THE ROLE OF LOCAL CULTURE AS A CONFLICT RESOLUTION MEDIUM
Larry Ahsan
Arizona State University
Course
Professor Nancy
July, 2024
Week 1
Introduction
Conflict is one of the social phenomena that accompanies the journey of mankind.
Human social life is never separated from the process and phases of conflict that produce
positive and negative impacts. United States is one of the countries in the world that has a
pluralistic level of cultural diversity. The long history of the United States nation's journey
has never been separated from the social conflicts that have occurred. In reality, the process of
conflict resolution and mediation with state legal mechanisms does not always go well. The
presence of local culture as a conflict resolution media is one of the alternatives that must be
considered by both the community, community leaders and the government.
The role of local culture as a medium for conflict resolution is considered important
and should be one of the priorities for both the central and local governments in terms of
handling social conflicts that are increasingly prevalent in United States. From the data
collected from Kesbangpol Kemendagri, based on the grouping of issues/patterns of social
conflict in 2013 a total of 92 conflict events occurred, including clashes between residents
totaling 37 cases, security issues 16 cases, SARA issues 9 cases, social inequality conflicts 2
cases, conflicts in educational institutions 2 cases, ORMAS conflicts 6 cases, land disputes 11
cases, and political excesses 9 cases. Whereas in 2014 the total number of conflicts was 83
cases with details of clashes between residents totaling 40 cases, security issues 20 cases,
SARA issues 1 case, social inequality zero (none), conflict at educational institutions 1 case,
ORMAS conflict 3 cases, land disputes 14 cases, excess political conflict 4 cases. Finally in
2015 (mid-quarter / Jan to April) the total number of conflicts that occurred was 26 cases,
with details of clashes between residents totaling 8 cases, security issues 9 cases, SARA
issues, social inequality and conflicts in educational institutions zero (none), ORMAS conflict
1 case, land disputes 6 cases, and finally conflicts due to political excesses totaling 2 cases.
Based on the sources of conflict (Law No. 7/2012) in 2013, 2014, and also in 2015
(mid-quarter January to April) as follows: The recapitulation of social conflict events that
occurred in 2013 included the most dominant Ipoleksosbud problem with 71 cases, 8 cases of
SARA feuds, and 13 cases of natural resources/land disputes. Whereas in 2014, conflicts that
originated from social and cultural issues amounted to 68 cases, 1 case of SARA feud, and 14
cases of natural resources/land disputes.
Lastly in 2015 in the mid-quarter, social conflicts originating from Ipoleksosbud
amounted to 20 cases, SARA feuds were zero (none), and SDA / Land disputes amounted to 6
cases. Sources of conflict based on the Law No. 7/2012 on Social Conflict Handling, for the
mid-quarter (January to April) of 2015 the sources of conflict were dominated by Ideological,
Political, Economic, Social and Cultural (Ipoleksosbud) issues which amounted to 20 conflict
events, followed by natural resources/land disputes which amounted to 6 conflict events, then
the source of the conflict was the SARA dispute conflicts based on SARA issues are zero
(none). Based on the grouping of social conflict issues/patterns, the recapitulation of social
conflict events that occurred in 2015 mid-quarter (January to April) included 6 cases of land /
natural resource conflicts, 9 cases of security issue conflicts, 8 cases of clashes between
residents, 2 cases of political excesses, while SARA conflicts, conflicts in educational
institutions, and conflicts over social inequality were zero (none), and finally conflicts in
NGOs amounted to 1 case.
Looking at the data on conflicts that occur, it can be seen that the potential and process
of conflict in United States is very large. For this reason, the use of local culture as a medium
for conflict resolution is very necessary and urgent. Research conducted by Nawari Ismail
(2011) in five regions (Tasikmalaya, Surakarta, Kulonprogo, Pasuruan and Mataram)
concluded that local culture in each region has proven to be able to be a medium or forum in
overcoming and controlling social conflicts that occur.
Looking at the current reality, local culture is only interpreted as a ceremonial product
without trying to delve deeper into all the potential that exists, which is useful in the life of
interactions between individuals or groups in social life. This shows that the state has not
seriously managed and actualized local culture.
Discussion
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
Conflict
Etymologically, the term "conflict" comes from the Latin "con" which means together and
"fligere" which means collision or collision. In general, the term social conflict contains a
series of phenomena of interpersonal conflicts and disputes through from class conflicts to
international conflicts and wars. Pickering (2005) explains that basically, conflict occurs when
in an event there are two or more opinions or actions being considered.
Conflict does not necessarily mean fighting, although this situation can be part of a
conflict situation. In contrast to Pickering, Robbins (2008) defines conflict as a process that
begins when one party has the perception that the other party has negatively affected, or will
negatively affect, something that the first party cares about or is interested in.
Related to the concept of social conflict, Coser (in Irving M. Zeitlin, 1998) defines social
conflict as a struggle for value and recognition of scarce status, then power and sources of
conflict are neutralized or carried out or eliminated rivals.
Conflict Management
Departing from the complexity of conflict management and resolution, a style or model is
needed conflict management. There are three methods of conflict management according to
James AF. Stoner and R. Edward Freeman (1992) that conflict management methods are as
follows:
Stimulation (stimulate) Conflict
Conflict can lead to dynamics and the achievement of better ways of carrying out the work
activities of a group. A situation where conflict is too low will cause employees to fear
initiative and become passive. Events, behaviors and information that could lead people to
work better are ignored; group members tolerate each other's weaknesses and poor work
performance.
Conflict Reduction and Suppression
Managers are usually more involved with conflict reduction than conflict stimulation.
conflict. Methods of reduction conflict reduction methods emphasizes the antagonism
generated by the conflict. So, this method manages the level of conflict through "cooling the
atmosphere" but does not deal with the problems that originally caused the conflict. Two
methods according to T. Hani Handoko (2003) can be used to reduce conflict.
The first effective approach is to replace goals that cause competition with goals that
are more acceptable to both groups. The second effective method is to unite the two opposing
groups to face the same "threat" or "enemy".Meanwhile, according to James AF. Stoner and
R. Edward Freeman there are at least 3 methods for reducing conflict, namely: (1). Providing
pleasant information between one group and another, (2). Increase pleasant social contact in
various ways, (3). Confrontation, or conferring and providing explanations about various
information.
Conflict Resolution
The final stage is conflict resolution, this is to get the results of the conflict that has been
running, resolving this conflict by using conflict management styles which will be discussed
in the next discussion.
In managing conflict, Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralp H. Kilmann (1974) developed a
conflict management style based on two dimensions, namely cooperation (Cooperativeness)
on the horizontal axis and assertiveness (Assertiveness) on the vertical axis Based on these
two dimensions Thomas and Kilmann put forward five types of conflict management styles,
namely:
Competing
A conflict management style with a high level of assertiveness and low cooperation,
this style is a power-oriented style, where a person will use the power they have to win the
conflict.
Collaborating
A conflict management style with a high degree of assertiveness and cooperation. The
goal is to find alternatives, common ground and fully meet the expectations of both parties
involved in the conflict.Collaborative style is a negotiation effort to create a solution that fully
satisfies the parties involved in the conflict, this effort includes understanding each other's
conflict problems or learning from each other's disagreements, and creativity and innovation
are also used to find alternatives.
Compromising
An intermediate conflict management style, with moderate levels of assertiveness and
cooperation. Using a take and give strategy, both parties seek a middle ground alternative that
partially satisfies their desires.
Avoiding
Conflict management styles with low levels of assertiveness and cooperation, in this
style both parties involved try to avoid conflict, according to Thomas and Kilmann in the
form of: distancing themselves from the subject matter, postponing the subject matter until the
right time or withdrawing from conflicts that threaten and harm.
Accommodating
A conflict management style with a low level of assertiveness and a high level of
cooperation, a person ignores their own interests and seeks to satisfy the interests of their
conflict opponent.
Local Wisdom and Culture
In general, according to Agung Setyawan (20013) local wisdom can be interpreted as
local ideas that are wise, full of wisdom, good value, which are embedded and followed by
members of the community. In other words, what is meant by local wisdom is "a view of life
and knowledge as well as various life strategies in the form of activities carried out by local
communities in responding to various problems in fulfilling their needs".
In English, local wisdom is conceptualized as local wisdom or local knowledge or local
genius. Furthermore, local wisdom or what is known as (local genius/local wisdom) is local
knowledge created from the adaptation of a community derived from life experiences
communicated from generation to generation.
Local wisdom is thus local knowledge used by local people to survive in an environment
that is integrated with belief systems, norms, culture and expressed in traditions and myths
that are adhered to over a long period of time. The system of meeting their needs includes all
elements of life: religion, science, economy, technology, social organization, language and
communication, and art.
They have an understanding, programs, activities, implementation related to maintaining,
improving, developing elements of their needs, taking into account the environment and
human resources contained in their community. In local wisdom, local cultural wisdom is also
contained. Local cultural wisdom is local knowledge that has been integrated with belief
systems, norms, and culture, and expressed in local culture. Local wisdom is something that is
specifically related to a particular culture (local culture) and reflects the way of life of a
particular community (local community). In other words, local wisdom resides in local
culture.
Local culture (also often called regional culture) is a term usually used to distinguish a
culture from national (United States) culture and global culture. Local culture is a culture
owned by people who occupy a certain locality or area that is different from the culture
owned by people in other places. Permendagri No. 39/2007 article 1 defines local culture as
"a value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region, which is
believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are values,
attitudes of community procedures that are believed to fulfill the lives of its citizens".
In United States, the term local culture is also often equated with ethnic or sub-ethnic
culture. Every nation, ethnicity and sub-ethnicity has a culture that includes seven elements,
namely: language, knowledge system, social organization, living equipment system and
technology, livelihood system, religious system, and art. However, the distinctive
characteristics of culture can only be manifested in limited elements, especially through
language, arts and ceremonies. Other elements are difficult to highlight the distinctive
characteristics of the culture of a nation or ethnic group. Human culture undergoes changes.
The changes that occur not only relate to the physical environment, but also to human culture
because change is a necessity in human life. The close relationship between humans and their
physical living environment is what gives birth to human culture.
Culture was born because of the ability of humans to adapt their living environment
so that it remains feasible to live in time after time. Culture is seen as a manifestation of the
life of every person or group of people who always change nature. Culture is a human
endeavor, the struggle of every person or group in determining their future.
The Role of Local Culture as a Conflict Resolution Medium
Local culture has a very important and strategic role in conflict management efforts, in
this case as a conflict resolution medium. According to the Regulation of the Minister of
Home Affairs No. 39/2007, Local Culture is a value system embraced by certain
communities/groups of people in the region, which is believed to be able to fulfill the
expectations of citizens and in which there are values, attitudes and procedures of the
community that are believed to fulfill the lives of citizens. The elements of local culture that
can be used as conflict resolution media can be described below:
Language System
Language is an effective communication tool in the process of human association.
Likewise with language local language which expected able to communicate peaceful ideas to
end conflicts, either in the pre-conflictandpost-conflict phases. Language as a tool of
interaction has a very vital role considering that many conflict events occur due to errors or
different meanings in information which ultimately leads to the phase of conflict.
For this reason, it is important for the community and government to preserve local
languages as an effective communication tool in spreading and communicating peace values
as a preventive and protective measure to prevent conflict. Peace messages in local languages
are realized in the form of stories and narratives in local folk legends, poems, pantung, dramas
and so on.
Living Equipment Systems and Technology
Living systems and technology can be used as a medium to develop life at the local level
well and continue to develop even though it is still simple. With a stable, harmonious and
conducive life, the potentials that lead to conflict can be suppressed.
With a culture of tolerance and mutual cooperation, the living equipment system and
technology at the local level can be used together so that the values of togetherness will
continue to live. Each individual is directed to share in togetherness in the management of
living equipment systems and technology.
Economic system and livelihood
Economic systems and livelihoods have great potential to create opportunities for
social conflict. Because often things or goods of economic value often cause competition
between individuals and communities to be owned. Moreover, economic goods or things are
not in abundance, so there is often scarcity in the community. Local economic systems and
livelihoods are full of values that can create harmony in society.
Likewise, the local livelihood system still upholds the principles of tolerance,
togetherness and social solidarity. Although social life continues to experience changes due to
modernization and globalization, the economic system and livelihoods of local communities
are expected to be able to become social capital to unite the community in a stable and
harmonious condition.
Community system and social organization
Community systems and social organizations play an important role as a medium for
conflict resolution in society. The existence of parties in social organizations at the local level
is expected to strengthen the unity and consolidation of the community at the grassroots level,
as well as play the role of mediator in conflict resolution and reconciliation processes.
Arts
The existence of art can function as a medium to unite society. Art has universal values
that can unite people both at the global and local levels. Arts media can function as
propaganda media to end conflicts.
Belief System, or Religion
Belief systems or religions embraced by society are believed to continue to promote
messages of peace to their adherents. The assumption that every religion does not teach about
violence is believed to be able to effectively fortify its adherents from provocation efforts that
lead to conflict. Although in reality, there are many social conflicts that occur due to the ego
of individuals and groups in seeking truth according to their version of each individual or
group.
Conclusion
The existence of local culture is expected to be able to help the resolution of social
conflicts that continue to occur in society. Although in reality, local culture continues to be
eroded due to modernization and globalization which creates a lot of important and
fundamental changes in society various fields of human life. Local cultural values are still
considered effective as a tool to maintain a stable and harmonious society so that potential
conflicts can be suppressed as early as possible and can be overcome when conflicts have
already occurred. It takes an active and proactive role from every actor and interested party to
keep local cultural values surviving and consistent as a medium for social conflict resolution
as stipulated in Permendagri Number 39 of 2007 that, First, Regional Cultural Preservation is
an effort to maintain the socio-cultural value system adopted by certain communities/groups
of people in the region, which is believed to be able to contain values, attitudes and
procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of community members.
Second, Regional Cultural Development is an effort to improve the quality of the
socio-cultural value system embraced by certain communities/groups of people in the region,
which is believed to be able to fulfill the expectations of its citizens and in which there are
values, attitudes and procedures of the community that are believed to fulfill the lives of
citizens.
