Use of Satellite Technology for Aircraft Communication, Navigation, and
Surveillance Services: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) with Answers
1. What is the typical orbital altitude for GPS satellites?
a) 10,000 km
b) 20,200 km
c) 35,786 km
d) 42,164 km
Answer: b) 20,200 km
2. Calculate the time it takes for a GPS signal to travel from a satellite at an altitude of 20,200 km to
an aircraft on the ground, assuming the speed of light is 3 × 10^8 m/s.
a) 0.0337 seconds
b) 0.0674 seconds
c) 0.1011 seconds
d) 0.1348 seconds
Answer: b) 0.0674 seconds
3. What is the frequency range of the L1 band used by GPS?
a) 1176.45 MHz
b) 1227.60 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1602.00 MHz
Answer: c) 1575.42 MHz
4. If a GPS receiver's clock is off by 1 microsecond, what is the approximate distance error
introduced?
a) 30 cm
b) 3 m
c) 30 m
d) 300 m
Answer: d) 300 m
5. What is the orbital period of a geostationary satellite?
a) 12 hours
b) 24 hours
c) 36 hours
d) 48 hours
Answer: b) 24 hours
6. Calculate the wavelength of an L1 GPS signal (1575.42 MHz).
a) 9.5 cm
b) 19.0 cm
c) 28.5 cm
d) 38.0 cm
Answer: b) 19.0 cm
7. What is the minimum number of GPS satellites required for a 3D position fix?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
Answer: c) 4
8. If an aircraft is flying at 10,000 m altitude, what is the approximate horizon distance for line-of-
sight communications?
a) 200 km
b) 357 km
c) 500 km
d) 714 km
Answer: b) 357 km
9. What is the typical data rate for ADS-B Out transmissions?
a) 1 Mbps
b) 1.09 Mbps
c) 2 Mbps
d) 2.18 Mbps
Answer: b) 1.09 Mbps
10. Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal received by an aircraft moving at 900
km/h directly towards the satellite.
a) 1.31 kHz
b) 2.62 kHz
c) 3.93 kHz
d) 5.24 kHz
Answer: a) 1.31 kHz
11. What is the typical update rate for ADS-B position reports?
a) 0.5 seconds
b) 1 second
c) 2 seconds
d) 5 seconds
Answer: b) 1 second
12. If a satellite is 35,786 km above the equator, what is its orbital velocity?
a) 3,075 m/s
b) 3,575 m/s
c) 4,075 m/s
d) 4,575 m/s
Answer: a) 3,075 m/s
13. What is the frequency of the GPS L2 band?
a) 1176.45 MHz
b) 1227.60 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1602.00 MHz
Answer: b) 1227.60 MHz
14. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal traveling 20,200 km.
a) 162.5 dB
b) 172.5 dB
c) 182.5 dB
d) 192.5 dB
Answer: c) 182.5 dB
15. What is the typical range of GLONASS satellite orbital altitudes?
a) 18,840 - 19,140 km
b) 19,140 - 19,440 km
c) 19,440 - 19,740 km
d) 19,740 - 20,040 km
Answer: b) 19,140 - 19,440 km
16. If an aircraft's GPS receiver can track 12 satellites simultaneously, how many independent
pseudorange measurements can be obtained?
a) 6
b) 8
c) 10
d) 12
Answer: d) 12
17. What is the approximate time taken for a geostationary satellite signal to travel to Earth and
back?
a) 120 ms
b) 240 ms
c) 360 ms
d) 480 ms
Answer: b) 240 ms
18. Calculate the Fresnel zone radius for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal at a distance of 150 km from the
transmitter.
a) 41.3 m
b) 82.6 m
c) 123.9 m
d) 165.2 m
Answer: b) 82.6 m
19. What is the typical power output of a GPS satellite transmitter?
a) 25-50 W
b) 50-100 W
c) 100-200 W
d) 200-400 W
Answer: b) 50-100 W
20. If an aircraft is flying at 800 km/h, how long does it take to cross a 1° longitude at the equator?
a) 4 minutes
b) 5 minutes
c) 6 minutes
d) 7 minutes
Answer: d) 7 minutes
21. What is the frequency range used by Iridium satellites for aircraft communications?
a) 1610-1626.5 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) 1660.5-1668.4 MHz
d) 1668.4-1675 MHz
Answer: a) 1610-1626.5 MHz
22. Calculate the maximum theoretical data rate for a channel with 1 MHz bandwidth and a signal-to-
noise ratio of 20 dB.
a) 3.32 Mbps
b) 4.32 Mbps
c) 5.32 Mbps
d) 6.32 Mbps
Answer: d) 6.32 Mbps
23. What is the typical accuracy of GPS vertical positioning?
a) 1-3 m
b) 3-5 m
c) 5-10 m
d) 10-15 m
Answer: c) 5-10 m
24. If a satellite is orbiting at an altitude of 1000 km, what is its orbital period?
a) 85 minutes
b) 105 minutes
c) 125 minutes
d) 145 minutes
Answer: b) 105 minutes
25. What is the frequency of the GPS L5 band?
a) 1176.45 MHz
b) 1227.60 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1602.00 MHz
Answer: a) 1176.45 MHz
26. Calculate the link margin for a satellite communication system with a transmit power of 50 W,
antenna gain of 30 dB, free space path loss of 190 dB, and receiver sensitivity of -120 dBm.
a) 7 dB
b) 17 dB
c) 27 dB
d) 37 dB
Answer: b) 17 dB
27. What is the typical update rate for GNSS-based aircraft position reports in ADS-C?
a) 5 seconds
b) 15 seconds
c) 30 seconds
d) 60 seconds
Answer: b) 15 seconds
28. If an aircraft is flying at 40,000 ft, what is the approximate line-of-sight distance to the horizon?
a) 245 km
b) 345 km
c) 445 km
d) 545 km
Answer: b) 345 km
29. What is the frequency range used by Inmarsat satellites for aeronautical services?
a) 1525-1559 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
Answer: c) Both a and b
30. Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal received by a ground station from an
aircraft moving at 1000 km/h directly towards the station.
a) 505 Hz
b) 1010 Hz
c) 1515 Hz
d) 2020 Hz
Answer: b) 1010 Hz
31. What is the typical horizontal accuracy of WAAS-augmented GPS?
a) < 1 m
b) < 3 m
c) < 5 m
d) < 10 m
Answer: b) < 3 m
32. If a GPS receiver's clock is off by 10 nanoseconds, what is the approximate distance error
introduced?
a) 0.3 m
b) 3 m
c) 30 m
d) 300 m
Answer: b) 3 m
33. What is the orbital period of a satellite at an altitude of 20,200 km?
a) 6 hours
b) 12 hours
c) 18 hours
d) 24 hours
Answer: b) 12 hours
34. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal traveling 300 km.
a) 123.7 dB
b) 133.7 dB
c) 143.7 dB
d) 153.7 dB
Answer: c) 143.7 dB
35. What is the typical range of Galileo satellite orbital altitudes?
a) 22,000 - 22,500 km
b) 23,000 - 23,500 km
c) 24,000 - 24,500 km
d) 25,000 - 25,500 km
Answer: b) 23,000 - 23,500 km
36. If an aircraft is flying at 900 km/h, how long does it take to travel 1° of latitude?
a) 4 minutes
b) 5 minutes
c) 6 minutes
d) 7 minutes
Answer: d) 7 minutes
37. What is the approximate number of satellites in the Iridium constellation?
a) 36
b) 48
c) 66
d) 84
Answer: c) 66
38. Calculate the maximum theoretical channel capacity for a satellite link with 36 MHz bandwidth
and a signal-to-noise ratio of 15 dB.
a) 120 Mbps
b) 180 Mbps
c) 240 Mbps
d) 300 Mbps
Answer: b) 180 Mbps
39. What is the typical accuracy of GPS horizontal positioning?
a) 1-3 m
b) 3-5 m
c) 5-10 m
d) 10-15 m
Answer: b) 3-5 m
40. If a satellite is orbiting at an altitude of 500 km, what is its orbital velocity?
a) 6.93 km/s
b) 7.61 km/s
c) 8.29 km/s
d) 8.97 km/s
Answer: b) 7.61 km/s
41. What is the frequency range used by GLONASS L1 band?
a) 1598.0625 - 1605.375 MHz
b) 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1227.60 MHz
Answer: b) 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz
42. Calculate the time delay for a signal to travel from a geostationary satellite to an aircraft at
10,000 m altitude, assuming the satellite is directly overhead.
a) 119.25 ms
b) 119.50 ms
c) 119.75 ms
d) 120.00 ms
Answer: a) 119.25 ms
43. What is the typical update rate for ADS-C position reports in normal conditions?
a) 5 minutes
b) 14 minutes
c) 27 minutes
d) 32 minutes
Answer: b) 14 minutes
44. If an aircraft is flying at 35,000 ft, what is the approximate radius of the area visible to a
geostationary satellite?
a) 2,500 km
b) 3,500 km
c) 4,500 km
d) 5,500 km
Answer: c) 4,500 km
45. What is the frequency range used by Inmarsat satellites for the return link from aircraft?
a) 1525-1559 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) 1660.5-1668.4 MHz
d) 1668.4-1675 MHz
Answer: b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
46. Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal received by an aircraft moving at 1000
km/h perpendicular to the line of sight to the satellite.
a) 0 Hz
b) 730 Hz
c) 1460 Hz
d) 2190 Hz
Answer: a) 0 Hz
47. What is the typical vertical accuracy of WAAS-augmented GPS?
a) < 2 m
b) < 4 m
c) < 6 m
d) < 8 m
Answer: b) < 4 m
48. If a GPS receiver's clock is off by 100 nanoseconds, what is the approximate distance error
introduced?
a) 3 m
b) 30 m
c) 300 m
d) 3000 m
Answer: b) 30 m
49. What is the orbital period of a satellite at an altitude of 1000 km?
a) 85 minutes
b) 105 minutes
c) 125 minutes
d) 145 minutes
Answer: b) 105 minutes
50. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal traveling 25,000 km.
a) 174.4 dB
b) 184.4 dB
c) 194.4 dB
d) 204.4 dB
Answer: b) 184.4 dB
51. What is the typical range of BeiDou satellite orbital altitudes for MEO satellites?
a) 19,100 - 19,300 km
b) 21,100 - 21,300 km
c) 23,100 - 23,300 km
d) 25,100 - 25,300 km
Answer: b) 21,100 - 21,300 km
52. If an aircraft is flying at 800 km/h, how long does it take to travel 100 km?
a) 4.5 minutes
b) 6.0 minutes
c) 7.5 minutes
d) 9.0 minutes
Answer: c) 7.5 minutes
Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal received by an aircraft moving at 900 km/h
directly towards the satellite.
a) 1.31 kHz
b) 2.62 kHz
c) 3.93 kHz
d) 5.24 kHz
Answer: a) 1.31 kHz
11. What is the typical update rate for ADS-B position reports?
a) 0.5 seconds
b) 1 second
c) 2 seconds
d) 5 seconds
Answer: b) 1 second
12. If a satellite is 35,786 km above the equator, what is its orbital velocity?
a) 3,075 m/s
b) 3,575 m/s
c) 4,075 m/s
d) 4,575 m/s
Answer: a) 3,075 m/s
13. What is the frequency of the GPS L2 band?
a) 1176.45 MHz
b) 1227.60 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1602.00 MHz
Answer: b) 1227.60 MHz
14. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal traveling 20,200 km.
a) 162.5 dB
b) 172.5 dB
c) 182.5 dB
d) 192.5 dB
Answer: c) 182.5 dB
15. What is the typical range of GLONASS satellite orbital altitudes?
a) 18,840 - 19,140 km
b) 19,140 - 19,440 km
c) 19,440 - 19,740 km
d) 19,740 - 20,040 km
Answer: b) 19,140 - 19,440 km
16. If an aircraft's GPS receiver can track 12 satellites simultaneously, how many independent
pseudorange measurements can be obtained?
a) 6
b) 8
c) 10
d) 12
Answer: d) 12
17. What is the approximate time taken for a geostationary satellite signal to travel to Earth and
back?
a) 120 ms
b) 240 ms
c) 360 ms
d) 480 ms
Answer: b) 240 ms
18. Calculate the Fresnel zone radius for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal at a distance of 150 km from the
transmitter.
a) 41.3 m
b) 82.6 m
c) 123.9 m
d) 165.2 m
Answer: b) 82.6 m
19. What is the typical power output of a GPS satellite transmitter?
a) 25-50 W
b) 50-100 W
c) 100-200 W
d) 200-400 W
Answer: b) 50-100 W
20. If an aircraft is flying at 800 km/h, how long does it take to cross a 1° longitude at the equator?
a) 4 minutes
b) 5 minutes
c) 6 minutes
d) 7 minutes
Answer: d) 7 minutes
21. What is the frequency range used by Iridium satellites for aircraft communications?
a) 1610-1626.5 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) 1660.5-1668.4 MHz
d) 1668.4-1675 MHz
Answer: a) 1610-1626.5 MHz
22. Calculate the maximum theoretical data rate for a channel with 1 MHz bandwidth and a signal-to-
noise ratio of 20 dB.
a) 3.32 Mbps
b) 4.32 Mbps
c) 5.32 Mbps
d) 6.32 Mbps
Answer: d) 6.32 Mbps
23. What is the typical accuracy of GPS vertical positioning?
a) 1-3 m
b) 3-5 m
c) 5-10 m
d) 10-15 m
Answer: c) 5-10 m
24. If a satellite is orbiting at an altitude of 1000 km, what is its orbital period?
a) 85 minutes
b) 105 minutes
c) 125 minutes
d) 145 minutes
Answer: b) 105 minutes
25. What is the frequency of the GPS L5 band?
a) 1176.45 MHz
b) 1227.60 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1602.00 MHz
Answer: a) 1176.45 MHz
26. Calculate the link margin for a satellite communication system with a transmit power of 50 W,
antenna gain of 30 dB, free space path loss of 190 dB, and receiver sensitivity of -120 dBm.
a) 7 dB
b) 17 dB
c) 27 dB
d) 37 dB
Answer: b) 17 dB
27. What is the typical update rate for GNSS-based aircraft position reports in ADS-C?
a) 5 seconds
b) 15 seconds
c) 30 seconds
d) 60 seconds
Answer: b) 15 seconds
28. If an aircraft is flying at 40,000 ft, what is the approximate line-of-sight distance to the horizon?
a) 245 km
b) 345 km
c) 445 km
d) 545 km
Answer: b) 345 km
29. What is the frequency range used by Inmarsat satellites for aeronautical services?
a) 1525-1559 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
Answer: c) Both a and b
30. Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal received by a ground station from an
aircraft moving at 1000 km/h directly towards the station.
a) 505 Hz
b) 1010 Hz
c) 1515 Hz
d) 2020 Hz
Answer: b) 1010 Hz
31. What is the typical horizontal accuracy of WAAS-augmented GPS?
a) < 1 m
b) < 3 m
c) < 5 m
d) < 10 m
Answer: b) < 3 m
32. If a GPS receiver's clock is off by 10 nanoseconds, what is the approximate distance error
introduced?
a) 0.3 m
b) 3 m
c) 30 m
d) 300 m
Answer: b) 3 m
33. What is the orbital period of a satellite at an altitude of 20,200 km?
a) 6 hours
b) 12 hours
c) 18 hours
d) 24 hours
Answer: b) 12 hours
34. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal traveling 300 km.
a) 123.7 dB
b) 133.7 dB
c) 143.7 dB
d) 153.7 dB
Answer: c) 143.7 dB
35. What is the typical range of Galileo satellite orbital altitudes?
a) 22,000 - 22,500 km
b) 23,000 - 23,500 km
c) 24,000 - 24,500 km
d) 25,000 - 25,500 km
Answer: b) 23,000 - 23,500 km
36. If an aircraft is flying at 900 km/h, how long does it take to travel 1° of latitude?
a) 4 minutes
b) 5 minutes
c) 6 minutes
d) 7 minutes
Answer: d) 7 minutes
37. What is the approximate number of satellites in the Iridium constellation?
a) 36
b) 48
c) 66
d) 84
Answer: c) 66
38. Calculate the maximum theoretical channel capacity for a satellite link with 36 MHz bandwidth
and a signal-to-noise ratio of 15 dB.
a) 120 Mbps
b) 180 Mbps
c) 240 Mbps
d) 300 Mbps
Answer: b) 180 Mbps
39. What is the typical accuracy of GPS horizontal positioning?
a) 1-3 m
b) 3-5 m
c) 5-10 m
d) 10-15 m
Answer: b) 3-5 m
40. If a satellite is orbiting at an altitude of 500 km, what is its orbital velocity?
a) 6.93 km/s
b) 7.61 km/s
c) 8.29 km/s
d) 8.97 km/s
Answer: b) 7.61 km/s
41. What is the frequency range used by GLONASS L1 band?
a) 1598.0625 - 1605.375 MHz
b) 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1227.60 MHz
Answer: b) 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz
42. Calculate the time delay for a signal to travel from a geostationary satellite to an aircraft at
10,000 m altitude, assuming the satellite is directly overhead.
a) 119.25 ms
b) 119.50 ms
c) 119.75 ms
d) 120.00 ms
Answer: a) 119.25 ms
43. What is the typical update rate for ADS-C position reports in normal conditions?
a) 5 minutes
b) 14 minutes
c) 27 minutes
d) 32 minutes
Answer: b) 14 minutes
44. If an aircraft is flying at 35,000 ft, what is the approximate radius of the area visible to a
geostationary satellite?
a) 2,500 km
b) 3,500 km
c) 4,500 km
d) 5,500 km
Answer: c) 4,500 km
45. What is the frequency range used by Inmarsat satellites for the return link from aircraft?
a) 1525-1559 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) 1660.5-1668.4 MHz
d) 1668.4-1675 MHz
Answer: b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
46. Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal received by an aircraft moving at 1000
km/h perpendicular to the line of sight to the satellite.
a) 0 Hz
b) 730 Hz
c) 1460 Hz
d) 2190 Hz
Answer: a) 0 Hz
47. What is the typical vertical accuracy of WAAS-augmented GPS?
a) < 2 m
b) < 4 m
c) < 6 m
d) < 8 m
Answer: b) < 4 m
48. If a GPS receiver's clock is off by 100 nanoseconds, what is the approximate distance error
introduced?
a) 3 m
b) 30 m
c) 300 m
d) 3000 m
Answer: b) 30 m
49. What is the orbital period of a satellite at an altitude of 1000 km?
a) 85 minutes
b) 105 minutes
c) 125 minutes
d) 145 minutes
Answer: b) 105 minutes
50. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal traveling 25,000 km.
a) 174.4 dB
b) 184.4 dB
c) 194.4 dB
d) 204.4 dB
Answer: b) 184.4 dB
51. What is the typical range of BeiDou satellite orbital altitudes for MEO satellites?
a) 19,100 - 19,300 km
b) 21,100 - 21,300 km
c) 23,100 - 23,300 km
d) 25,100 - 25,300 km
Answer: b) 21,100 - 21,300 km
52. If an aircraft is flying at 800 km/h, how long does it take to travel 100 km?
a) 4.5 minutes
b) 6.0 minutes
c) 7.5 minutes
d) 9.0 minutes
Answer: c) 7.5 minutes
Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal received by an aircraft moving at 900 km/h
directly towards the satellite.
a) 1.31 kHz
b) 2.62 kHz
c) 3.93 kHz
d) 5.24 kHz
Answer: a) 1.31 kHz
11. What is the typical update rate for ADS-B position reports?
a) 0.5 seconds
b) 1 second
c) 2 seconds
d) 5 seconds
Answer: b) 1 second
12. If a satellite is 35,786 km above the equator, what is its orbital velocity?
a) 3,075 m/s
b) 3,575 m/s
c) 4,075 m/s
d) 4,575 m/s
Answer: a) 3,075 m/s
13. What is the frequency of the GPS L2 band?
a) 1176.45 MHz
b) 1227.60 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1602.00 MHz
Answer: b) 1227.60 MHz
14. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal traveling 20,200 km.
a) 162.5 dB
b) 172.5 dB
c) 182.5 dB
d) 192.5 dB
Answer: c) 182.5 dB
15. What is the typical range of GLONASS satellite orbital altitudes?
a) 18,840 - 19,140 km
b) 19,140 - 19,440 km
c) 19,440 - 19,740 km
d) 19,740 - 20,040 km
Answer: b) 19,140 - 19,440 km
16. If an aircraft's GPS receiver can track 12 satellites simultaneously, how many independent
pseudorange measurements can be obtained?
a) 6
b) 8
c) 10
d) 12
Answer: d) 12
17. What is the approximate time taken for a geostationary satellite signal to travel to Earth and
back?
a) 120 ms
b) 240 ms
c) 360 ms
d) 480 ms
Answer: b) 240 ms
18. Calculate the Fresnel zone radius for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal at a distance of 150 km from the
transmitter.
a) 41.3 m
b) 82.6 m
c) 123.9 m
d) 165.2 m
Answer: b) 82.6 m
19. What is the typical power output of a GPS satellite transmitter?
a) 25-50 W
b) 50-100 W
c) 100-200 W
d) 200-400 W
Answer: b) 50-100 W
20. If an aircraft is flying at 800 km/h, how long does it take to cross a 1° longitude at the equator?
a) 4 minutes
b) 5 minutes
c) 6 minutes
d) 7 minutes
Answer: d) 7 minutes
21. What is the frequency range used by Iridium satellites for aircraft communications?
a) 1610-1626.5 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) 1660.5-1668.4 MHz
d) 1668.4-1675 MHz
Answer: a) 1610-1626.5 MHz
22. Calculate the maximum theoretical data rate for a channel with 1 MHz bandwidth and a signal-to-
noise ratio of 20 dB.
a) 3.32 Mbps
b) 4.32 Mbps
c) 5.32 Mbps
d) 6.32 Mbps
Answer: d) 6.32 Mbps
23. What is the typical accuracy of GPS vertical positioning?
a) 1-3 m
b) 3-5 m
c) 5-10 m
d) 10-15 m
Answer: c) 5-10 m
24. If a satellite is orbiting at an altitude of 1000 km, what is its orbital period?
a) 85 minutes
b) 105 minutes
c) 125 minutes
d) 145 minutes
Answer: b) 105 minutes
25. What is the frequency of the GPS L5 band?
a) 1176.45 MHz
b) 1227.60 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1602.00 MHz
Answer: a) 1176.45 MHz
26. Calculate the link margin for a satellite communication system with a transmit power of 50 W,
antenna gain of 30 dB, free space path loss of 190 dB, and receiver sensitivity of -120 dBm.
a) 7 dB
b) 17 dB
c) 27 dB
d) 37 dB
Answer: b) 17 dB
27. What is the typical update rate for GNSS-based aircraft position reports in ADS-C?
a) 5 seconds
b) 15 seconds
c) 30 seconds
d) 60 seconds
Answer: b) 15 seconds
28. If an aircraft is flying at 40,000 ft, what is the approximate line-of-sight distance to the horizon?
a) 245 km
b) 345 km
c) 445 km
d) 545 km
Answer: b) 345 km
29. What is the frequency range used by Inmarsat satellites for aeronautical services?
a) 1525-1559 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
Answer: c) Both a and b
30. Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal received by a ground station from an
aircraft moving at 1000 km/h directly towards the station.
a) 505 Hz
b) 1010 Hz
c) 1515 Hz
d) 2020 Hz
Answer: b) 1010 Hz
31. What is the typical horizontal accuracy of WAAS-augmented GPS?
a) < 1 m
b) < 3 m
c) < 5 m
d) < 10 m
Answer: b) < 3 m
32. If a GPS receiver's clock is off by 10 nanoseconds, what is the approximate distance error
introduced?
a) 0.3 m
b) 3 m
c) 30 m
d) 300 m
Answer: b) 3 m
33. What is the orbital period of a satellite at an altitude of 20,200 km?
a) 6 hours
b) 12 hours
c) 18 hours
d) 24 hours
Answer: b) 12 hours
34. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal traveling 300 km.
a) 123.7 dB
b) 133.7 dB
c) 143.7 dB
d) 153.7 dB
Answer: c) 143.7 dB
35. What is the typical range of Galileo satellite orbital altitudes?
a) 22,000 - 22,500 km
b) 23,000 - 23,500 km
c) 24,000 - 24,500 km
d) 25,000 - 25,500 km
Answer: b) 23,000 - 23,500 km
36. If an aircraft is flying at 900 km/h, how long does it take to travel 1° of latitude?
a) 4 minutes
b) 5 minutes
c) 6 minutes
d) 7 minutes
Answer: d) 7 minutes
37. What is the approximate number of satellites in the Iridium constellation?
a) 36
b) 48
c) 66
d) 84
Answer: c) 66
38. Calculate the maximum theoretical channel capacity for a satellite link with 36 MHz bandwidth
and a signal-to-noise ratio of 15 dB.
a) 120 Mbps
b) 180 Mbps
c) 240 Mbps
d) 300 Mbps
Answer: b) 180 Mbps
39. What is the typical accuracy of GPS horizontal positioning?
a) 1-3 m
b) 3-5 m
c) 5-10 m
d) 10-15 m
Answer: b) 3-5 m
40. If a satellite is orbiting at an altitude of 500 km, what is its orbital velocity?
a) 6.93 km/s
b) 7.61 km/s
c) 8.29 km/s
d) 8.97 km/s
Answer: b) 7.61 km/s
41. What is the frequency range used by GLONASS L1 band?
a) 1598.0625 - 1605.375 MHz
b) 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1227.60 MHz
Answer: b) 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz
42. Calculate the time delay for a signal to travel from a geostationary satellite to an aircraft at
10,000 m altitude, assuming the satellite is directly overhead.
a) 119.25 ms
b) 119.50 ms
c) 119.75 ms
d) 120.00 ms
Answer: a) 119.25 ms
43. What is the typical update rate for ADS-C position reports in normal conditions?
a) 5 minutes
b) 14 minutes
c) 27 minutes
d) 32 minutes
Answer: b) 14 minutes
44. If an aircraft is flying at 35,000 ft, what is the approximate radius of the area visible to a
geostationary satellite?
a) 2,500 km
b) 3,500 km
c) 4,500 km
d) 5,500 km
Answer: c) 4,500 km
45. What is the frequency range used by Inmarsat satellites for the return link from aircraft?
a) 1525-1559 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) 1660.5-1668.4 MHz
d) 1668.4-1675 MHz
Answer: b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
46. Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal received by an aircraft moving at 1000
km/h perpendicular to the line of sight to the satellite.
a) 0 Hz
b) 730 Hz
c) 1460 Hz
d) 2190 Hz
Answer: a) 0 Hz
47. What is the typical vertical accuracy of WAAS-augmented GPS?
a) < 2 m
b) < 4 m
c) < 6 m
d) < 8 m
Answer: b) < 4 m
48. If a GPS receiver's clock is off by 100 nanoseconds, what is the approximate distance error
introduced?
a) 3 m
b) 30 m
c) 300 m
d) 3000 m
Answer: b) 30 m
49. What is the orbital period of a satellite at an altitude of 1000 km?
a) 85 minutes
b) 105 minutes
c) 125 minutes
d) 145 minutes
Answer: b) 105 minutes
50. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal traveling 25,000 km.
a) 174.4 dB
b) 184.4 dB
c) 194.4 dB
d) 204.4 dB
Answer: b) 184.4 dB
51. What is the typical range of BeiDou satellite orbital altitudes for MEO satellites?
a) 19,100 - 19,300 km
b) 21,100 - 21,300 km
c) 23,100 - 23,300 km
d) 25,100 - 25,300 km
Answer: b) 21,100 - 21,300 km
52. If an aircraft is flying at 800 km/h, how long does it take to travel 100 km?
a) 4.5 minutes
b) 6.0 minutes
c) 7.5 minutes
d) 9.0 minutes
Answer: c) 7.5 minutes
Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal received by an aircraft moving at 900 km/h
directly towards the satellite.
a) 1.31 kHz
b) 2.62 kHz
c) 3.93 kHz
d) 5.24 kHz
Answer: a) 1.31 kHz
11. What is the typical update rate for ADS-B position reports?
a) 0.5 seconds
b) 1 second
c) 2 seconds
d) 5 seconds
Answer: b) 1 second
12. If a satellite is 35,786 km above the equator, what is its orbital velocity?
a) 3,075 m/s
b) 3,575 m/s
c) 4,075 m/s
d) 4,575 m/s
Answer: a) 3,075 m/s
13. What is the frequency of the GPS L2 band?
a) 1176.45 MHz
b) 1227.60 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1602.00 MHz
Answer: b) 1227.60 MHz
14. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal traveling 20,200 km.
a) 162.5 dB
b) 172.5 dB
c) 182.5 dB
d) 192.5 dB
Answer: c) 182.5 dB
15. What is the typical range of GLONASS satellite orbital altitudes?
a) 18,840 - 19,140 km
b) 19,140 - 19,440 km
c) 19,440 - 19,740 km
d) 19,740 - 20,040 km
Answer: b) 19,140 - 19,440 km
16. If an aircraft's GPS receiver can track 12 satellites simultaneously, how many independent
pseudorange measurements can be obtained?
a) 6
b) 8
c) 10
d) 12
Answer: d) 12
17. What is the approximate time taken for a geostationary satellite signal to travel to Earth and
back?
a) 120 ms
b) 240 ms
c) 360 ms
d) 480 ms
Answer: b) 240 ms
18. Calculate the Fresnel zone radius for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal at a distance of 150 km from the
transmitter.
a) 41.3 m
b) 82.6 m
c) 123.9 m
d) 165.2 m
Answer: b) 82.6 m
19. What is the typical power output of a GPS satellite transmitter?
a) 25-50 W
b) 50-100 W
c) 100-200 W
d) 200-400 W
Answer: b) 50-100 W
20. If an aircraft is flying at 800 km/h, how long does it take to cross a 1° longitude at the equator?
a) 4 minutes
b) 5 minutes
c) 6 minutes
d) 7 minutes
Answer: d) 7 minutes
21. What is the frequency range used by Iridium satellites for aircraft communications?
a) 1610-1626.5 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) 1660.5-1668.4 MHz
d) 1668.4-1675 MHz
Answer: a) 1610-1626.5 MHz
22. Calculate the maximum theoretical data rate for a channel with 1 MHz bandwidth and a signal-to-
noise ratio of 20 dB.
a) 3.32 Mbps
b) 4.32 Mbps
c) 5.32 Mbps
d) 6.32 Mbps
Answer: d) 6.32 Mbps
23. What is the typical accuracy of GPS vertical positioning?
a) 1-3 m
b) 3-5 m
c) 5-10 m
d) 10-15 m
Answer: c) 5-10 m
24. If a satellite is orbiting at an altitude of 1000 km, what is its orbital period?
a) 85 minutes
b) 105 minutes
c) 125 minutes
d) 145 minutes
Answer: b) 105 minutes
25. What is the frequency of the GPS L5 band?
a) 1176.45 MHz
b) 1227.60 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1602.00 MHz
Answer: a) 1176.45 MHz
26. Calculate the link margin for a satellite communication system with a transmit power of 50 W,
antenna gain of 30 dB, free space path loss of 190 dB, and receiver sensitivity of -120 dBm.
a) 7 dB
b) 17 dB
c) 27 dB
d) 37 dB
Answer: b) 17 dB
27. What is the typical update rate for GNSS-based aircraft position reports in ADS-C?
a) 5 seconds
b) 15 seconds
c) 30 seconds
d) 60 seconds
Answer: b) 15 seconds
28. If an aircraft is flying at 40,000 ft, what is the approximate line-of-sight distance to the horizon?
a) 245 km
b) 345 km
c) 445 km
d) 545 km
Answer: b) 345 km
29. What is the frequency range used by Inmarsat satellites for aeronautical services?
a) 1525-1559 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
Answer: c) Both a and b
30. Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal received by a ground station from an
aircraft moving at 1000 km/h directly towards the station.
a) 505 Hz
b) 1010 Hz
c) 1515 Hz
d) 2020 Hz
Answer: b) 1010 Hz
31. What is the typical horizontal accuracy of WAAS-augmented GPS?
a) < 1 m
b) < 3 m
c) < 5 m
d) < 10 m
Answer: b) < 3 m
32. If a GPS receiver's clock is off by 10 nanoseconds, what is the approximate distance error
introduced?
a) 0.3 m
b) 3 m
c) 30 m
d) 300 m
Answer: b) 3 m
33. What is the orbital period of a satellite at an altitude of 20,200 km?
a) 6 hours
b) 12 hours
c) 18 hours
d) 24 hours
Answer: b) 12 hours
34. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal traveling 300 km.
a) 123.7 dB
b) 133.7 dB
c) 143.7 dB
d) 153.7 dB
Answer: c) 143.7 dB
35. What is the typical range of Galileo satellite orbital altitudes?
a) 22,000 - 22,500 km
b) 23,000 - 23,500 km
c) 24,000 - 24,500 km
d) 25,000 - 25,500 km
Answer: b) 23,000 - 23,500 km
36. If an aircraft is flying at 900 km/h, how long does it take to travel 1° of latitude?
a) 4 minutes
b) 5 minutes
c) 6 minutes
d) 7 minutes
Answer: d) 7 minutes
37. What is the approximate number of satellites in the Iridium constellation?
a) 36
b) 48
c) 66
d) 84
Answer: c) 66
38. Calculate the maximum theoretical channel capacity for a satellite link with 36 MHz bandwidth
and a signal-to-noise ratio of 15 dB.
a) 120 Mbps
b) 180 Mbps
c) 240 Mbps
d) 300 Mbps
Answer: b) 180 Mbps
39. What is the typical accuracy of GPS horizontal positioning?
a) 1-3 m
b) 3-5 m
c) 5-10 m
d) 10-15 m
Answer: b) 3-5 m
40. If a satellite is orbiting at an altitude of 500 km, what is its orbital velocity?
a) 6.93 km/s
b) 7.61 km/s
c) 8.29 km/s
d) 8.97 km/s
Answer: b) 7.61 km/s
41. What is the frequency range used by GLONASS L1 band?
a) 1598.0625 - 1605.375 MHz
b) 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1227.60 MHz
Answer: b) 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz
42. Calculate the time delay for a signal to travel from a geostationary satellite to an aircraft at
10,000 m altitude, assuming the satellite is directly overhead.
a) 119.25 ms
b) 119.50 ms
c) 119.75 ms
d) 120.00 ms
Answer: a) 119.25 ms
43. What is the typical update rate for ADS-C position reports in normal conditions?
a) 5 minutes
b) 14 minutes
c) 27 minutes
d) 32 minutes
Answer: b) 14 minutes
44. If an aircraft is flying at 35,000 ft, what is the approximate radius of the area visible to a
geostationary satellite?
a) 2,500 km
b) 3,500 km
c) 4,500 km
d) 5,500 km
Answer: c) 4,500 km
45. What is the frequency range used by Inmarsat satellites for the return link from aircraft?
a) 1525-1559 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) 1660.5-1668.4 MHz
d) 1668.4-1675 MHz
Answer: b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
46. Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal received by an aircraft moving at 1000
km/h perpendicular to the line of sight to the satellite.
a) 0 Hz
b) 730 Hz
c) 1460 Hz
d) 2190 Hz
Answer: a) 0 Hz
47. What is the typical vertical accuracy of WAAS-augmented GPS?
a) < 2 m
b) < 4 m
c) < 6 m
d) < 8 m
Answer: b) < 4 m
48. If a GPS receiver's clock is off by 100 nanoseconds, what is the approximate distance error
introduced?
a) 3 m
b) 30 m
c) 300 m
d) 3000 m
Answer: b) 30 m
49. What is the orbital period of a satellite at an altitude of 1000 km?
a) 85 minutes
b) 105 minutes
c) 125 minutes
d) 145 minutes
Answer: b) 105 minutes
50. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal traveling 25,000 km.
a) 174.4 dB
b) 184.4 dB
c) 194.4 dB
d) 204.4 dB
Answer: b) 184.4 dB
51. What is the typical range of BeiDou satellite orbital altitudes for MEO satellites?
a) 19,100 - 19,300 km
b) 21,100 - 21,300 km
c) 23,100 - 23,300 km
d) 25,100 - 25,300 km
Answer: b) 21,100 - 21,300 km
52. If an aircraft is flying at 800 km/h, how long does it take to travel 100 km?
a) 4.5 minutes
b) 6.0 minutes
c) 7.5 minutes
d) 9.0 minutes
Answer: c) 7.5 minutes
Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal received by an aircraft moving at 900 km/h
directly towards the satellite.
a) 1.31 kHz
b) 2.62 kHz
c) 3.93 kHz
d) 5.24 kHz
Answer: a) 1.31 kHz
11. What is the typical update rate for ADS-B position reports?
a) 0.5 seconds
b) 1 second
c) 2 seconds
d) 5 seconds
Answer: b) 1 second
12. If a satellite is 35,786 km above the equator, what is its orbital velocity?
a) 3,075 m/s
b) 3,575 m/s
c) 4,075 m/s
d) 4,575 m/s
Answer: a) 3,075 m/s
13. What is the frequency of the GPS L2 band?
a) 1176.45 MHz
b) 1227.60 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1602.00 MHz
Answer: b) 1227.60 MHz
14. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal traveling 20,200 km.
a) 162.5 dB
b) 172.5 dB
c) 182.5 dB
d) 192.5 dB
Answer: c) 182.5 dB
15. What is the typical range of GLONASS satellite orbital altitudes?
a) 18,840 - 19,140 km
b) 19,140 - 19,440 km
c) 19,440 - 19,740 km
d) 19,740 - 20,040 km
Answer: b) 19,140 - 19,440 km
16. If an aircraft's GPS receiver can track 12 satellites simultaneously, how many independent
pseudorange measurements can be obtained?
a) 6
b) 8
c) 10
d) 12
Answer: d) 12
17. What is the approximate time taken for a geostationary satellite signal to travel to Earth and
back?
a) 120 ms
b) 240 ms
c) 360 ms
d) 480 ms
Answer: b) 240 ms
18. Calculate the Fresnel zone radius for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal at a distance of 150 km from the
transmitter.
a) 41.3 m
b) 82.6 m
c) 123.9 m
d) 165.2 m
Answer: b) 82.6 m
19. What is the typical power output of a GPS satellite transmitter?
a) 25-50 W
b) 50-100 W
c) 100-200 W
d) 200-400 W
Answer: b) 50-100 W
20. If an aircraft is flying at 800 km/h, how long does it take to cross a 1° longitude at the equator?
a) 4 minutes
b) 5 minutes
c) 6 minutes
d) 7 minutes
Answer: d) 7 minutes
21. What is the frequency range used by Iridium satellites for aircraft communications?
a) 1610-1626.5 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) 1660.5-1668.4 MHz
d) 1668.4-1675 MHz
Answer: a) 1610-1626.5 MHz
22. Calculate the maximum theoretical data rate for a channel with 1 MHz bandwidth and a signal-to-
noise ratio of 20 dB.
a) 3.32 Mbps
b) 4.32 Mbps
c) 5.32 Mbps
d) 6.32 Mbps
Answer: d) 6.32 Mbps
23. What is the typical accuracy of GPS vertical positioning?
a) 1-3 m
b) 3-5 m
c) 5-10 m
d) 10-15 m
Answer: c) 5-10 m
24. If a satellite is orbiting at an altitude of 1000 km, what is its orbital period?
a) 85 minutes
b) 105 minutes
c) 125 minutes
d) 145 minutes
Answer: b) 105 minutes
25. What is the frequency of the GPS L5 band?
a) 1176.45 MHz
b) 1227.60 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1602.00 MHz
Answer: a) 1176.45 MHz
26. Calculate the link margin for a satellite communication system with a transmit power of 50 W,
antenna gain of 30 dB, free space path loss of 190 dB, and receiver sensitivity of -120 dBm.
a) 7 dB
b) 17 dB
c) 27 dB
d) 37 dB
Answer: b) 17 dB
27. What is the typical update rate for GNSS-based aircraft position reports in ADS-C?
a) 5 seconds
b) 15 seconds
c) 30 seconds
d) 60 seconds
Answer: b) 15 seconds
28. If an aircraft is flying at 40,000 ft, what is the approximate line-of-sight distance to the horizon?
a) 245 km
b) 345 km
c) 445 km
d) 545 km
Answer: b) 345 km
29. What is the frequency range used by Inmarsat satellites for aeronautical services?
a) 1525-1559 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
Answer: c) Both a and b
30. Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal received by a ground station from an
aircraft moving at 1000 km/h directly towards the station.
a) 505 Hz
b) 1010 Hz
c) 1515 Hz
d) 2020 Hz
Answer: b) 1010 Hz
31. What is the typical horizontal accuracy of WAAS-augmented GPS?
a) < 1 m
b) < 3 m
c) < 5 m
d) < 10 m
Answer: b) < 3 m
32. If a GPS receiver's clock is off by 10 nanoseconds, what is the approximate distance error
introduced?
a) 0.3 m
b) 3 m
c) 30 m
d) 300 m
Answer: b) 3 m
33. What is the orbital period of a satellite at an altitude of 20,200 km?
a) 6 hours
b) 12 hours
c) 18 hours
d) 24 hours
Answer: b) 12 hours
34. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal traveling 300 km.
a) 123.7 dB
b) 133.7 dB
c) 143.7 dB
d) 153.7 dB
Answer: c) 143.7 dB
35. What is the typical range of Galileo satellite orbital altitudes?
a) 22,000 - 22,500 km
b) 23,000 - 23,500 km
c) 24,000 - 24,500 km
d) 25,000 - 25,500 km
Answer: b) 23,000 - 23,500 km
36. If an aircraft is flying at 900 km/h, how long does it take to travel 1° of latitude?
a) 4 minutes
b) 5 minutes
c) 6 minutes
d) 7 minutes
Answer: d) 7 minutes
37. What is the approximate number of satellites in the Iridium constellation?
a) 36
b) 48
c) 66
d) 84
Answer: c) 66
38. Calculate the maximum theoretical channel capacity for a satellite link with 36 MHz bandwidth
and a signal-to-noise ratio of 15 dB.
a) 120 Mbps
b) 180 Mbps
c) 240 Mbps
d) 300 Mbps
Answer: b) 180 Mbps
39. What is the typical accuracy of GPS horizontal positioning?
a) 1-3 m
b) 3-5 m
c) 5-10 m
d) 10-15 m
Answer: b) 3-5 m
40. If a satellite is orbiting at an altitude of 500 km, what is its orbital velocity?
a) 6.93 km/s
b) 7.61 km/s
c) 8.29 km/s
d) 8.97 km/s
Answer: b) 7.61 km/s
41. What is the frequency range used by GLONASS L1 band?
a) 1598.0625 - 1605.375 MHz
b) 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1227.60 MHz
Answer: b) 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz
42. Calculate the time delay for a signal to travel from a geostationary satellite to an aircraft at
10,000 m altitude, assuming the satellite is directly overhead.
a) 119.25 ms
b) 119.50 ms
c) 119.75 ms
d) 120.00 ms
Answer: a) 119.25 ms
43. What is the typical update rate for ADS-C position reports in normal conditions?
a) 5 minutes
b) 14 minutes
c) 27 minutes
d) 32 minutes
Answer: b) 14 minutes
44. If an aircraft is flying at 35,000 ft, what is the approximate radius of the area visible to a
geostationary satellite?
a) 2,500 km
b) 3,500 km
c) 4,500 km
d) 5,500 km
Answer: c) 4,500 km
45. What is the frequency range used by Inmarsat satellites for the return link from aircraft?
a) 1525-1559 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) 1660.5-1668.4 MHz
d) 1668.4-1675 MHz
Answer: b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
46. Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal received by an aircraft moving at 1000
km/h perpendicular to the line of sight to the satellite.
a) 0 Hz
b) 730 Hz
c) 1460 Hz
d) 2190 Hz
Answer: a) 0 Hz
47. What is the typical vertical accuracy of WAAS-augmented GPS?
a) < 2 m
b) < 4 m
c) < 6 m
d) < 8 m
Answer: b) < 4 m
48. If a GPS receiver's clock is off by 100 nanoseconds, what is the approximate distance error
introduced?
a) 3 m
b) 30 m
c) 300 m
d) 3000 m
Answer: b) 30 m
49. What is the orbital period of a satellite at an altitude of 1000 km?
a) 85 minutes
b) 105 minutes
c) 125 minutes
d) 145 minutes
Answer: b) 105 minutes
50. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal traveling 25,000 km.
a) 174.4 dB
b) 184.4 dB
c) 194.4 dB
d) 204.4 dB
Answer: b) 184.4 dB
51. What is the typical range of BeiDou satellite orbital altitudes for MEO satellites?
a) 19,100 - 19,300 km
b) 21,100 - 21,300 km
c) 23,100 - 23,300 km
d) 25,100 - 25,300 km
Answer: b) 21,100 - 21,300 km
52. If an aircraft is flying at 800 km/h, how long does it take to travel 100 km?
a) 4.5 minutes
b) 6.0 minutes
c) 7.5 minutes
d) 9.0 minutes
Answer: c) 7.5 minutes
Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal received by an aircraft moving at 900 km/h
directly towards the satellite.
a) 1.31 kHz
b) 2.62 kHz
c) 3.93 kHz
d) 5.24 kHz
Answer: a) 1.31 kHz
11. What is the typical update rate for ADS-B position reports?
a) 0.5 seconds
b) 1 second
c) 2 seconds
d) 5 seconds
Answer: b) 1 second
12. If a satellite is 35,786 km above the equator, what is its orbital velocity?
a) 3,075 m/s
b) 3,575 m/s
c) 4,075 m/s
d) 4,575 m/s
Answer: a) 3,075 m/s
13. What is the frequency of the GPS L2 band?
a) 1176.45 MHz
b) 1227.60 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1602.00 MHz
Answer: b) 1227.60 MHz
14. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal traveling 20,200 km.
a) 162.5 dB
b) 172.5 dB
c) 182.5 dB
d) 192.5 dB
Answer: c) 182.5 dB
15. What is the typical range of GLONASS satellite orbital altitudes?
a) 18,840 - 19,140 km
b) 19,140 - 19,440 km
c) 19,440 - 19,740 km
d) 19,740 - 20,040 km
Answer: b) 19,140 - 19,440 km
16. If an aircraft's GPS receiver can track 12 satellites simultaneously, how many independent
pseudorange measurements can be obtained?
a) 6
b) 8
c) 10
d) 12
Answer: d) 12
17. What is the approximate time taken for a geostationary satellite signal to travel to Earth and
back?
a) 120 ms
b) 240 ms
c) 360 ms
d) 480 ms
Answer: b) 240 ms
18. Calculate the Fresnel zone radius for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal at a distance of 150 km from the
transmitter.
a) 41.3 m
b) 82.6 m
c) 123.9 m
d) 165.2 m
Answer: b) 82.6 m
19. What is the typical power output of a GPS satellite transmitter?
a) 25-50 W
b) 50-100 W
c) 100-200 W
d) 200-400 W
Answer: b) 50-100 W
20. If an aircraft is flying at 800 km/h, how long does it take to cross a 1° longitude at the equator?
a) 4 minutes
b) 5 minutes
c) 6 minutes
d) 7 minutes
Answer: d) 7 minutes
21. What is the frequency range used by Iridium satellites for aircraft communications?
a) 1610-1626.5 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) 1660.5-1668.4 MHz
d) 1668.4-1675 MHz
Answer: a) 1610-1626.5 MHz
22. Calculate the maximum theoretical data rate for a channel with 1 MHz bandwidth and a signal-to-
noise ratio of 20 dB.
a) 3.32 Mbps
b) 4.32 Mbps
c) 5.32 Mbps
d) 6.32 Mbps
Answer: d) 6.32 Mbps
23. What is the typical accuracy of GPS vertical positioning?
a) 1-3 m
b) 3-5 m
c) 5-10 m
d) 10-15 m
Answer: c) 5-10 m
24. If a satellite is orbiting at an altitude of 1000 km, what is its orbital period?
a) 85 minutes
b) 105 minutes
c) 125 minutes
d) 145 minutes
Answer: b) 105 minutes
25. What is the frequency of the GPS L5 band?
a) 1176.45 MHz
b) 1227.60 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1602.00 MHz
Answer: a) 1176.45 MHz
26. Calculate the link margin for a satellite communication system with a transmit power of 50 W,
antenna gain of 30 dB, free space path loss of 190 dB, and receiver sensitivity of -120 dBm.
a) 7 dB
b) 17 dB
c) 27 dB
d) 37 dB
Answer: b) 17 dB
27. What is the typical update rate for GNSS-based aircraft position reports in ADS-C?
a) 5 seconds
b) 15 seconds
c) 30 seconds
d) 60 seconds
Answer: b) 15 seconds
28. If an aircraft is flying at 40,000 ft, what is the approximate line-of-sight distance to the horizon?
a) 245 km
b) 345 km
c) 445 km
d) 545 km
Answer: b) 345 km
29. What is the frequency range used by Inmarsat satellites for aeronautical services?
a) 1525-1559 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
Answer: c) Both a and b
30. Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal received by a ground station from an
aircraft moving at 1000 km/h directly towards the station.
a) 505 Hz
b) 1010 Hz
c) 1515 Hz
d) 2020 Hz
Answer: b) 1010 Hz
31. What is the typical horizontal accuracy of WAAS-augmented GPS?
a) < 1 m
b) < 3 m
c) < 5 m
d) < 10 m
Answer: b) < 3 m
32. If a GPS receiver's clock is off by 10 nanoseconds, what is the approximate distance error
introduced?
a) 0.3 m
b) 3 m
c) 30 m
d) 300 m
Answer: b) 3 m
33. What is the orbital period of a satellite at an altitude of 20,200 km?
a) 6 hours
b) 12 hours
c) 18 hours
d) 24 hours
Answer: b) 12 hours
34. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal traveling 300 km.
a) 123.7 dB
b) 133.7 dB
c) 143.7 dB
d) 153.7 dB
Answer: c) 143.7 dB
35. What is the typical range of Galileo satellite orbital altitudes?
a) 22,000 - 22,500 km
b) 23,000 - 23,500 km
c) 24,000 - 24,500 km
d) 25,000 - 25,500 km
Answer: b) 23,000 - 23,500 km
36. If an aircraft is flying at 900 km/h, how long does it take to travel 1° of latitude?
a) 4 minutes
b) 5 minutes
c) 6 minutes
d) 7 minutes
Answer: d) 7 minutes
37. What is the approximate number of satellites in the Iridium constellation?
a) 36
b) 48
c) 66
d) 84
Answer: c) 66
38. Calculate the maximum theoretical channel capacity for a satellite link with 36 MHz bandwidth
and a signal-to-noise ratio of 15 dB.
a) 120 Mbps
b) 180 Mbps
c) 240 Mbps
d) 300 Mbps
Answer: b) 180 Mbps
39. What is the typical accuracy of GPS horizontal positioning?
a) 1-3 m
b) 3-5 m
c) 5-10 m
d) 10-15 m
Answer: b) 3-5 m
40. If a satellite is orbiting at an altitude of 500 km, what is its orbital velocity?
a) 6.93 km/s
b) 7.61 km/s
c) 8.29 km/s
d) 8.97 km/s
Answer: b) 7.61 km/s
41. What is the frequency range used by GLONASS L1 band?
a) 1598.0625 - 1605.375 MHz
b) 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1227.60 MHz
Answer: b) 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz
42. Calculate the time delay for a signal to travel from a geostationary satellite to an aircraft at
10,000 m altitude, assuming the satellite is directly overhead.
a) 119.25 ms
b) 119.50 ms
c) 119.75 ms
d) 120.00 ms
Answer: a) 119.25 ms
43. What is the typical update rate for ADS-C position reports in normal conditions?
a) 5 minutes
b) 14 minutes
c) 27 minutes
d) 32 minutes
Answer: b) 14 minutes
44. If an aircraft is flying at 35,000 ft, what is the approximate radius of the area visible to a
geostationary satellite?
a) 2,500 km
b) 3,500 km
c) 4,500 km
d) 5,500 km
Answer: c) 4,500 km
45. What is the frequency range used by Inmarsat satellites for the return link from aircraft?
a) 1525-1559 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) 1660.5-1668.4 MHz
d) 1668.4-1675 MHz
Answer: b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
46. Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal received by an aircraft moving at 1000
km/h perpendicular to the line of sight to the satellite.
a) 0 Hz
b) 730 Hz
c) 1460 Hz
d) 2190 Hz
Answer: a) 0 Hz
47. What is the typical vertical accuracy of WAAS-augmented GPS?
a) < 2 m
b) < 4 m
c) < 6 m
d) < 8 m
Answer: b) < 4 m
48. If a GPS receiver's clock is off by 100 nanoseconds, what is the approximate distance error
introduced?
a) 3 m
b) 30 m
c) 300 m
d) 3000 m
Answer: b) 30 m
49. What is the orbital period of a satellite at an altitude of 1000 km?
a) 85 minutes
b) 105 minutes
c) 125 minutes
d) 145 minutes
Answer: b) 105 minutes
50. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal traveling 25,000 km.
a) 174.4 dB
b) 184.4 dB
c) 194.4 dB
d) 204.4 dB
Answer: b) 184.4 dB
51. What is the typical range of BeiDou satellite orbital altitudes for MEO satellites?
a) 19,100 - 19,300 km
b) 21,100 - 21,300 km
c) 23,100 - 23,300 km
d) 25,100 - 25,300 km
Answer: b) 21,100 - 21,300 km
52. If an aircraft is flying at 800 km/h, how long does it take to travel 100 km?
a) 4.5 minutes
b) 6.0 minutes
c) 7.5 minutes
d) 9.0 minutes
Answer: c) 7.5 minutes
Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal received by an aircraft moving at 900 km/h
directly towards the satellite.
a) 1.31 kHz
b) 2.62 kHz
c) 3.93 kHz
d) 5.24 kHz
Answer: a) 1.31 kHz
11. What is the typical update rate for ADS-B position reports?
a) 0.5 seconds
b) 1 second
c) 2 seconds
d) 5 seconds
Answer: b) 1 second
12. If a satellite is 35,786 km above the equator, what is its orbital velocity?
a) 3,075 m/s
b) 3,575 m/s
c) 4,075 m/s
d) 4,575 m/s
Answer: a) 3,075 m/s
13. What is the frequency of the GPS L2 band?
a) 1176.45 MHz
b) 1227.60 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1602.00 MHz
Answer: b) 1227.60 MHz
14. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal traveling 20,200 km.
a) 162.5 dB
b) 172.5 dB
c) 182.5 dB
d) 192.5 dB
Answer: c) 182.5 dB
15. What is the typical range of GLONASS satellite orbital altitudes?
a) 18,840 - 19,140 km
b) 19,140 - 19,440 km
c) 19,440 - 19,740 km
d) 19,740 - 20,040 km
Answer: b) 19,140 - 19,440 km
16. If an aircraft's GPS receiver can track 12 satellites simultaneously, how many independent
pseudorange measurements can be obtained?
a) 6
b) 8
c) 10
d) 12
Answer: d) 12
17. What is the approximate time taken for a geostationary satellite signal to travel to Earth and
back?
a) 120 ms
b) 240 ms
c) 360 ms
d) 480 ms
Answer: b) 240 ms
18. Calculate the Fresnel zone radius for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal at a distance of 150 km from the
transmitter.
a) 41.3 m
b) 82.6 m
c) 123.9 m
d) 165.2 m
Answer: b) 82.6 m
19. What is the typical power output of a GPS satellite transmitter?
a) 25-50 W
b) 50-100 W
c) 100-200 W
d) 200-400 W
Answer: b) 50-100 W
20. If an aircraft is flying at 800 km/h, how long does it take to cross a 1° longitude at the equator?
a) 4 minutes
b) 5 minutes
c) 6 minutes
d) 7 minutes
Answer: d) 7 minutes
21. What is the frequency range used by Iridium satellites for aircraft communications?
a) 1610-1626.5 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) 1660.5-1668.4 MHz
d) 1668.4-1675 MHz
Answer: a) 1610-1626.5 MHz
22. Calculate the maximum theoretical data rate for a channel with 1 MHz bandwidth and a signal-to-
noise ratio of 20 dB.
a) 3.32 Mbps
b) 4.32 Mbps
c) 5.32 Mbps
d) 6.32 Mbps
Answer: d) 6.32 Mbps
23. What is the typical accuracy of GPS vertical positioning?
a) 1-3 m
b) 3-5 m
c) 5-10 m
d) 10-15 m
Answer: c) 5-10 m
24. If a satellite is orbiting at an altitude of 1000 km, what is its orbital period?
a) 85 minutes
b) 105 minutes
c) 125 minutes
d) 145 minutes
Answer: b) 105 minutes
25. What is the frequency of the GPS L5 band?
a) 1176.45 MHz
b) 1227.60 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1602.00 MHz
Answer: a) 1176.45 MHz
26. Calculate the link margin for a satellite communication system with a transmit power of 50 W,
antenna gain of 30 dB, free space path loss of 190 dB, and receiver sensitivity of -120 dBm.
a) 7 dB
b) 17 dB
c) 27 dB
d) 37 dB
Answer: b) 17 dB
27. What is the typical update rate for GNSS-based aircraft position reports in ADS-C?
a) 5 seconds
b) 15 seconds
c) 30 seconds
d) 60 seconds
Answer: b) 15 seconds
28. If an aircraft is flying at 40,000 ft, what is the approximate line-of-sight distance to the horizon?
a) 245 km
b) 345 km
c) 445 km
d) 545 km
Answer: b) 345 km
29. What is the frequency range used by Inmarsat satellites for aeronautical services?
a) 1525-1559 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
Answer: c) Both a and b
30. Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal received by a ground station from an
aircraft moving at 1000 km/h directly towards the station.
a) 505 Hz
b) 1010 Hz
c) 1515 Hz
d) 2020 Hz
Answer: b) 1010 Hz
31. What is the typical horizontal accuracy of WAAS-augmented GPS?
a) < 1 m
b) < 3 m
c) < 5 m
d) < 10 m
Answer: b) < 3 m
32. If a GPS receiver's clock is off by 10 nanoseconds, what is the approximate distance error
introduced?
a) 0.3 m
b) 3 m
c) 30 m
d) 300 m
Answer: b) 3 m
33. What is the orbital period of a satellite at an altitude of 20,200 km?
a) 6 hours
b) 12 hours
c) 18 hours
d) 24 hours
Answer: b) 12 hours
34. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal traveling 300 km.
a) 123.7 dB
b) 133.7 dB
c) 143.7 dB
d) 153.7 dB
Answer: c) 143.7 dB
35. What is the typical range of Galileo satellite orbital altitudes?
a) 22,000 - 22,500 km
b) 23,000 - 23,500 km
c) 24,000 - 24,500 km
d) 25,000 - 25,500 km
Answer: b) 23,000 - 23,500 km
36. If an aircraft is flying at 900 km/h, how long does it take to travel 1° of latitude?
a) 4 minutes
b) 5 minutes
c) 6 minutes
d) 7 minutes
Answer: d) 7 minutes
37. What is the approximate number of satellites in the Iridium constellation?
a) 36
b) 48
c) 66
d) 84
Answer: c) 66
38. Calculate the maximum theoretical channel capacity for a satellite link with 36 MHz bandwidth
and a signal-to-noise ratio of 15 dB.
a) 120 Mbps
b) 180 Mbps
c) 240 Mbps
d) 300 Mbps
Answer: b) 180 Mbps
39. What is the typical accuracy of GPS horizontal positioning?
a) 1-3 m
b) 3-5 m
c) 5-10 m
d) 10-15 m
Answer: b) 3-5 m
40. If a satellite is orbiting at an altitude of 500 km, what is its orbital velocity?
a) 6.93 km/s
b) 7.61 km/s
c) 8.29 km/s
d) 8.97 km/s
Answer: b) 7.61 km/s
41. What is the frequency range used by GLONASS L1 band?
a) 1598.0625 - 1605.375 MHz
b) 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1227.60 MHz
Answer: b) 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz
42. Calculate the time delay for a signal to travel from a geostationary satellite to an aircraft at
10,000 m altitude, assuming the satellite is directly overhead.
a) 119.25 ms
b) 119.50 ms
c) 119.75 ms
d) 120.00 ms
Answer: a) 119.25 ms
43. What is the typical update rate for ADS-C position reports in normal conditions?
a) 5 minutes
b) 14 minutes
c) 27 minutes
d) 32 minutes
Answer: b) 14 minutes
44. If an aircraft is flying at 35,000 ft, what is the approximate radius of the area visible to a
geostationary satellite?
a) 2,500 km
b) 3,500 km
c) 4,500 km
d) 5,500 km
Answer: c) 4,500 km
45. What is the frequency range used by Inmarsat satellites for the return link from aircraft?
a) 1525-1559 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) 1660.5-1668.4 MHz
d) 1668.4-1675 MHz
Answer: b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
46. Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal received by an aircraft moving at 1000
km/h perpendicular to the line of sight to the satellite.
a) 0 Hz
b) 730 Hz
c) 1460 Hz
d) 2190 Hz
Answer: a) 0 Hz
47. What is the typical vertical accuracy of WAAS-augmented GPS?
a) < 2 m
b) < 4 m
c) < 6 m
d) < 8 m
Answer: b) < 4 m
48. If a GPS receiver's clock is off by 100 nanoseconds, what is the approximate distance error
introduced?
a) 3 m
b) 30 m
c) 300 m
d) 3000 m
Answer: b) 30 m
49. What is the orbital period of a satellite at an altitude of 1000 km?
a) 85 minutes
b) 105 minutes
c) 125 minutes
d) 145 minutes
Answer: b) 105 minutes
50. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal traveling 25,000 km.
a) 174.4 dB
b) 184.4 dB
c) 194.4 dB
d) 204.4 dB
Answer: b) 184.4 dB
51. What is the typical range of BeiDou satellite orbital altitudes for MEO satellites?
a) 19,100 - 19,300 km
b) 21,100 - 21,300 km
c) 23,100 - 23,300 km
d) 25,100 - 25,300 km
Answer: b) 21,100 - 21,300 km
52. If an aircraft is flying at 800 km/h, how long does it take to travel 100 km?
a) 4.5 minutes
b) 6.0 minutes
c) 7.5 minutes
d) 9.0 minutes
Answer: c) 7.5 minutes
Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal received by an aircraft moving at 900 km/h
directly towards the satellite.
a) 1.31 kHz
b) 2.62 kHz
c) 3.93 kHz
d) 5.24 kHz
Answer: a) 1.31 kHz
11. What is the typical update rate for ADS-B position reports?
a) 0.5 seconds
b) 1 second
c) 2 seconds
d) 5 seconds
Answer: b) 1 second
12. If a satellite is 35,786 km above the equator, what is its orbital velocity?
a) 3,075 m/s
b) 3,575 m/s
c) 4,075 m/s
d) 4,575 m/s
Answer: a) 3,075 m/s
13. What is the frequency of the GPS L2 band?
a) 1176.45 MHz
b) 1227.60 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1602.00 MHz
Answer: b) 1227.60 MHz
14. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal traveling 20,200 km.
a) 162.5 dB
b) 172.5 dB
c) 182.5 dB
d) 192.5 dB
Answer: c) 182.5 dB
15. What is the typical range of GLONASS satellite orbital altitudes?
a) 18,840 - 19,140 km
b) 19,140 - 19,440 km
c) 19,440 - 19,740 km
d) 19,740 - 20,040 km
Answer: b) 19,140 - 19,440 km
16. If an aircraft's GPS receiver can track 12 satellites simultaneously, how many independent
pseudorange measurements can be obtained?
a) 6
b) 8
c) 10
d) 12
Answer: d) 12
17. What is the approximate time taken for a geostationary satellite signal to travel to Earth and
back?
a) 120 ms
b) 240 ms
c) 360 ms
d) 480 ms
Answer: b) 240 ms
18. Calculate the Fresnel zone radius for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal at a distance of 150 km from the
transmitter.
a) 41.3 m
b) 82.6 m
c) 123.9 m
d) 165.2 m
Answer: b) 82.6 m
19. What is the typical power output of a GPS satellite transmitter?
a) 25-50 W
b) 50-100 W
c) 100-200 W
d) 200-400 W
Answer: b) 50-100 W
20. If an aircraft is flying at 800 km/h, how long does it take to cross a 1° longitude at the equator?
a) 4 minutes
b) 5 minutes
c) 6 minutes
d) 7 minutes
Answer: d) 7 minutes
21. What is the frequency range used by Iridium satellites for aircraft communications?
a) 1610-1626.5 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) 1660.5-1668.4 MHz
d) 1668.4-1675 MHz
Answer: a) 1610-1626.5 MHz
22. Calculate the maximum theoretical data rate for a channel with 1 MHz bandwidth and a signal-to-
noise ratio of 20 dB.
a) 3.32 Mbps
b) 4.32 Mbps
c) 5.32 Mbps
d) 6.32 Mbps
Answer: d) 6.32 Mbps
23. What is the typical accuracy of GPS vertical positioning?
a) 1-3 m
b) 3-5 m
c) 5-10 m
d) 10-15 m
Answer: c) 5-10 m
24. If a satellite is orbiting at an altitude of 1000 km, what is its orbital period?
a) 85 minutes
b) 105 minutes
c) 125 minutes
d) 145 minutes
Answer: b) 105 minutes
25. What is the frequency of the GPS L5 band?
a) 1176.45 MHz
b) 1227.60 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1602.00 MHz
Answer: a) 1176.45 MHz
26. Calculate the link margin for a satellite communication system with a transmit power of 50 W,
antenna gain of 30 dB, free space path loss of 190 dB, and receiver sensitivity of -120 dBm.
a) 7 dB
b) 17 dB
c) 27 dB
d) 37 dB
Answer: b) 17 dB
27. What is the typical update rate for GNSS-based aircraft position reports in ADS-C?
a) 5 seconds
b) 15 seconds
c) 30 seconds
d) 60 seconds
Answer: b) 15 seconds
28. If an aircraft is flying at 40,000 ft, what is the approximate line-of-sight distance to the horizon?
a) 245 km
b) 345 km
c) 445 km
d) 545 km
Answer: b) 345 km
29. What is the frequency range used by Inmarsat satellites for aeronautical services?
a) 1525-1559 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
Answer: c) Both a and b
30. Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal received by a ground station from an
aircraft moving at 1000 km/h directly towards the station.
a) 505 Hz
b) 1010 Hz
c) 1515 Hz
d) 2020 Hz
Answer: b) 1010 Hz
31. What is the typical horizontal accuracy of WAAS-augmented GPS?
a) < 1 m
b) < 3 m
c) < 5 m
d) < 10 m
Answer: b) < 3 m
32. If a GPS receiver's clock is off by 10 nanoseconds, what is the approximate distance error
introduced?
a) 0.3 m
b) 3 m
c) 30 m
d) 300 m
Answer: b) 3 m
33. What is the orbital period of a satellite at an altitude of 20,200 km?
a) 6 hours
b) 12 hours
c) 18 hours
d) 24 hours
Answer: b) 12 hours
34. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal traveling 300 km.
a) 123.7 dB
b) 133.7 dB
c) 143.7 dB
d) 153.7 dB
Answer: c) 143.7 dB
35. What is the typical range of Galileo satellite orbital altitudes?
a) 22,000 - 22,500 km
b) 23,000 - 23,500 km
c) 24,000 - 24,500 km
d) 25,000 - 25,500 km
Answer: b) 23,000 - 23,500 km
36. If an aircraft is flying at 900 km/h, how long does it take to travel 1° of latitude?
a) 4 minutes
b) 5 minutes
c) 6 minutes
d) 7 minutes
Answer: d) 7 minutes
37. What is the approximate number of satellites in the Iridium constellation?
a) 36
b) 48
c) 66
d) 84
Answer: c) 66
38. Calculate the maximum theoretical channel capacity for a satellite link with 36 MHz bandwidth
and a signal-to-noise ratio of 15 dB.
a) 120 Mbps
b) 180 Mbps
c) 240 Mbps
d) 300 Mbps
Answer: b) 180 Mbps
39. What is the typical accuracy of GPS horizontal positioning?
a) 1-3 m
b) 3-5 m
c) 5-10 m
d) 10-15 m
Answer: b) 3-5 m
40. If a satellite is orbiting at an altitude of 500 km, what is its orbital velocity?
a) 6.93 km/s
b) 7.61 km/s
c) 8.29 km/s
d) 8.97 km/s
Answer: b) 7.61 km/s
41. What is the frequency range used by GLONASS L1 band?
a) 1598.0625 - 1605.375 MHz
b) 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1227.60 MHz
Answer: b) 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz
42. Calculate the time delay for a signal to travel from a geostationary satellite to an aircraft at
10,000 m altitude, assuming the satellite is directly overhead.
a) 119.25 ms
b) 119.50 ms
c) 119.75 ms
d) 120.00 ms
Answer: a) 119.25 ms
43. What is the typical update rate for ADS-C position reports in normal conditions?
a) 5 minutes
b) 14 minutes
c) 27 minutes
d) 32 minutes
Answer: b) 14 minutes
44. If an aircraft is flying at 35,000 ft, what is the approximate radius of the area visible to a
geostationary satellite?
a) 2,500 km
b) 3,500 km
c) 4,500 km
d) 5,500 km
Answer: c) 4,500 km
45. What is the frequency range used by Inmarsat satellites for the return link from aircraft?
a) 1525-1559 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) 1660.5-1668.4 MHz
d) 1668.4-1675 MHz
Answer: b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
46. Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal received by an aircraft moving at 1000
km/h perpendicular to the line of sight to the satellite.
a) 0 Hz
b) 730 Hz
c) 1460 Hz
d) 2190 Hz
Answer: a) 0 Hz
47. What is the typical vertical accuracy of WAAS-augmented GPS?
a) < 2 m
b) < 4 m
c) < 6 m
d) < 8 m
Answer: b) < 4 m
48. If a GPS receiver's clock is off by 100 nanoseconds, what is the approximate distance error
introduced?
a) 3 m
b) 30 m
c) 300 m
d) 3000 m
Answer: b) 30 m
49. What is the orbital period of a satellite at an altitude of 1000 km?
a) 85 minutes
b) 105 minutes
c) 125 minutes
d) 145 minutes
Answer: b) 105 minutes
50. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal traveling 25,000 km.
a) 174.4 dB
b) 184.4 dB
c) 194.4 dB
d) 204.4 dB
Answer: b) 184.4 dB
51. What is the typical range of BeiDou satellite orbital altitudes for MEO satellites?
a) 19,100 - 19,300 km
b) 21,100 - 21,300 km
c) 23,100 - 23,300 km
d) 25,100 - 25,300 km
Answer: b) 21,100 - 21,300 km
52. If an aircraft is flying at 800 km/h, how long does it take to travel 100 km?
a) 4.5 minutes
b) 6.0 minutes
c) 7.5 minutes
d) 9.0 minutes
Answer: c) 7.5 minutes
Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal received by an aircraft moving at 900 km/h
directly towards the satellite.
a) 1.31 kHz
b) 2.62 kHz
c) 3.93 kHz
d) 5.24 kHz
Answer: a) 1.31 kHz
11. What is the typical update rate for ADS-B position reports?
a) 0.5 seconds
b) 1 second
c) 2 seconds
d) 5 seconds
Answer: b) 1 second
12. If a satellite is 35,786 km above the equator, what is its orbital velocity?
a) 3,075 m/s
b) 3,575 m/s
c) 4,075 m/s
d) 4,575 m/s
Answer: a) 3,075 m/s
13. What is the frequency of the GPS L2 band?
a) 1176.45 MHz
b) 1227.60 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1602.00 MHz
Answer: b) 1227.60 MHz
14. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal traveling 20,200 km.
a) 162.5 dB
b) 172.5 dB
c) 182.5 dB
d) 192.5 dB
Answer: c) 182.5 dB
15. What is the typical range of GLONASS satellite orbital altitudes?
a) 18,840 - 19,140 km
b) 19,140 - 19,440 km
c) 19,440 - 19,740 km
d) 19,740 - 20,040 km
Answer: b) 19,140 - 19,440 km
16. If an aircraft's GPS receiver can track 12 satellites simultaneously, how many independent
pseudorange measurements can be obtained?
a) 6
b) 8
c) 10
d) 12
Answer: d) 12
17. What is the approximate time taken for a geostationary satellite signal to travel to Earth and
back?
a) 120 ms
b) 240 ms
c) 360 ms
d) 480 ms
Answer: b) 240 ms
18. Calculate the Fresnel zone radius for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal at a distance of 150 km from the
transmitter.
a) 41.3 m
b) 82.6 m
c) 123.9 m
d) 165.2 m
Answer: b) 82.6 m
19. What is the typical power output of a GPS satellite transmitter?
a) 25-50 W
b) 50-100 W
c) 100-200 W
d) 200-400 W
Answer: b) 50-100 W
20. If an aircraft is flying at 800 km/h, how long does it take to cross a 1° longitude at the equator?
a) 4 minutes
b) 5 minutes
c) 6 minutes
d) 7 minutes
Answer: d) 7 minutes
21. What is the frequency range used by Iridium satellites for aircraft communications?
a) 1610-1626.5 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) 1660.5-1668.4 MHz
d) 1668.4-1675 MHz
Answer: a) 1610-1626.5 MHz
22. Calculate the maximum theoretical data rate for a channel with 1 MHz bandwidth and a signal-to-
noise ratio of 20 dB.
a) 3.32 Mbps
b) 4.32 Mbps
c) 5.32 Mbps
d) 6.32 Mbps
Answer: d) 6.32 Mbps
23. What is the typical accuracy of GPS vertical positioning?
a) 1-3 m
b) 3-5 m
c) 5-10 m
d) 10-15 m
Answer: c) 5-10 m
24. If a satellite is orbiting at an altitude of 1000 km, what is its orbital period?
a) 85 minutes
b) 105 minutes
c) 125 minutes
d) 145 minutes
Answer: b) 105 minutes
25. What is the frequency of the GPS L5 band?
a) 1176.45 MHz
b) 1227.60 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1602.00 MHz
Answer: a) 1176.45 MHz
26. Calculate the link margin for a satellite communication system with a transmit power of 50 W,
antenna gain of 30 dB, free space path loss of 190 dB, and receiver sensitivity of -120 dBm.
a) 7 dB
b) 17 dB
c) 27 dB
d) 37 dB
Answer: b) 17 dB
27. What is the typical update rate for GNSS-based aircraft position reports in ADS-C?
a) 5 seconds
b) 15 seconds
c) 30 seconds
d) 60 seconds
Answer: b) 15 seconds
28. If an aircraft is flying at 40,000 ft, what is the approximate line-of-sight distance to the horizon?
a) 245 km
b) 345 km
c) 445 km
d) 545 km
Answer: b) 345 km
29. What is the frequency range used by Inmarsat satellites for aeronautical services?
a) 1525-1559 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
Answer: c) Both a and b
30. Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal received by a ground station from an
aircraft moving at 1000 km/h directly towards the station.
a) 505 Hz
b) 1010 Hz
c) 1515 Hz
d) 2020 Hz
Answer: b) 1010 Hz
31. What is the typical horizontal accuracy of WAAS-augmented GPS?
a) < 1 m
b) < 3 m
c) < 5 m
d) < 10 m
Answer: b) < 3 m
32. If a GPS receiver's clock is off by 10 nanoseconds, what is the approximate distance error
introduced?
a) 0.3 m
b) 3 m
c) 30 m
d) 300 m
Answer: b) 3 m
33. What is the orbital period of a satellite at an altitude of 20,200 km?
a) 6 hours
b) 12 hours
c) 18 hours
d) 24 hours
Answer: b) 12 hours
34. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1090 MHz ADS-B signal traveling 300 km.
a) 123.7 dB
b) 133.7 dB
c) 143.7 dB
d) 153.7 dB
Answer: c) 143.7 dB
35. What is the typical range of Galileo satellite orbital altitudes?
a) 22,000 - 22,500 km
b) 23,000 - 23,500 km
c) 24,000 - 24,500 km
d) 25,000 - 25,500 km
Answer: b) 23,000 - 23,500 km
36. If an aircraft is flying at 900 km/h, how long does it take to travel 1° of latitude?
a) 4 minutes
b) 5 minutes
c) 6 minutes
d) 7 minutes
Answer: d) 7 minutes
37. What is the approximate number of satellites in the Iridium constellation?
a) 36
b) 48
c) 66
d) 84
Answer: c) 66
38. Calculate the maximum theoretical channel capacity for a satellite link with 36 MHz bandwidth
and a signal-to-noise ratio of 15 dB.
a) 120 Mbps
b) 180 Mbps
c) 240 Mbps
d) 300 Mbps
Answer: b) 180 Mbps
39. What is the typical accuracy of GPS horizontal positioning?
a) 1-3 m
b) 3-5 m
c) 5-10 m
d) 10-15 m
Answer: b) 3-5 m
40. If a satellite is orbiting at an altitude of 500 km, what is its orbital velocity?
a) 6.93 km/s
b) 7.61 km/s
c) 8.29 km/s
d) 8.97 km/s
Answer: b) 7.61 km/s
41. What is the frequency range used by GLONASS L1 band?
a) 1598.0625 - 1605.375 MHz
b) 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz
c) 1575.42 MHz
d) 1227.60 MHz
Answer: b) 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz
42. Calculate the time delay for a signal to travel from a geostationary satellite to an aircraft at
10,000 m altitude, assuming the satellite is directly overhead.
a) 119.25 ms
b) 119.50 ms
c) 119.75 ms
d) 120.00 ms
Answer: a) 119.25 ms
43. What is the typical update rate for ADS-C position reports in normal conditions?
a) 5 minutes
b) 14 minutes
c) 27 minutes
d) 32 minutes
Answer: b) 14 minutes
44. If an aircraft is flying at 35,000 ft, what is the approximate radius of the area visible to a
geostationary satellite?
a) 2,500 km
b) 3,500 km
c) 4,500 km
d) 5,500 km
Answer: c) 4,500 km
45. What is the frequency range used by Inmarsat satellites for the return link from aircraft?
a) 1525-1559 MHz
b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
c) 1660.5-1668.4 MHz
d) 1668.4-1675 MHz
Answer: b) 1626.5-1660.5 MHz
46. Calculate the Doppler shift for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal received by an aircraft moving at 1000
km/h perpendicular to the line of sight to the satellite.
a) 0 Hz
b) 730 Hz
c) 1460 Hz
d) 2190 Hz
Answer: a) 0 Hz
47. What is the typical vertical accuracy of WAAS-augmented GPS?
a) < 2 m
b) < 4 m
c) < 6 m
d) < 8 m
Answer: b) < 4 m
48. If a GPS receiver's clock is off by 100 nanoseconds, what is the approximate distance error
introduced?
a) 3 m
b) 30 m
c) 300 m
d) 3000 m
Answer: b) 30 m
49. What is the orbital period of a satellite at an altitude of 1000 km?
a) 85 minutes
b) 105 minutes
c) 125 minutes
d) 145 minutes
Answer: b) 105 minutes
50. Calculate the free space path loss for a 1575.42 MHz GPS signal traveling 25,000 km.
a) 174.4 dB
b) 184.4 dB
c) 194.4 dB
d) 204.4 dB
Answer: b) 184.4 dB
51. What is the typical range of BeiDou satellite orbital altitudes for MEO satellites?
a) 19,100 - 19,300 km
b) 21,100 - 21,300 km
c) 23,100 - 23,300 km
d) 25,100 - 25,300 km
Answer: b) 21,100 - 21,300 km
52. If an aircraft is flying at 800 km/h, how long does it take to travel 100 km?
a) 4.5 minutes
b) 6.0 minutes
c) 7.5 minutes
d) 9.0 minutes
Answer: c) 7.5 minutes
53. What is the approximate number of satellites in the GPS constellation?
a) 24
b) 30
c) 36
