) HMG-CoA reductase
d) Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
67. Which of the following is not a function of the pineal gland?
a) Melatonin production
b) Circadian rhythm regulation
c) Calcium homeostasis
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
68. The primary site of vitamin C absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
69. Which of the following is not a component of the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VII
b) Tissue factor
c) Factor X
d) Factor XII
70. The enzyme responsible for converting glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in
glycolysis is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Phosphoglucose isomerase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Aldolase
71. Which of the following is not a function of the thymus gland?
a) T cell maturation
b) Thymopoietin production
c) Insulin-like growth factor production
d) Erythropoietin production
72. The primary site of vitamin E absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
73. Which of the following is not a component of the citric acid cycle?
a) Citrate synthase
b) Isocitrate dehydrogenase
c) Succinyl-CoA synthetase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
74. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway is:
a) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
b) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
c) Transketolase
d) Transaldolase
75. Which of the following is not a function of the adrenal cortex?
a) Cortisol production
b) Aldosterone production
c) Epinephrine production
d) Androgen production
76. The primary site of vitamin B1 (thiamine) absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
77. Which of the following is not a component of the respiratory chain?
a) NADH dehydrogenase
b) Cytochrome c oxidase
c) ATP synthase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
78. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Glucokinase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
79. Which of the following is not a function of the pancreatic beta cells?
a) Insulin production
b) Amylin production
c) C-peptide production
d) Glucagon production
80. The primary site of folic acid absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
81. Which of the following is not a component of the urea cycle?
a) Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
b) Ornithine transcarbamylase
c) Argininosuccinate synthetase
d) Glutamate dehydrogenase
82. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is:
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Pyruvate carboxylase
c) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
d) Lactate dehydrogenase
83. Which of the following is not a function of the growth hormone?
a) Promoting protein synthesis
b) Stimulating lipolysis
c) Increasing insulin sensitivity
d) Enhancing bone growth
84. The primary site of vitamin B6 absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
85. Which of the following is not a component of the electron transport chain complex III?
a) Cytochrome b
b) Cytochrome c1
c) Iron-sulfur protein
d) Cytochrome a
86. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis is:
a) HMG-CoA reductase
b) HMG-CoA synthase
c) Mevalonate kinase
d) Squalene synthase
87. Which of the following is not a function of the parathyroid hormone?
a) Increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
b) Stimulating calcium absorption in the intestines
c) Promoting bone resorption
d) Decreasing phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys
88. The primary site of biotin absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
89. Which of the following is not a component of the mitochondrial matrix?
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Citric acid cycle enzymes
c) Electron transport chain complexes
d) Fatty acid oxidation enzymes
90. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step in purine synthesis is:
a) Glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase
b) IMP dehydrogenase
c) Adenylosuccinate synthetase
d) Xanthine oxidase
57. Which of the following is not a component of the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VIII
b) Factor IX
c) Factor XI
d) Factor VII
58. The enzyme responsible for converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis is:
a) Pyruvate carboxylase
b) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
c) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
59. Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?
a) Temperature regulation
b) Appetite control
c) Insulin secretion
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
60. The primary site of erythropoietin production in adults is:
a) Liver
b) Kidney
c) Spleen
d) Bone marrow
61. Which of the following is not a component of the extracellular fluid?
a) Sodium
b) Chloride
c) Potassium
d) Bicarbonate
62. The enzyme responsible for converting homocysteine to methionine is:
a) Methionine synthase
b) Cystathionine β-synthase
c) S-adenosylmethionine synthetase
d) Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
63. Which of the following is not a function of the gallbladder?
a) Bile storage
b) Bile concentration
c) Cholesterol synthesis
d) Bile release
64. The primary site of glucagon production is:
a) Alpha cells of the pancreas
b) Beta cells of the pancreas
c) Delta cells of the pancreas
d) Epsilon cells of the pancreas
65. Which of the following is not a component of the complement system?
a) C3 convertase
b) Membrane attack complex
c) Opsonins
d) Antibodies
66. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is:
a) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
b) Fatty acid synthase
c) HMG-CoA reductase
d) Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
67. Which of the following is not a function of the pineal gland?
a) Melatonin production
b) Circadian rhythm regulation
c) Calcium homeostasis
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
68. The primary site of vitamin C absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
69. Which of the following is not a component of the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VII
b) Tissue factor
c) Factor X
d) Factor XII
70. The enzyme responsible for converting glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in
glycolysis is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Phosphoglucose isomerase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Aldolase
71. Which of the following is not a function of the thymus gland?
a) T cell maturation
b) Thymopoietin production
c) Insulin-like growth factor production
d) Erythropoietin production
72. The primary site of vitamin E absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
73. Which of the following is not a component of the citric acid cycle?
a) Citrate synthase
b) Isocitrate dehydrogenase
c) Succinyl-CoA synthetase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
74. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway is:
a) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
b) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
c) Transketolase
d) Transaldolase
75. Which of the following is not a function of the adrenal cortex?
a) Cortisol production
b) Aldosterone production
c) Epinephrine production
d) Androgen production
76. The primary site of vitamin B1 (thiamine) absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
77. Which of the following is not a component of the respiratory chain?
a) NADH dehydrogenase
b) Cytochrome c oxidase
c) ATP synthase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
78. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Glucokinase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
79. Which of the following is not a function of the pancreatic beta cells?
a) Insulin production
b) Amylin production
c) C-peptide production
d) Glucagon production
80. The primary site of folic acid absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
81. Which of the following is not a component of the urea cycle?
a) Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
b) Ornithine transcarbamylase
c) Argininosuccinate synthetase
d) Glutamate dehydrogenase
82. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is:
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Pyruvate carboxylase
c) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
d) Lactate dehydrogenase
83. Which of the following is not a function of the growth hormone?
a) Promoting protein synthesis
b) Stimulating lipolysis
c) Increasing insulin sensitivity
d) Enhancing bone growth
84. The primary site of vitamin B6 absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
85. Which of the following is not a component of the electron transport chain complex III?
a) Cytochrome b
b) Cytochrome c1
c) Iron-sulfur protein
d) Cytochrome a
86. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis is:
a) HMG-CoA reductase
b) HMG-CoA synthase
c) Mevalonate kinase
d) Squalene synthase
87. Which of the following is not a function of the parathyroid hormone?
a) Increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
b) Stimulating calcium absorption in the intestines
c) Promoting bone resorption
d) Decreasing phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys
88. The primary site of biotin absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
89. Which of the following is not a component of the mitochondrial matrix?
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Citric acid cycle enzymes
c) Electron transport chain complexes
d) Fatty acid oxidation enzymes
90. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step in purine synthesis is:
a) Glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase
b) IMP dehydrogenase
c) Adenylosuccinate synthetase
d) Xanthine oxidase
57. Which of the following is not a component of the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VIII
b) Factor IX
c) Factor XI
d) Factor VII
58. The enzyme responsible for converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis is:
a) Pyruvate carboxylase
b) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
c) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
59. Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?
a) Temperature regulation
b) Appetite control
c) Insulin secretion
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
60. The primary site of erythropoietin production in adults is:
a) Liver
b) Kidney
c) Spleen
d) Bone marrow
61. Which of the following is not a component of the extracellular fluid?
a) Sodium
b) Chloride
c) Potassium
d) Bicarbonate
62. The enzyme responsible for converting homocysteine to methionine is:
a) Methionine synthase
b) Cystathionine β-synthase
c) S-adenosylmethionine synthetase
d) Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
63. Which of the following is not a function of the gallbladder?
a) Bile storage
b) Bile concentration
c) Cholesterol synthesis
d) Bile release
64. The primary site of glucagon production is:
a) Alpha cells of the pancreas
b) Beta cells of the pancreas
c) Delta cells of the pancreas
d) Epsilon cells of the pancreas
65. Which of the following is not a component of the complement system?
a) C3 convertase
b) Membrane attack complex
c) Opsonins
d) Antibodies
66. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is:
a) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
b) Fatty acid synthase
c) HMG-CoA reductase
d) Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
67. Which of the following is not a function of the pineal gland?
a) Melatonin production
b) Circadian rhythm regulation
c) Calcium homeostasis
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
68. The primary site of vitamin C absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
69. Which of the following is not a component of the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VII
b) Tissue factor
c) Factor X
d) Factor XII
70. The enzyme responsible for converting glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in
glycolysis is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Phosphoglucose isomerase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Aldolase
71. Which of the following is not a function of the thymus gland?
a) T cell maturation
b) Thymopoietin production
c) Insulin-like growth factor production
d) Erythropoietin production
72. The primary site of vitamin E absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
73. Which of the following is not a component of the citric acid cycle?
a) Citrate synthase
b) Isocitrate dehydrogenase
c) Succinyl-CoA synthetase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
74. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway is:
a) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
b) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
c) Transketolase
d) Transaldolase
75. Which of the following is not a function of the adrenal cortex?
a) Cortisol production
b) Aldosterone production
c) Epinephrine production
d) Androgen production
76. The primary site of vitamin B1 (thiamine) absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
77. Which of the following is not a component of the respiratory chain?
a) NADH dehydrogenase
b) Cytochrome c oxidase
c) ATP synthase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
78. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Glucokinase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
79. Which of the following is not a function of the pancreatic beta cells?
a) Insulin production
b) Amylin production
c) C-peptide production
d) Glucagon production
80. The primary site of folic acid absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
81. Which of the following is not a component of the urea cycle?
a) Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
b) Ornithine transcarbamylase
c) Argininosuccinate synthetase
d) Glutamate dehydrogenase
82. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is:
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Pyruvate carboxylase
c) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
d) Lactate dehydrogenase
83. Which of the following is not a function of the growth hormone?
a) Promoting protein synthesis
b) Stimulating lipolysis
c) Increasing insulin sensitivity
d) Enhancing bone growth
84. The primary site of vitamin B6 absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
85. Which of the following is not a component of the electron transport chain complex III?
a) Cytochrome b
b) Cytochrome c1
c) Iron-sulfur protein
d) Cytochrome a
86. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis is:
a) HMG-CoA reductase
b) HMG-CoA synthase
c) Mevalonate kinase
d) Squalene synthase
87. Which of the following is not a function of the parathyroid hormone?
a) Increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
b) Stimulating calcium absorption in the intestines
c) Promoting bone resorption
d) Decreasing phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys
88. The primary site of biotin absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
89. Which of the following is not a component of the mitochondrial matrix?
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Citric acid cycle enzymes
c) Electron transport chain complexes
d) Fatty acid oxidation enzymes
90. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step in purine synthesis is:
a) Glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase
b) IMP dehydrogenase
c) Adenylosuccinate synthetase
d) Xanthine oxidase
57. Which of the following is not a component of the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VIII
b) Factor IX
c) Factor XI
d) Factor VII
58. The enzyme responsible for converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis is:
a) Pyruvate carboxylase
b) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
c) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
59. Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?
a) Temperature regulation
b) Appetite control
c) Insulin secretion
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
60. The primary site of erythropoietin production in adults is:
a) Liver
b) Kidney
c) Spleen
d) Bone marrow
61. Which of the following is not a component of the extracellular fluid?
a) Sodium
b) Chloride
c) Potassium
d) Bicarbonate
62. The enzyme responsible for converting homocysteine to methionine is:
a) Methionine synthase
b) Cystathionine β-synthase
c) S-adenosylmethionine synthetase
d) Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
63. Which of the following is not a function of the gallbladder?
a) Bile storage
b) Bile concentration
c) Cholesterol synthesis
d) Bile release
64. The primary site of glucagon production is:
a) Alpha cells of the pancreas
b) Beta cells of the pancreas
c) Delta cells of the pancreas
d) Epsilon cells of the pancreas
65. Which of the following is not a component of the complement system?
a) C3 convertase
b) Membrane attack complex
c) Opsonins
d) Antibodies
66. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is:
a) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
b) Fatty acid synthase
c) HMG-CoA reductase
d) Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
67. Which of the following is not a function of the pineal gland?
a) Melatonin production
b) Circadian rhythm regulation
c) Calcium homeostasis
d) Sleep-wake cycle regulation
68. The primary site of vitamin C absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
69. Which of the following is not a component of the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
a) Factor VII
b) Tissue factor
c) Factor X
d) Factor XII
70. The enzyme responsible for converting glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in
glycolysis is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Phosphoglucose isomerase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Aldolase
71. Which of the following is not a function of the thymus gland?
a) T cell maturation
b) Thymopoietin production
c) Insulin-like growth factor production
d) Erythropoietin production
72. The primary site of vitamin E absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
73. Which of the following is not a component of the citric acid cycle?
a) Citrate synthase
b) Isocitrate dehydrogenase
c) Succinyl-CoA synthetase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
74. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway is:
a) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
b) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
c) Transketolase
d) Transaldolase
75. Which of the following is not a function of the adrenal cortex?
a) Cortisol production
b) Aldosterone production
c) Epinephrine production
d) Androgen production
76. The primary site of vitamin B1 (thiamine) absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
77. Which of the following is not a component of the respiratory chain?
a) NADH dehydrogenase
b) Cytochrome c oxidase
c) ATP synthase
d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
78. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is:
a) Hexokinase
b) Glucokinase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
79. Which of the following is not a function of the pancreatic beta cells?
a) Insulin production
b) Amylin production
c) C-peptide production
d) Glucagon production
80. The primary site of folic acid absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
81. Which of the following is not a component of the urea cycle?
a) Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
b) Ornithine transcarbamylase
c) Argininosuccinate synthetase
d) Glutamate dehydrogenase
82. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is:
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Pyruvate carboxylase
c) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
d) Lactate dehydrogenase
83. Which of the following is not a function of the growth hormone?
a) Promoting protein synthesis
b) Stimulating lipolysis
c) Increasing insulin sensitivity
d) Enhancing bone growth
84. The primary site of vitamin B6 absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
85. Which of the following is not a component of the electron transport chain complex III?
a) Cytochrome b
b) Cytochrome c1
c) Iron-sulfur protein
d) Cytochrome a
86. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis is:
a) HMG-CoA reductase
b) HMG-CoA synthase
c) Mevalonate kinase
d) Squalene synthase
87. Which of the following is not a function of the parathyroid hormone?
a) Increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
b) Stimulating calcium absorption in the intestines
c) Promoting bone resorption
d) Decreasing phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys
88. The primary site of biotin absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
89. Which of the following is not a component of the mitochondrial matrix?
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b) Citric acid cycle enzymes
c) Electron transport chain complexes
d) Fatty acid oxidation enzymes
90. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step in purine synthesis is:
a) Glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase
b) IMP dehydrogenase
c) Adenylosuccinate synthetase
d) Xanthine oxidase
91. Which of the following is not a function of cortisol?
a) Stimulating gluconeogenesis
b) Suppressing the immune system
c) Promoting protein synthesis
d) Enhancing lipolysis
92. The primary site of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
93. Which of the following is not a component of the glycogenolysis pathway?
a) Glycogen phosphorylase
b) Phosphoglucomutase
c) Glucose-6-phosphatase
d) Glycogen synthase
94. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of oxaloacetate to
phosphoenolpyruvate in gluconeogenesis is:
a) Pyruvate carboxylase
b) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
c) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
95. Which of the following is not a function of calcitonin?
a) Decreasing blood calcium levels
b) Inhibiting osteoclast activity
c) Promoting calcium absorption in the intestines
d) Increasing calcium excretion in the urine
96. The primary site of vitamin B3 (niacin) absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
97. Which of the following is not a component of the glycolysis pathway?
a) Hexokinase
b) Phosphofructokinase
c) Pyruvate kinase
d) Glucose-6-phosphatase
98. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to UDP-
glucose is:
a) Phosphoglucomutase
b) UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
c) Glycogen synthase
d) Glycogen phosphorylase
99. Which of the following is not a function of aldosterone?
a) Increasing sodium reabsorption in the kidneys
b) Promoting potassium excretion in the urine
c) Regulating blood pressure
d) Stimulating gluconeogenesis
100. The primary site of vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) absorption in the small intestine is:
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
c) Ileum
d) Colon
