DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY DISRUPTION IN CRISIS MANAGEMENT
Introduction
Communication has always been the most important part of human expression and
interaction. If we look around us, everything has changed from the old days (Johansson et
al., 2019). The world is moving so fast and we have gotten used to it. The world is evolving
rapidly and every new day brings new discoveries and innovations (Wiesenberg, 2020). The
evolution of communication is a continuous process. With the advancement of modern
technology, communication methods have changed (Wu & Street, 2020). Life would be very
difficult without communication. Solving problems, writing, reading, understanding, all of
these are impossible without communication.
So important is communication in social life, that to maximize communication
between one person and another, various communication tools were developed. These tools
are then developed over time to create a communication technology. This communication
technology is the origin of the ease of communication between humans (Lee & Yue, 2020).
The world of information today seems inseparable from technology (Choi & Moon,
2023). The use of technology by society makes the world of technology more and more
sophisticated. Communication that used to take a long time to deliver, now with technology
everything is very fast and seems to be without distance (Löhr, 2023). With this rapid
technological advancement, the saying that "The world is not as wide as a moringa leaf"
should change to "The world is as wide as a moringa leaf". One of them is in the field of
communication technology such as smartphones and the internet, making humans
increasingly improve their communication methods (Xiao et al., 2023). According to
research by the Center of Innovation Policy and Governance (CIPG) released last week,
currently United States internet penetration rate is the highest in Asia, which has now
reached 51% (Luo et al., 2022).
The world of information today seems to be inseparable from technology. With this
rapid technological advancement, the saying that "The world is not as wide as a moringa
leaf" should change to "The world seems as wide as a moringa leaf". One of them is in the
field of communication technology such as smartphones and the internet, making humans
increasingly improve their communication methods (Wan et al., 2023).
The development of digital technology has triggered various kinds of innovations
and massive changes in the business realm as well as the industry as a whole (Shin et al.,
2023). As a result, players who choose to survive in the old way will lose in global
competition (Zhao et al., 2023). The Industrial Revolution 5.0 with all the technological
sophistication it brings must be recognized as having changed the current state of
competition (Zapletal et al., 2023). Finally, the innovations that emerged led to the
disruption of communication technology (Ancillai et al., 2023).
The word Disruption according to KBBI means the thing that is uprooted from its
roots. Digital technology disruption in the world of business and industry is real, clearly,
innovation and disruption have been present since the last 1 decade. Ready or not, you will
definitely face and have to adapt to this phenomenon. Keep in mind, the changes that occur
in today's digital era can make businesses more advanced if they can utilize them well.
Conversely, it can also threaten the sustainability of the business if you ignore it.
Furthermore, regarding the application of digital transformation, do we want to connect
more closely with thousands of customers while improving team performance more
effectively? we can get everything with Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
software that has been proven to help many businesses from various industries (Munawar et
al., 2022).
Historically, the world has gradually undergone a technological revolution (Ollevier
et al., 2020). The first wave of technological revolution was due to the invention of the
steam engine, the second wave was due to the invention of the electric motor, wave 3.0 and
4.0 technological revolutions were due to the invention of digital, all digital-based human
life (Visaria et al., 2023).
The development of technology in the current digital era can be analogized as a
double-edged knife (Chen & Schulz, 2016). Where one side brings a good impact in the
form of convenience for humans (Buhalis et al., 2023). On the other hand, it has a bad
impact in the form of changes on a large scale if not anticipated properly (Gatto & Tak,
2008). The widespread use of internet networks in various parts of the world is a sign of the
development of this digital technology (Kim et al., 2017). The rapid advancement and
development of technology in the early 21st century also brought the phenomenon of the
disruption era (Iranmanesh et al., 2022).
The turmoil shows that human activities are shifting from the real world to the virtual
world, from human labor to mechanical labor, from computers to robots that make the
previously existing order change (Kumar & Barua, 2023). What must be underlined is that
the faster technology develops, the easier it is to create more sophisticated technology
without disturbing us or making significant changes (Amoozad Mahdiraji et al., 2022).
Technological advancements must be aligned with the understanding that humans are
biological beings who are aware of their nature and that humans are social beings who are
aware of shaping the social order, not being individualistic (K. Zhang et al., 2023) (Hopster,
2021).
Nowadays, there are more and more events that are referred to as crises that occur
initially because of the internet media and then become the subject of discussions and
publications that spread widely in a short time and become viral (Scuotto et al., 2022). The
internet world has become a place for people to get the latest information about the crisis
(Erdmann et al., 2023) (Agrawal et al., 2023). The challenge here arises for PR practitioners
where they must also be able to utilize the internet in carrying out crisis communication
activities (Kochigina et al., 2021).
Crisis communication is a rapidly growing field of study within the field of
communication and organizations over the last thirty years (Butler, 2021). It emphasizes
how organizations best explain themselves to their stakeholders and publics when a crisis
strikes. Whether the crisis is caused from within the organization or externally. As we find
in most of the related literature, this study often discusses on-the-ground experiences that are
used to explain how an organization should manage its problems and communications
related to the crisis (Cheng et al., 2022).
Another one that is widely recognized is Timothy Coombs' work on seven types of
crisis communication. Timothy Coombs defines a crisis as the perception of an
unpredictable event that threatens stakeholder expectations that can seriously affect the
performance of an organization and produce negative outputs (Coombs & Tachkova, 2022).
The list of actions discussed by Coombs has similarities with those of Benoit; but
Benoit's approach is more oriented towards the sender of the message, while Coombs'
thinking is more oriented towards the receiver of the message (Mazzei et al., 2022).
Looking at the crisis that occurs between the organization and the surrounding social
world using a systems theory framework can help cross boundaries and examine how an
organization adapts to the environment and make it a lesson, something that can enrich
knowledge both from the perspective of the organization and the surrounding community (Li
et al., 2023). Public Relations has an important strategic value in its involvement with risk,
issue and crisis management for companies, meaning that there will be significant
consequences for the actions taken by public relations (Schoofs et al., 2022).
According to Frandsen and Johansen (2007) crisis communication itself is defined as
a crisis that is double in nature; first because the public observes something that is
considered a crisis as something that goes wrong, so then the organization defends its
existence rhetorically called crisis communication (Carbon et al., 2022). Here the authors
define a crisis as an external observation of the system, an observation of the organization's
surroundings made by communication contributors that alerts the community to a
phenomenon that must be acted upon in relation to the event (Dhar & Bose, 2022). Good
crisis management in an institution, organization, and company is very important and highly
prioritized (Zheng, 2023). Because the emergence of the crisis itself tends to be unplanned
and has a negative impact (Tian & Yang, 2022).
Methods
This research uses case study qualitative research methods. Case studies are a
method of knowing and understanding someone using inclusive and thorough or
comprehensive practices (Gunn et al., 2020). Case study is a method aimed at investigating
and studying events or phenomena about something (Park et al., 2020). Case selection must
be based on mature reasons, so that the research runs with organized research processes
according to procedures and can achieve research objectives (Freeman et al., 2012).
The choice of case study research is also expected to have an important influence on
other researchers (Cutler, 2004). Because case study research will be able to produce
conclusions about good practices so that it can influence practitioners and other researchers
who are in projects related to this research in their organizations (Donnelly & Wiechula,
2012).
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
Results And Discussion
Luhman attributes the doctrine of contradiction to systems immunology in his theory.
The social system is considered not to provide protection against the changes that occur, but
instead to fight against behaviors that are no longer adequate for environmental
sustainability; 'the immune system protects not structure but autopoesis, the system's closed
self-reproduction'. A person may be perceived as always being in a state of danger, but
surely that person can decide on his or her own actions even if only in the context that his or
her actions place him or her in a situation of danger. The distinction between risk and danger
allows us to choose alternatives to two sides of the same possibility but not at the same time
(Shen et al., 2023).
Crisis communication is carried out when an organizational decision (related to risk
calculation) is potentially dangerous in the observation of others, which is then
communicated as a crisis and must be considered by the organization as a conflict between
the organization and those who criticize it (X. Zhang & Nekmat, 2023).
However, no matter how the organization decides to reduce uncertainty; for example,
collective decisions, explanations of activities, the use of external experts, or the
establishment of internal special departments and so on; all of them cannot achieve anything
except to defend the decisions taken by doing everything to meet the conditions that have
been set.
Trust is another important concept related to crisis communication because on the
one hand it is used by organizations as an attempt to gain trust, and on the other hand to
make trust part of the decision itself. The public itself must be understood as a fragmented
community and not just one large discursive form of society spread across the world in
different social systems and media platforms.
In this information and digital era, the communication discipline recognizes message
channels through digital means with the term new media. In new media, there is a platform
called social media. Explained by Van Dijk (2013), social media is a media platform that
focuses on the existence of users who facilitate them in activities and collaboration. Modern
society is built on trust, namely believing in the value of money, believing in the results of
scientific research and in legitimate political power. In addition, people also need trust to
deposit their money in the bank, leave their children at school, leave their bodies in the
middle of a busy traffic flow, and so on (Tian & Yang, 2022).
The emergence of new media has an impact on how public relations maintain
organizational relationships with the public. If previously a public relations person only
needed to pay attention to traditional media. at this time, a public relations person will use a
variety of new media platforms as a tool to facilitate their activities.
The digital era allows an institution or organization to make publications about
various things that happen in the institution through its website, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. With this vehicle, publication can be done directly. Publication that is done
indirectly is through a third party, namely the mass media.
In communication events, what distinguishes the internet and other global networks
from traditional communication technologies is the level of interaction and the speed at
which users can broadcast their messages. So far, no medium has provided the opportunity
to communicate instantly and simultaneously with thousands or even millions of people in
the world.
The internet has long brought its own perspectives and patterns to this information
age, in the form of a technological network that allows everyone to access anywhere to meet
their needs. Furthermore, theoretically public relations practitioners can use technology
because public relations practitioners must realize that the audience/public can access all
Press Releases or News Releases sent using language that is familiar or easily understood by
a wide audience. Media can be understood as a communication channel that functions to
disseminate messages. With the media, the message conveyed is able to reach audiences or
communicants on a larger scale.
The power of the media as a massive and simultaneous information sharing actor is
certainly inseparable from the advancement of information and communication technology
itself. If an institution or organization has its own organs to distribute information regarding
the company, for example by publishing bulletins, pamphlets, building an official website,
activating Facebook and Twitter accounts, the dissemination power is still not as great as
mass media.
In general, digital media and especially social media have an interactive structure for
communication that distinguishes them from other mass media. In social media, everyone
who has an account, for example on Twitter and Facebook, can participate in the
communication process. Coombs and Holladay try to use the concept of para-crisis
(paracrisis) to frame the problem to help organizations anchor in the new media
environment. A para-crisis is defined as 'a crisis threat that accuses the organization of
irresponsible or unethical behavior that is publicly visible'.
With the advent of social media, the vocal public has increased and organizations
must monitor messages related to para-crisis. When responding to a potential para-crisis and
trying to prevent it from developing into an actual crisis, organizations must consider the
strategy used which according to Coomb (2012) is one of the following three strategies:
rebuttal, reform, or denial.
In handling crises in the digital era, PR must first understand the elements of a
general crisis, including unexpected things, insufficient information, and fast dynamics. In
addition, another step that PR must take is to provide informative publications so that the
public does not receive other information from the media that will worsen the situation and
build relationships with the public to deal with crises in the digital era. The efforts made are
certainly supported by the presence of social media that continues to grow.
In addition, social media can also be utilized as a tool to inform Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities. This aims to control public response regarding social
activities that have been published and can be a consideration for companies for further CSR
activities.
The covid-19 case in Riau that occurred in the past year illustrates that the provincial
government is working hard to inform about the dangers of this virus through social media.
government officials almost daily utilize social media to connect directly with the wider
community.
Research that has been conducted related to crisis communication in the new media
era, for example: Diffusion of Traditional and New Media Tactics in Crisis Communication
(Taylor & Perry, 2005), Fighting Social Media Wildfire: How Crisis Communication Must
Adapt to Prevent from Fanning the Flames (Soule, 2010), and How Social Media is
Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis (Landau, 2011) These studies
conclude that social media has now become an integral part of communication behavior and
organizations cannot ignore the use of social media in their communication, because social
media has the potential to spread news - ranging from complaints to rumors or indeed aimed
at undermining credibility - with extraordinary speed.
Another research related to crisis in the era of social media was conducted by Wigley
and Zhang Journal of communication, Volume 6, Number 1, October 2011 8 (2011). The
results showed that almost 48% of the respondents stated that they used social media in their
crisis management strategy. The most frequently used application is micro-blogging Twitter,
which is focused on information distribution.
Conclusion
The era of technological disruption is one of the most researched eras today. In this
era of technological disruption, almost all sectors utilize communication technology to carry
out various activities. Communication technology is considered one of the important
elements that must be considered and utilized properly. With communication technology,
everything can be easily carried out.
The presence of new media and social media has changed the way public relations
(hereafter written as PR) practitioners think and carry out their practices. One of the PR
practices that has changed with the development of communication technology is crisis
communication. With the help of social media, crisis communication management can be
carried out well.
