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CHAPTER 5 TO 7 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS: SOCIAL
INSTITUTIONS SHAPE BEHAVIOR, ORGANIZATIONS STRUCTURE ACTION,
GROUPS AND BUREAUCRACY INFLUENCE OUTCOMES
Course Textbook Chapter Review Guide
ASU
October 27, 2021
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Chapter 5: Major Social Institutions Impacting Human Behaviors Practice Questions and
Answers
SECTION 1: Question–Answer
1. Question: What is the primary definition of medicine as a social institution?
Answer: Medicine is the science and art of diagnosing and treating disease to preserve health.
Explanation: The textbook defines medicine broadly as a field focused on health.
2. Question: How did employer-provided health insurance become common in the United States?
Answer: It expanded after World War II to attract scarce workers during wage freezes.
Explanation: Employers used health benefits to recruit workers when wages were controlled.
3. Question: What are the two major public health insurance programs created in 1965?
Answer: They are Medicare and Medicaid.
Explanation: Congress established these programs over medical association objections.
4. Question: According to the text, what is "latrophobia"?
Answer: It is a fear of medicine and medical institutions.
Explanation: This term describes distrust stemming from historical medical abuse.
5. Question: What theory suggests media is a "master forum" for public discourse?
Answer: Ferree, Gamson, Gerhards, and Rucht's model proposes this idea.
Explanation: Their theory places mass media at the center of societal debate.
6. Question: How do insurance companies sometimes justify canceling individual policies?
Answer: They cite errors or omissions on the original application form.
Explanation: Insurers may rescind policies after reviewing applications for mistakes.
7. Question: What was the "Hollywood Code"?
Answer: It was an agreement to always show criminals punished in films.
Explanation: The movie industry adopted this code at law enforcement's urging.
8. Question: What does Donald Black's theory of law help explain?
Answer: It explains how law is applied differently across social contexts.
Explanation: The theory predicts legal outcomes based on social characteristics.
9. Question: What is a key criticism of drug-free zone laws?
Answer: They create racial disparities and fail to deter drug activity.
Explanation: Studies show these laws disproportionately impact minority communities.
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10. Question: What role do journalists play in the media arena model?
Answer: They act as both gatekeepers and active participants.
Explanation: Journalists filter information and frame issues themselves.
11. Question: Why was the polio vaccine theory about HIV's origin controversial?
Answer: It suggested Western scientists inadvertently caused the pandemic.
Explanation: The theory implies racial exploitation and corporate liability.
12. Question: What is the primary function of the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)?
Answer: It provides unpaid job leave for family medical care.
Explanation: This federal law addresses work-family conflict during illness.
13. Question: How does "social capital" relate to health outcomes?
Answer: Greater social capital correlates with better health and support.
Explanation: Social resources help individuals cope with health problems.
14. Question: What is the central argument of deterrence theory in criminology?
Answer: People commit crimes if perceived benefits outweigh punishment severity.
Explanation: This classical theory underpins many "tough-on-crime" laws.
15. Question: What did the Lawrence v. Texas Supreme Court case decide?
Answer: It struck down state laws criminalizing consensual sodomy.
Explanation: This ruling decriminalized certain private sexual behaviors.
16. Question: How do media "imagined communities" function in public discourse?
Answer: They are solidarity groups that carriers claim to represent.
Explanation: Advocates speak for communities like "women" or "Christians."
17. Question: What major budget trend is noted for state correctional systems?
Answer: Corrections are often the largest state expenditure.
Explanation: Prison budgets can exceed funding for other institutions.
18. Question: What evidence illustrates health disparities in New York City?
Answer: Diabetes rates and outcomes differ sharply by neighborhood income.
Explanation: East Harlem had worse outcomes than the wealthier Upper East Side.
19. Question: What is the "backstage" in the mass media forum model?
Answer: It is where spokespersons prepare strategies and build alliances.
Explanation: This area is hidden from the public arena and gallery.
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20. Question: Why does the text state prisons are "the new asylum"?
Answer: They now house more mentally ill people than mental hospitals do.
Explanation: Deinstitutionalization has shifted care to correctional facilities.
21. Question: What is a "test case" in legal strategy?
Answer: It is a lawsuit created to challenge a law or policy directly.
Explanation: Groups use such cases to provoke definitive judicial rulings.
22. Question: How did the textbook characterize the impact of the Brown v. Board decision?
Answer: It was a major but controversial step against segregation.
Explanation: The ruling was hailed by some but strongly criticized by others.
23. Question: What problem does the We Can! program aim to address?
Answer: It strives to prevent childhood obesity through education.
Explanation: This NIH initiative promotes healthier eating and activity.
24. Question: What is the core-periphery dynamic in world systems theory?
Answer: It describes unequal resource and power distribution between areas.
Explanation: The theory explains disparities like those in health outcomes.
25. Question: What was a primary finding of Barber and Axinn's media study in Nepal?
Answer: Media exposure influenced family planning attitudes and behaviors.
Explanation: Their research linked media access to smaller family preferences.
SECTION 2: Multiple Choice
1. Question: Which program provides health insurance for eligible elderly and disabled persons?
A. Medicaid
B. Medigap
C. Medicare
D. The Family and Medical Leave Act
Answer: C
Explanation: Medicare is the federal insurance program for those over 65 and certain disabled
individuals.
2. Question: What concept describes the fear of medicine rooted in historical abuse?
A. Latrophobia
B. Medi-phobia
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C. Systemic distrust
D. Therapeutic nihilism
Answer: A
Explanation: Latrophobia is the term used for the specific fear of medical treatment.
3. Question: The "Big Five" mass media typically include which of the following?
A. Radio, Television, Internet, Newspapers, Magazines
B. Radio, Television, Movies, Newspapers, Magazines
C. Television, Podcasts, Social Media, Newspapers, Books
D. Movies, Streaming, Radio, Podcasts, Newsletters
Answer: B
Explanation: The Big Five are radio, TV, movies, newspapers, and magazines.
4. Question: What was the primary goal of the Maryland law challenged by Wal-Mart?
A. To ban large retailers from the state
B. To provide free health care to all residents
C. To mandate minimum employer spending on health insurance
D. To merge Medicaid with private insurance plans
Answer: C
Explanation: The law required large employers to spend 8% of payroll on health coverage.
5. Question: According to the text, what is a major reason for high correctional budgets?
A. High salaries for guards
B. Incarcerating a large number of people
C. Costly rehabilitation programs
D. Expensive prison construction materials
Answer: B
Explanation: The U.S. incarcerates a very high number of persons, driving costs.
6. Question: In the media forum model, what does the "gallery" represent?
A. News producers and editors
B. The observing public and audiences
C. Government regulators
D. Advertising sponsors
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Answer: B
Explanation: The gallery is the audience that watches the arena.
7. Question: Which legislation bans discrimination based on disability?
A. Civil Rights Act of 1964
B. Title IX
C. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
D. Pregnancy Discrimination Act
Answer: C
Explanation: The ADA prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities.
8. Question: What does "social capital" refer to in health research?
A. Government funding for clinics
B. Social resources and support networks
C. The capital invested in health insurance companies
D. The economic value of good health
Answer: B
Explanation: Social capital means accessible social resources and networks.
9. Question: Why did Fox TV reportedly kill a story on Posilac?
A. The story was factually inaccurate
B. The reporters were unqualified
C. The subject company threatened advertising revenue
D. The public showed no interest in the topic
Answer: C
Explanation: Monsanto, the maker, threatened Fox, which relied on its advertising.
10. Question: What demographic is most affected by crack cocaine sentencing disparities?
A. African Americans
B. White Americans
C. Asian Americans
D. Recent immigrants
Answer: A
Explanation: Federal data show most crack defendants are African American.
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11. Question: The "separate but equal" doctrine was overturned by which case?
A. Miranda v. Arizona
B. Brown v. Board of Education
C. Roe v. Wade
D. Lawrence v. Texas
Answer: B
Explanation: Brown declared segregated schools inherently unequal.
12. Question: In health care, what does HMO stand for?
A. Hospital Management Office
B. Health and Medical Organization
C. Health Maintenance Organization
D. Human Medical Outreach
Answer: C
Explanation: HMOs are a type of managed care health insurance plan.
13. Question: What was a main criticism of media coverage of missing persons?
A. Overrepresentation of missing White women
B. Excessive focus on missing elderly persons
C. Ignoring international abduction cases
D. Too much coverage of missing children
Answer: A
Explanation: The text criticizes selective attention to missing White females.
14. Question: Which Act provides unpaid leave for family medical reasons?
A. Americans with Disabilities Act
B. Family and Medical Leave Act
C. Pregnancy Discrimination Act
D. Civil Rights Act
Answer: B
Explanation: The FMLA allows eligible employees to take unpaid, job-protected leave.
15. Question: What concept describes communities with abundant social resources?
A. Economic capital
B. Core communities
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C. Periphery communities
D. Institutional networks
Answer: B
Explanation: Core communities have more resources, unlike periphery areas.
16. Question: Which of these is a positive aspect of medicine noted in the chapter?
A. High cost of dialysis
B. Insurance policy cancellations
C. Increased life expectancy
D. Health care disparities
Answer: C
Explanation: Medical advances have significantly increased American life spans.
17. Question: According to the text, who are "carriers" in public discourse?
A. Individual citizens
B. News anchors
C. Advocates representing groups
D. Government officials
Answer: C
Explanation: Carriers are organizations that speak for imagined communities.
18. Question: What is one reported consequence of diabetes in low-income areas?
A. Higher rates of amputations
B. Lower rates of hospitalization
C. Better access to podiatrists
D. More preventive care funding
Answer: A
Explanation: Complications like amputations are more common in poorer communities.
19. Question: Which entity oversees the Health and Human Services department report?
A. The Surgeon General
B. The Secretary of HHS
C. The President of the United States
D. The National Institutes of Health
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Answer: B
Explanation: The Secretary of HHS prepares the report on the nation's health.
20. Question: What did the Miranda v. Arizona decision require?
A. Police to inform suspects of their rights
B. States to provide legal counsel for all
C. Schools to desegregate immediately
D. Employers to offer health insurance
Answer: A
Explanation: The ruling established the famous "Miranda rights" warning.
21. Question: What is a primary reason insurers cancel individual policies?
A. The filing of a large or costly claim
B. The policyholder moves to a new state
C. The insurance company loses money
D. The policyholder gets a new job
Answer: A
Explanation: Individuals risk cancellation after submitting significant claims.
22. Question: Which school of thought influenced deterrence theory?
A. The Classical School of Criminology
B. The Chicago School
C. Positivist Criminology
D. Conflict Theory
Answer: A
Explanation: Cesare Beccaria's Classical School emphasized rational choice and punishment.
23. Question: What is the "arena" in the media forum model?
A. Where news is produced
B. Where public speech acts occur
C. Where advertising is sold
D. Where audiences are surveyed
Answer: B
Explanation: The arena is the visible space where participants engage in discourse.
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24. Question: What does the text identify as a negative aspect of the law?
A. Racial disparities in drug sentencing
B. The creation of Medicare
C. The passage of the ADA
D. The Family and Medical Leave Act
Answer: A
Explanation: Laws like those punishing crack cocaine more harshly have disparate racial
impacts.
25. Question: What historical figure was called the "father of gynecology"?
A. Dr. John Harvey Kellogg
B. Dr. James Marion Sims
C. Dr. Jonas Salk
D. Dr. Hilary Koprowski
Answer: B
Explanation: Sims pioneered gynecological surgery on enslaved women without anesthesia.
26. Question: What is the primary funding source for most Americans' health insurance?
A. Individual purchase
B. Employer-sponsored plans
C. Government programs
D. Charitable organizations
Answer: B
Explanation: Most Americans historically received coverage through their jobs.
27. Question: According to Black's theory, law is more likely to be applied against whom?
A. Individuals from high-status groups
B. Individuals from low-status groups
C. Corporations
D. Government officials
Answer: B
Explanation: The theory suggests law is used more against those with lower social status.
28. Question: What did the Kitzmiller v. Dover case involve?
A. Sodomy laws
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B. Teaching Intelligent Design in schools
C. Drug-free zones
D. Health insurance mandates
Answer: B
Explanation: The case ruled against mandating Intelligent Design in biology classes.
29. Question: The text says media can pressure sponsors by doing what?
A. Increasing advertising rates
B. Threatening to take ad dollars elsewhere
C. Filing lawsuits for defamation
D. Lobbying Congress for regulations
Answer: B
Explanation: Large advertisers can pressure media by threatening to withdraw business.
30. Question: What was the original purpose of drug-free zone laws?
A. To reduce drug use in prisons
B. To fund addiction treatment centers
C. To protect children from drug sellers
D. To increase penalties for all drug crimes
Answer: C
Explanation: These laws aimed to create safe spaces around schools and parks.
31. Question: Which group is highlighted as having traditional "root doctors"?
A. Hmong communities
B. African American communities
C. Somali communities
D. Native American communities
Answer: B
Explanation: Some African Americans historically consulted root doctors for illness.
32. Question: What did the National War Labor Board do during WWII?
A. Mandated health insurance
B. Froze wages
C. Built new hospitals
D. Created Medicare
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Answer: B
Explanation: The wage freeze led employers to offer health benefits as an alternative incentive.
33. Question: What is one function of the "backstage" in media production?
A. Forming strategic alliances
B. Broadcasting live news
C. Conducting audience polls
D. Editing video footage
Answer: A
Explanation: Backstage work includes building coalitions and planning media strategy.
34. Question: Which Act banned discrimination based on sex in education programs?
A. Civil Rights Act of 1964
B. Title IX
C. Equal Pay Act
D. Pregnancy Discrimination Act
Answer: B
Explanation: Title IX prohibits sex discrimination in federally funded education programs.
35. Question: What percentage of workers saw health insurance as a key benefit in a cited survey?
A. 40%
B. 60%
C. 80%
D. 95%
Answer: B
Explanation: A 2002 survey found 60% of workers valued health insurance most.
36. Question: The We Can! program targets which age group?
A. Ages 3-7
B. Ages 8-13
C. Ages 14-18
D. Ages 65 and over
Answer: B
Explanation: The NIH program focuses on preventing obesity in youth aged 8-13.
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37. Question: What do Medicare Advantage Plans replace?
A. Medicaid
B. Traditional Medicare Parts A and B
C. Medigap policies
D. Employer-sponsored insurance
Answer: B
Explanation: These private plans provide Part A and B coverage instead of original Medicare.
38. Question: What is a major critique of how media covers international crises?
A. Selective and intermittent attention
B. Too much detail on politics
C. Overemphasis on economic causes
D. Excessive focus on humanitarian aid
Answer: A
Explanation: Media is criticized for sporadic coverage of tragedies like the Congo war.
39. Question: What was the outcome of Retailer Industry Leaders Association v. Fielder?
A. The Maryland health spending law was struck down
B. The law was upheld as constitutional
C. Wal-Mart was fined for non-compliance
D. The case was dismissed without a ruling
Answer: A
Explanation: A federal court ruled the Maryland "Wal-Mart law" was unconstitutional.
40. Question: In the Nepal study, media exposure was linked to what?
A. Increased preference for large families
B. More positive attitudes toward contraception
C. Stronger son preference
D. Lower rates of any contraceptive use
Answer: B
Explanation: The study found media exposure associated with favorable contraceptive views.
41. Question: What term describes insurance that fills Medicare coverage gaps?
A. Medicare Advantage
B. Medigap
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C. Medicaid
D. Major Medical
Answer: B
Explanation: Medigap is supplemental private insurance for Medicare beneficiaries.
42. Question: What is a negative economic effect of rising health care costs?
A. Increased life expectancy
B. Reduced business competitiveness
C. More medical research funding
D. Expansion of Medicaid
Answer: B
Explanation: Businesses argue high benefit costs make them less competitive globally.
43. Question: Which concept refers to where cultural contests are read and spread?
A. The legal forum
B. The political party forum
C. The mass media forum
D. The social movement forum
Answer: C
Explanation: The mass media forum signals and spreads changes in cultural codes.
44. Question: What was a key feature of health insurance before the 1940s?
A. It covered prescription drugs
B. It covered basic hospital services
C. It was provided by the government
D. Most Americans had it
Answer: B
Explanation: Early insurance typically covered only room, board, and basic ancillary services.
45. Question: The text links the "War on Drugs" to what societal impact?
A. Mass incarceration of minorities
B. Reduced drug use in schools
C. Increased funding for treatment
D. Lower crime rates nationwide
Answer: A
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Explanation: Drug laws have led to disproportionate imprisonment of African Americans and
Latinos.
46. Question: How does the text describe the relationship between media and politicians?
A. Media always supports politicians
B. Media can keep politicians accountable
C. Politicians completely control media
D. Media avoids political coverage
Answer: B
Explanation: A media role is to report on unsavory political events and maintain scrutiny.
47. Question: What did the Atkins v. Virginia decision prohibit?
A. Abortion after the first trimester
B. The death penalty for the intellectually disabled
C. Life sentences for juveniles
D. Mandatory minimum sentences
Answer: B
Explanation: The Court banned executing persons with mental retardation.
48. Question: What is a common barrier to health care access?
A. Lack of health insurance
B. Too many doctors
C. Low cost of prescription drugs
D. Short hospital wait times
Answer: A
Explanation: Being uninsured is a primary barrier to accessing medical services.
49. Question: According to the text, what shapes views of health?
A. Genetic factors only
B. Individual choices only
C. Cultural background
D. Government mandates
Answer: C
Explanation: The chapter states that one's culture determines one's view of health.
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50. Question: What is a "ripple effect" of mass media framing?
A. Spreading changes in language and consciousness
B. Increasing newspaper subscription rates
C. Reducing the number of news outlets
D. Limiting public debate on issues
Answer: A
Explanation: Media framing can influence broader cultural changes beyond the media itself.
51. Question: What was the main finding about drug-free zones in New Jersey?
A. They successfully protected schools
B. They created unwarranted racial disparity
C. They reduced overall drug sales
D. They were supported by all communities
Answer: B
Explanation: The state commission found the laws disproportionately impacted minority
communities.
52. Question: What does the text cite as a positive use of media collaboration?
A. Improving health literacy
B. Increasing movie ticket sales
C. Promoting celebrity news
D. Advertising prescription drugs
Answer: A
Explanation: HHS collaborated with media to improve public understanding of health
information.
53. Question: Which entity first purchased a group health contract for employees?
A. U.S. Government
B. Ford Motor Company
C. Montgomery Ward
D. General Electric
Answer: C
Explanation: The department store pioneered employer health contracts in 1910.
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54. Question: What is a primary factor in the diabetes crisis in poor areas?
A. Profit-driven medical systems
B. Lack of medical research
C. Too many doctors
D. Overfunding of prevention
Answer: A
Explanation: The system profits from costly treatments like amputations, not prevention.
55. Question: What was the "hunter theory" about HIV's origin?
A. A hunter created a vaccine
B. A hunter was infected by a chimpanzee
C. Hunters spread it deliberately
D. It began in hunter-gatherer societies
Answer: B
Explanation: This theory posits transmission via blood contact from hunting chimps.
56. Question: According to the text, what can large corporations negotiate with insurers?
A. Cancellation of policies
B. Better group rates and terms
C. Exemption from all laws
D. Individual coverage for CEOs
Answer: B
Explanation: Large entities have leverage to negotiate favorable insurance outcomes.
57. Question: What is one result of high incarceration rates on communities?
A. Weakened political power due to disenfranchisement
B. Increased social capital
C. Higher voter turnout
D. More economic investment
Answer: A
Explanation: Incarcerated and former felons often lose voting rights, weakening their
communities.
58. Question: What does the text say about the role of the First Amendment for reporters?
A. It gives them an absolute shield everywhere
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B. It prevents them from reporting crimes
C. Its protections vary by state
D. It applies only to print journalists
Answer: C
Explanation: Reporter privilege against disclosing sources depends on state law.
59. Question: What did the National Center for Health Statistics report about medical advances?
A. They have lowered life expectancy
B. They have improved quality of life
C. They have increased infectious diseases
D. They have no impact on daily life
Answer: B
Explanation: The report stated advances extended and improved countless lives.
60. Question: In the media model, what do "players" do in the arena?
A. Watch from the stands
B. Produce news off-site
C. Engage in public speech acts
D. Regulate content for bias
Answer: C
Explanation: Players are the actors who speak publicly in the media forum.
61. Question: What is a consequence of labeling defendants as "good kids" or "bad kids"?
A. Racial bias in charging decisions
B. More jury trials
C. Fairer sentencing outcomes
D. Reduced plea bargaining
Answer: A
Explanation: This subjective judgment often disadvantages minority youth.
62. Question: What historical period saw a decrease in employer health offer rates?
A. 1940-1950
B. 1960-1970
C. 2000-2005
D. 2010-2015
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Answer: C
Explanation: Offers dropped from 69% to 60% between 2000 and 2005.
63. Question: What did the Helvering v. Davis case uphold?
A. The Voting Rights Act
B. The Miranda warning
C. The Social Security Act
D. The Food and Drugs Act
Answer: C
Explanation: This Supreme Court case validated the constitutionality of Social Security.
64. Question: What is a major challenge for self-employed individuals?
A. Finding affordable health insurance
B. Getting too much employer coverage
C. Avoiding all medical needs
D. Qualifying for Medicaid easily
Answer: A
Explanation: Independent contractors struggle to purchase coverage without group rates.
65. Question: What does the text imply about the power of individual policyholders?
A. They have great leverage over insurers
B. They have little leverage over insurers
C. They can easily sue and win
D. They set their own premium rates
Answer: B
Explanation: Individuals lack the negotiating power of large corporations.
66. Question: What is one function of a "test case"?
A. To settle a minor dispute quickly
B. To get a high court ruling on an issue
C. To avoid media attention
D. To increase legal fees for clients
Answer: B
Explanation: Test cases are designed to reach appellate courts for precedent.
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67. Question: What did AMBER Alerts utilize for notifications?
A. Only newspaper ads
B. Only digital billboards
C. Television, radio, and highway alerts
D. Social media exclusively
Answer: C
Explanation: The system uses multiple media platforms to broadcast alerts.
68. Question: According to the text, what do sponsors sometimes pressure media to do?
A. Increase news staff
B. Alter or kill critical stories
C. Cover more international news
D. Provide free advertising
Answer: B
Explanation: The Posilac story example shows advertiser pressure can suppress reporting.
69. Question: What is a demographic trend among the elderly in the U.S.?
A. Increasing numbers living with chronic conditions
B. Decreasing life expectancy
C. Lower rates of Medicare enrollment
D. Fewer needs for assisted care
Answer: A
Explanation: About 80% of elderly persons live with at least one chronic condition.
70. Question: What theory is used to analyze blame for AIDS in South Africa?
A. Biological determinism
B. Power relations in society
C. Individual responsibility
D. Geographic coincidence
Answer: B
Explanation: Joffe's study concluded societal power determines who gets blamed.
71. Question: What is a primary goal of cross-national health care studies?
A. To standardize all medical treatments
B. To increase drug company profits
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C. To understand effective organizational models
D. To reduce the number of doctors
Answer: C
Explanation: Comparative research examines what makes health systems work.
72. Question: Which act banned discrimination in housing?
A. Civil Rights Act of 1964
B. Fair Housing Act of 1968
C. Voting Rights Act of 1965
D. Americans with Disabilities Act
Answer: B
Explanation: The Fair Housing Act prohibits discrimination in the sale or rental of housing.
73. Question: What is a negative aspect of mass media power?
A. It can sensationalize trivial celebrity news
B. It provides too much international coverage
C. It avoids all crime reporting
D. It never influences public opinion
Answer: A
Explanation: The text criticizes media for focusing on trivia like Paris Hilton.
74. Question: What did the EEOC v. Wal-Mart case involve?
A. Violations of drug-free zone laws
B. Discrimination against a disabled applicant
C. Challenges to the FMLA
D. Medicare fraud allegations
Answer: B
Explanation: Wal-Mart was sued for refusing to hire a person with a disability.
75. Question: What does "major medical" insurance typically refer to?
A. Only dental and vision care
B. Coverage for hospital stays and surgeries
C. Supplemental Medicaid programs
D. Insurance for major corporations only
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Answer: B
Explanation: This term historically described comprehensive hospitalization coverage.
76. Question: What was a finding about media and family size in Nepal?
A. Media encouraged larger families
B. Media exposure correlated with smaller family preference
C. Media had no effect on family size
D. Media increased son preference
Answer: B
Explanation: Individuals exposed to mass media preferred smaller families.
77. Question: What is a stated purpose of the Matthew Shepard Act?
A. To enhance penalties for hate crimes
B. To provide health care for LGBTQ individuals
C. To legalize same-sex marriage
D. To ban discrimination in the military
Answer: A
Explanation: The act strengthens punishments for crimes based on sexual orientation or gender
identity.
78. Question: According to Albrecht, where can health reside in some cultures?
A. In social relationships, not just the individual
B. Only in individual biology
C. Solely in genetic code
D. Exclusively in medical test results
Answer: A
Explanation: In some views, health is situated in the community structure, not the individual
body.
79. Question: What does the text state about the "War on Drugs" sentencing?
A. It punishes crack cocaine more severely than powder
B. It punishes powder cocaine more severely than crack
C. It has equal penalties for all drug types
D. It focuses only on drug treatment
Answer: A
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Explanation: The law has a 100:1 quantity ratio, punishing crack possession much more
harshly.
80. Question: What is one reason for employer-sponsored health insurance popularity?
A. Benefits were heavily taxed
B. Unions supported it
C. It was government-mandated
D. It decreased worker productivity
Answer: B
Explanation: Union backing helped make employer-provided health insurance widespread.
81. Question: What is the "gatekeeper" role of journalists?
A. They only report on government actions
B. They decide which information to publicize
C. They prevent all public discourse
D. They serve as official censors
Answer: B
Explanation: Journalists filter quotes and stories, controlling what reaches the public.
82. Question: Which group is at higher risk for type 2 diabetes due to weight?
A. Elderly White women
B. African American girls and Latino males
C. Asian American children
D. Native American elders
Answer: B
Explanation: The Surgeon General identified these groups as having higher risk.
83. Question: What did the U.S. Sentencing Commission report in 2002?
A. Drug sentences showed no racial disparities
B. There was a perception of racial bias in sentencing
C. All drug penalties should be increased
D. Crack penalties were too lenient
Answer: B
Explanation: The report acknowledged the perception that race influenced drug sentences.
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84. Question: What is a common fate of state bills addressing diabetes care?
A. They pass unanimously
B. They often die under industry pressure
C. They receive full funding
D. They are copied by other states
Answer: B
Explanation: Insurance and health care interests lobby to kill such legislation.
85. Question: What is a key difference between comprehensive and HMO plans?
A. HMOs do not exist anymore
B. HMOs represent a managed care model
C. Comprehensive plans are not insurance
D. Only comprehensive plans cover hospitals
Answer: B
Explanation: HMOs are a specific type of managed care organization within modern healthcare.
86. Question: What did the text say about covering young adults on parents' insurance?
A. It is always allowed until age 30
B. It often terminates around age 19
C. It is prohibited by federal law
D. It is free for all families
Answer: B
Explanation: Coverage typically ends at 19 unless the child is a full-time student.
87. Question: What is a positive effect of laws mentioned in the chapter?
A. Increasing crack cocaine penalties
B. Reducing deaths via seat belt laws
C. Creating drug-free zones
D. Allowing policy cancellations
Answer: B
Explanation: Seat belt and helmet laws are cited as positive public health measures.
88. Question: In what setting was Koprowski's polio vaccine tested?
A. Orphanages in New York
B. The Belgian Congo
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C. Laboratories in Poland
D. Military bases in the U.S.
Answer: B
Explanation: After ethical issues in the U.S., testing moved to colonial Africa.
89. Question: What does the text suggest about media and famine coverage?
A. It is intermittent, not persistent
B. It is consistently comprehensive
C. It ignores Africa completely
D. It focuses only on political causes
Answer: A
Explanation: Media occasionally shows emaciated children to spur relief, then moves on.
90. Question: What is one effect of high incarceration rates on rural areas?
A. Job losses due to prison closures
B. Increased population counts for grants
C. Decreased political representation
D. Reduced state funding
Answer: B
Explanation: Prisons boost rural census numbers, affecting funding and representation.
91. Question: What does the text state about the power of macro systems over individuals?
A. Individuals easily change macro systems
B. Macro systems greatly impact individuals
C. There is no relationship between them
D. Only micro systems have any power
Answer: B
Explanation: Large systems like insurance corporations powerfully affect individual lives.
92. Question: What is a primary criticism of Court TV (truTV) coverage?
A. Overrepresentation of White female victims
B. Too many financial crime stories
C. Lack of any murder cases
D. Excessive international focus
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Answer: A
Explanation: It was criticized for focusing on domestic violence cases with White victims.
93. Question: Which amendment is the basis for freedom of the press claims?
A. The Second Amendment
B. The First Amendment
C. The Fifth Amendment
D. The Fourteenth Amendment
Answer: B
Explanation: Media often ground their rights in the First Amendment's free press clause.
94. Question: What is a finding about health care organization from cross-national studies?
A. It must be tailored to local population needs
B. One model fits all countries
C. Private systems are always best
D. Government systems always fail
Answer: A
Explanation: Effective health care organization depends on local culture and environment.
95. Question: What was the result of the governor's veto of the Maryland Wal-Mart bill?
A. The legislature overrode the veto
B. The bill died permanently
C. Wal-Mart agreed to the terms
D. The law was reduced in scope
Answer: A
Explanation: The state legislature passed the bill again and overrode the veto.
96. Question: What is a source of health information besides medical tests?
A. Only laboratory results
B. Dreams and hallucinations in some cultures
C. Stock market reports
D. Weather patterns
Answer: B
Explanation: Some non-Western views see illness expressed through spiritual experiences.
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97. Question: What did the Kimbrough v. United States case note about crack defendants?
A. Most were White
B. 85% were African American
C. Most were women
D. They received lenient sentences
Answer: B
Explanation: The Supreme Court noted the stark racial disparity in crack prosecutions.
98. Question: What is a primary theme in the discussion of law and minority communities?
A. Disproportionate negative impacts
B. Excessive benefits received
C. Equal protection always applied
D. Lack of any legal interaction
Answer: A
Explanation: Laws often have harmful, disproportionate effects on African American and
Latino communities.
99. Question: How did the text describe the infant sleep position advice?
A. It recommends placing babies on their stomachs
B. It recommends placing babies on their backs
C. It says position does not matter
D. It recommends side-sleeping only
Answer: B
Explanation: Placing babies on their backs is advised to prevent SIDS.
100. Question: What is a primary factor in whether an employer must comply with the
FMLA?
A. The gender of the employee
B. The number of employees
C. The state where the business is
D. The type of industry
Answer: B
Explanation: The FMLA applies to companies with 15 or more employees.
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101. Question: What does the text say about media coverage of the Gulf War?
A. It included false stories to mobilize support
B. It was completely accurate and verified
C. It was banned by the government
D. It focused only on economic costs
Answer: A
Explanation: The false incubator story was used to build public support for war.
102. Question: What was a reason for the United States lagging in welfare state creation?
A. Lack of industrialization
B. Later creation of social security
C. Opposition from labor unions
D. Too many health insurance companies
Answer: B
Explanation: The U.S. created social security decades after Great Britain and Germany.
103. Question: What concept did the New Jersey drug-free zone study examine?
A. Racial disparity in incarceration
B. School test score improvement
C. Real estate value increases
D. Teacher satisfaction rates
Answer: A
Explanation: The study focused on the law's disproportionate impact on minorities.
104. Question: What is a key feature of a "forum" in public discourse theory?
A. It is always a physical building
B. It includes an arena, gallery, and backstage
C. It is controlled by one political party
D. It excludes the general public
Answer: B
Explanation: The theoretical model structures forums with these three components.
105. Question: What did the text say about the use of animal parts in vaccines?
A. The practice never existed
B. It continued despite safer synthetic methods
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C. It was banned in the 1950s
D. It is the only method available
Answer: B
Explanation: Companies did not spend money to convert to synthetic production.
106. Question: According to the text, what can legislation sometimes produce?
A. Counterproductive policies
B. Instant solutions to all problems
C. Universal public approval
D. Decreased need for courts
Answer: A
Explanation: Some well-intentioned laws yield negative, unintended consequences.
107. Question: What does the text identify as a core reason for HIV/AIDS conspiracy
theories?
A. Historical medical exploitation
B. Lack of scientific education
C. Overfunding of medical research
D. Excessive trust in government
Answer: A
Explanation: Historical abuses like Tuskegee provide a basis for distrust.
108. Question: What is a main point about the Dover Intelligent Design case?
A. It was brought by the school district
B. Activists sought a test case on the issue
C. The judge refused to rule on it
D. It upheld the teaching of Intelligent Design
Answer: B
Explanation: The judge noted activists engineered the case to challenge evolution teaching.
109. Question: What did the text say about the term "major medical"?
A. It is the most common term today
B. Its use has declined as the field changed
C. It only applies to Medicare
D. It describes minor health expenses
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Answer: B
Explanation: The term is used less now with the rise of HMOs and other plans.
110. Question: What is one way technology assists elderly care?
A. By reducing the need for doctors
B. With devices that alert monitors after falls
C. By replacing all human caregivers
D. Through mandatory institutionalization
Answer: B
Explanation: Monitoring technology helps elderly people live independently longer.
111. Question: What was a key tactic Wal-Mart used against the Maryland law?
A. Hiring multiple lobbying firms
B. Closing all its stores in the state
C. Immediately suing the state
D. Raising employee wages
Answer: A
Explanation: The company hired 12 lobby firms to oppose the legislation.
112. Question: What does the text conclude about media's role in social problems?
A. It consistently ignores all social problems
B. It can selectively bring attention to issues
C. It solves problems directly
D. It is controlled by social workers
Answer: B
Explanation: Media have latitude in choosing when to highlight issues like poverty.
113. Question: What did the Ohio prison director report about mentally ill inmates?
A. There are none in state prisons
B. Hundreds of thousands are incarcerated nationwide
C. They receive no medication
D. They are all in federal prisons
Answer: B
Explanation: Testimony indicated over 280,000 persons with mental illness were in prison in
1998.
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114. Question: What is a primary reason for resistance to the polio vaccine theory?
A. Potential financial liability for corporations
B. Lack of any scientific evidence
C. Full acceptance of the hunter theory
D. Proof that it is impossible
Answer: A
Explanation: Drug companies could be liable if the theory were accepted.
115. Question: What is a main theme in the discussion of corrections budgets?
A. They compete with funding for education
B. They are the smallest state expense
C. They are decreasing nationwide
D. They only cover staff salaries
Answer: A
Explanation: Large prison budgets can divert resources from other social institutions.
116. Question: What did the text state about the Frontline program on Ohio prisons?
A. It showed a perfect system with no issues
B. It illustrated a revolving door for the mentally ill
C. It argued for closing all prisons
D. It focused only on inmate rehabilitation
Answer: B
Explanation: The documentary highlighted the cycle of incarceration for mentally ill offenders.
117. Question: What is a key difference between individual and group insurance policies?
A. Individual policies are more susceptible to cancellation
B. Group policies are always more expensive
C. Individual policies never get canceled
D. Group policies are not regulated
Answer: A
Explanation: Individuals lack the protection of a group when insurers review claims.
118. Question: What does the text imply about the future of drug-free zone laws?
A. They will definitely be repealed soon
B. Significant change is unlikely despite evidence
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C. All states have already abolished them
D. They will be expanded to cover all public spaces
Answer: B
Explanation: Past inaction on crack sentencing disparities suggests little will change.
119. Question: What did the text say about the "core" in media focus?
A. Media tend to focus on issues related to core communities
B. Media ignore core communities completely
C. Core communities have no media access
D. Media only cover periphery communities
Answer: A
Explanation: Stories like the "Runaway Bride" reflect a focus on privileged groups.
120. Question: What is the final key point about social institutions in this chapter?
A. They have no impact on human behavior
B. They play vital roles in the social environment
C. They are being replaced by technology
D. They are identical across all cultures
Answer: B
Explanation: The conclusion reaffirms that medicine, media, and law critically shape behavior.
SECTION 3: True / False
1. Statement: The text states that medicine impacts behavior as intimately as family does.
Answer: false
Explanation: Medicine impacts behavior less intimately than family or religion.
2. Statement: Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) are a historical term no longer used.
Answer: false
Explanation: HMOs are presented as a current part of the changing healthcare field.
3. Statement: The "Hollywood Code" required criminals to be punished in movies.
Answer: true
Explanation: The industry agreed to show criminals caught or killed.
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4. Statement: All employers in the U.S. must offer health insurance by law.
Answer: false
Explanation: Employer-provided insurance is voluntary, not mandated.
5. Statement: Ferree et al. argue that scientific conferences are the master forum for discourse.
Answer: false
Explanation: Their model identifies mass media as the master forum.
6. Statement: The text suggests insurance applications are designed simply and clearly.
Answer: false
Explanation: An attorney claimed they have confusing, compound questions.
7. Statement: Lawrence v. Texas upheld state sodomy laws as constitutional.
Answer: false
Explanation: The Supreme Court struck down such laws in that case.
8. Statement: The AMBER Alert system is described as highly effective in all child abduction
cases.
Answer: false
Explanation: It is noted as less effective for the most dangerous offenders.
9. Statement: The "Runaway Bride" case is an example of media focus on core communities.
Answer: true
Explanation: The text uses it as an example of focus on privileged groups.
10. Statement: Deterrence theory has its roots in the Classical School of Criminology.
Answer: true
Explanation: The chapter links it to Beccaria and the 1700s.
11. Statement: Medicare Part D provides prescription drug coverage.
Answer: true
Explanation: Part D was added to Medicare for drug coverage.
12. Statement: The text claims the polio vaccine theory of HIV's origin is universally accepted.
Answer: false
Explanation: It is noted as controversial and rejected by many.
13. Statement: The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) covers all U.S. workers.
Answer: false
Explanation: It applies only to companies with 15 or more employees.
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14. Statement: The chapter states that diabetes is largely unpreventable.
Answer: false
Explanation: It describes diabetes as mostly preventable through lifestyle.
15. Statement: "Imagined communities" in media refer to actual formal organizations.
Answer: false
Explanation: They are abstract solidarity groups, not formal entities.
16. Statement: The text argues drug-free zone laws successfully protect schools from dealers.
Answer: false
Explanation: A study concluded these laws failed to achieve that goal.
17. Statement: The First Amendment always protects reporters from revealing sources.
Answer: false
Explanation: The protection varies by state and jurisdiction.
18. Statement: The Warren Court's Brown decision was immediately popular nationwide.
Answer: false
Explanation: It faced significant criticism and controversy.
19. Statement: Posilac was a story about a harmful bovine growth hormone.
Answer: true
Explanation: The investigative report focused on risks from the hormone.
20. Statement: Social security systems were created earlier in the U.S. than in Europe.
Answer: false
Explanation: Great Britain and Germany created them decades earlier.
21. Statement: The text says media only report on social problems objectively.
Answer: false
Explanation: It criticizes media for selective, sensationalized reporting.
22. Statement: "World systems theory" is used to analyze health outcome disparities.
Answer: true
Explanation: It frames the core-periphery health differences in New York.
23. Statement: The "backstage" is visible to the media audience.
Answer: false
Explanation: The backstage is where hidden preparation and strategy occur.
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24. Statement: The chapter concludes laws always benefit minority communities.
Answer: false
Explanation: It details harmful laws that disproportionately impact minorities.
25. Statement: Corrections spending can divert funds from state education budgets.
Answer: true
Explanation: Large prison budgets compete with other institutions like schools.
SECTION 4: Fill-in-the-Blank
1. Prompt: The ______ is the federal health insurance program for the medically indigent.
Answer: Medicaid
Explanation: Medicaid is designed for low-income individuals and families.
2. Prompt: ______ is the fear of doctors and medicine discussed in the context of historical abuse.
Answer: Latrophobia
Explanation: This term captures the specific medical distrust described.
3. Prompt: The ______ theory of law helps predict how social status affects legal outcomes.
Answer: Donald Black's
Explanation: Black's theory analyzes law's application across social dynamics.
4. Prompt: The ______ Act requires employers to make reasonable accommodations for disabled
workers.
Answer: Americans with Disabilities
Explanation: The ADA mandates accommodations for qualified individuals.
5. Prompt: ______ theory suggests crime results from an imbalance of pleasure over punishment.
Answer: Deterrence
Explanation: This classical theory underpins many punitive drug laws.
6. Prompt: The unethical ______ Experiment involved African American men with syphilis.
Answer: Tuskegee
Explanation: This study is a key example of medical exploitation.
7. Prompt: ______ plans are part of Medicare and offered by private companies.
Answer: Medicare Advantage
Explanation: These are private plan alternatives to traditional Medicare.
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8. Prompt: The text describes ______ as a major social institution consisting of the "Big Five."
Answer: mass media
Explanation: Mass media includes TV, radio, movies, newspapers, and magazines.
9. Prompt: ______ refers to social resources and networks that influence health.
Answer: Social capital
Explanation: This concept links community ties to individual well-being.
10. Prompt: The ______ case struck down Texas's law against consensual sodomy.
Answer: Lawrence v. Texas
Explanation: This Supreme Court case expanded privacy rights.
11. Prompt: ______ supplemental insurance helps cover costs not paid by Medicare.
Answer: Medigap
Explanation: Medigap policies fill the "gaps" in Medicare coverage.
12. Prompt: The ______ was an agreement for movies to always show criminal punishment.
Answer: Hollywood Code
Explanation: This industry practice aimed to promote moral messages.
13. Prompt: The text argues that ______ have become the primary institution housing the mentally
ill.
Answer: prisons / correctional institutions
Explanation: Prisons now hold more mentally ill persons than hospitals do.
14. Prompt: Ferree et al. place the ______ forum at the center of all public discourse.
Answer: mass media
Explanation: Their model identifies mass media as the master forum.
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Chapter 6: Organizations Affecting Human Behaviors Practice Quizzes and
Answers
1. Multiple Choice: According to Max Weber’s theory, which characteristic of a bureaucracy
ensures consistency by preventing individuals from making up rules arbitrarily?
A) Specialization
B) Technical Knowledge
C) Formal Rules and Regulations
D) Impersonality
Answer: C
Explanation: Weber identified formal, written rules and regulations as essential for
standardizing operations and preventing arbitrary decision-making within a bureaucracy.
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2. Fill-in-the-Blank: The five-stage development sequence for organizational groups, as described
by Hellriegel et al., includes forming, storming, norming, performing, and ________.
Answer: adjourning
Explanation: The final stage is adjourning, where task behaviors end and the group disengages.
3. Multiple Choice: What did the legal ruling in the 1884 Butchers' Union case establish regarding
corporations?
A) They must serve a public good to exist.
B) They are considered "persons" under the Fourteenth Amendment.
C) They are exempt from most state regulations.
D) They cannot be sued by private citizens.
Answer: A
Explanation: The Supreme Court ruled that corporations are considered legal persons, granting
them certain constitutional protections.
4. True / False: According to the chapter, utilitarian organizations are those people join for
idealistic or value-driven reasons.
Answer: False
Explanation: Utilitarian organizations are joined for material benefits, like a paycheck from a
corporation.
5. Question–Answer: What term describes the process where nonprofit organizations assert their
uniqueness to compete for resources?
Answer: Differentiation
Explanation: Barman's theory states nonprofits engage in differentiation when facing
competition to claim superiority.
6. Multiple Choice: Which stage of group development is characterized by emerging conflicts over
goals, responsibilities, and leadership?
A) Forming
B) Storming
C) Norming
D) Performing
Answer: D
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Explanation: The storming stage involves conflicts as members negotiate roles and challenge
the group's direction.
7. Fill-in-the-Blank: Hall (2002) identified organizational ________ as a basic environmental
condition where existing organizations make it easier for new ones to emerge.
Answer: density
Explanation: Organizational density refers to the presence of many organizations, which
supplies experienced personnel for new ventures.
8. Multiple Choice: The theory proposed by Edwards and McCarthy on social movement
organizations emphasizes which factor for survivability?
A) Strong ties among a small leadership group
B) Access to financial or in-kind resources at startup
C) A focus solely on victim assistance
D) Avoidance of all political activity
Answer: B
Explanation: Their research found initial access to resources increased a social movement
organization's likelihood of survival.
9. True / False: The IRS requires all faith-based organizations to file detailed annual public
financial reports (Form 990).
Answer: False
Explanation: Religious organizations are generally exempt from filing Form 990, limiting
public data on them.
10. Question–Answer: What are the two country-level variables that Schofer and Fourcade-
Gourinchas found most important in predicting voluntary association membership?
Answer: Statism and corporateness
Explanation: These macro-societal concepts were more significant than individual-level
variables like education or age.
11. Multiple Choice: In Karakowsky et al.'s study on group dynamics, what was the relationship
between interruptive behavior and being viewed as a leader?
A) Positive correlation
B) No correlation
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C) Negative correlation
D) Curvilinear relationship
Answer: C
Explanation: Interrupters were less likely to be seen as emergent leaders, suggesting dominance
differs from leadership.
12. Fill-in-the-Blank: Meyer and Rowan's theory of educational organizations describes the
"schooling rule" as a certified teacher teaching a standardized topic to a registered student in an
________ school.
Answer: accredited
Explanation: Their theory posits that education is defined and legitimized by this formal,
accredited structure.
13. Multiple Choice: According to contingency theory, how do organizations best cope with
environmental pressures?
A) By always adopting the latest management trend.
B) By centralizing all decision-making power.
C) There is no single "best way"; it depends on internal choices.
D) By mimicking the most financially successful organization.
Answer: A
Explanation: Contingency theory argues the best organizational stance depends on internal
political decisions and specific context.
14. True / False: The Local Initiatives Support Corporation (LISC) is primarily a government
agency that funds urban development.
Answer: False
Explanation: LISC is a national nonprofit organization that raises private capital to invest in
communities.
15. Question–Answer: What U.S. presidential office was created to reduce barriers for faith-based
organizations seeking federal grants?
Answer: The White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives (later Office of
Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships)
Explanation: Established by President George W. Bush, this office aimed to level the playing
field for faith-based grant applicants.
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16. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT one of Weber's characteristics of an ideal
bureaucracy?
A) Salaried Positions
B) Charismatic Leadership
C) Hierarchy
D) Written Documentation
Answer: B
Explanation: Weber's bureaucracy relies on rational-legal authority, not charismatic leadership,
which is personal and unstable.
17. Fill-in-the-Blank: Paletz et al. found that work teams composed mostly of ethnic ________
reported greater enjoyment and more positive emotions.
Answer: minorities
Explanation: Their research showed all members, including Caucasians, enjoyed minority-
dominated teams more.
18. Multiple Choice: What key concept from world systems theory, mentioned in Chapter 1,
connects to organizational membership?
A) Individuals in the periphery are more likely to join voluntary groups.
B) Globalization eliminates the need for nonprofits.
C) Core individuals are more likely to belong to voluntary organizations.
D) All modern organizations are based in core nations.
Answer: C
Explanation: Chase-Dunn's theory suggests resource availability in the "core" facilitates
voluntary association membership.
19. True / False: The General Group Problem-Solving Model proposes that increased leader power
typically leads to more open debate and diverse solution proposals.
Answer: False
Explanation: Proposition 1 states increased leader power leads to more self-censorship and a
higher chance the leader's solution is adopted.
20. Question–Answer: What strategy did the Camden Churches Organized for People (CCOP) use
to prove the link between vacant housing and crime?
Answer: Partnering with a university research center to conduct a study using police data.
42
Explanation: CCOP leveraged its influence to access data and commissioned an academic study
to validate its claims empirically.
21. Multiple Choice: The case study of United Way demonstrated Barman's concept of
differentiation by likening the organization to what for donors?
A) A family
B) A mutual fund
C) A social club
D) A government agency
Answer: B
Explanation: United Way framed itself as a wise "investment" (mutual fund) to argue it
provided the best return on charitable contributions.
22. Fill-in-the-Blank: Hughes (2006) adapted the theory of ________ behavior to explain welfare
maximization in nonprofit decision-making.
Answer: consumer
Explanation: Economic theories, like consumer behavior models, are applied to nonprofits to
analyze service levels and social welfare.
23. Multiple Choice: What was a primary criticism of the 19th-century Children's Aid Society, a
faith-based organization?
A) It refused to help Catholic children.
B) It primarily served wealthy communities.
C) It converted Catholic children to Protestantism.
D) It avoided working with immigrant populations.
Answer: C
Explanation: The organization was praised for relocating children but criticized for religious
proselytization.
24. True / False: Pipes and Ebaugh's study of faith-based coalitions in Houston found they provided
only immediate material aid (food, clothing).
Answer: False
Explanation: While all provided basics, several coalitions expanded services to include job
training, ESL classes, and healthcare.
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25. Question–Answer: Which two billionaire philanthropists combined their resources to create the
world's largest foundation focused on global health and poverty?
Answer: Bill Gates and Warren Buffett
Explanation: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, significantly augmented by Buffett's gift,
became the largest philanthropic organization.
26. Multiple Choice: In the context of organizational groups, what is a "co-acting group"?
A) Members work interdependently on an assembly line.
B) Members negotiate to resolve a conflict.
C) Members perform their duties relatively independently.
D) The group disbands after a project.
Answer: C
Explanation: In co-acting groups, like professors teaching the same course, members work
independently toward a common goal.
27. Fill-in-the-Blank: The Ford Foundation's Peace and Social Justice program focuses on four
domains: governance, civil society, human rights, and ________.
Answer: sexuality and reproductive health
Explanation: These four interrelated domains form the foundation's strategic approach to
promoting social justice.
28. Multiple Choice: What legal mechanism do organizations often use to influence court cases
where they are not a direct party?
A) Lobbying
B) Amicus curiae briefs
C) Political action committees
D) Direct litigation
Answer: D
Explanation: Organizations file "friend of the court" briefs to present arguments and sway
judicial opinion.
29. True / False: Research by Zimmermann and Stevens found that using performance measures
guaranteed increased funding for South Carolina nonprofits.
Answer: False
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Explanation: Their study found using performance measures did not necessarily lead to
increased funding.
30. Question–Answer: What term describes the networked access to resources in a sociopolitical
context, a key variable in Edwards & McCarthy's theory of social movement organizations?
Answer: Social capital
Explanation: Social capital, particularly through weak ties in social networks, provides vital
resources for organizational survival.
31. Multiple Choice: According to the chapter, what is a major difference between formal and
informal organizations?
A) Formal organizations are always larger.
B) Formal organizations follow structured practices.
C) Informal organizations are always nonprofit.
D) Informal organizations have written hierarchies.
Answer: B
Explanation: The key distinction is that formal organizations are structured collectives, while
informal ones are not.
32. Fill-in-the-Blank: Proposition 12 of the General Group Problem-Solving Model states that a
________ decision rule creates more pressure for convergence than a majority rule.
Answer: consensus
Explanation: The model proposes that requiring consensus pressures groups toward agreement
more than a simple majority.
33. Multiple Choice: The case study of Richmond's "Neighborhoods in Bloom" program, evaluated
by LISC, demonstrated what key effect?
A) A decrease in all city services outside target areas.
B) A spillover effect where property values rose near targeted blocks.
C) The complete elimination of crime in targeted neighborhoods.
D) Immediate profit for all private developers involved.
Answer: B
Explanation: The study found property value increases spilled over into non-targeted blocks
within 5,000 feet of investments.
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34. True / False: The chapter argues that corporations, by definition, serve the public good as social
institutions are supposed to do.
Answer: False
Explanation: The chapter explicitly states corporations are seen as for-profit entities, not as
public-good social institutions.
35. Question–Answer: What demographic trend did Paletz et al. cite as a reason work teams will
become more ethnically heterogeneous?
Answer: The U.S. population is becoming less Caucasian and more diverse, with several
states projected to be majority-minority around 2040.
Explanation: Changing national demographics will naturally lead to more diverse workplace
teams.
36. Multiple Choice: Which characteristic of bureaucracies involves designing positions to fit
required skill sets, rather than the reverse?
A) Hierarchy
B) Specialization
C) Technical Knowledge
D) Career Employment
Answer: C
Explanation: Technical knowledge requires members to meet qualifications for a predefined
position, ensuring replaceability.
37. Fill-in-the-Blank: Citizens for Community Values successfully persuaded the Ohio legislature
to pass a ban on ________ marriage.
Answer: gay
Explanation: The organization's advocacy was instrumental in passing a state-level ban on
same-sex marriage.
38. Multiple Choice: What did the research of Wuthnow, Hackett, and Hsu conclude about
individuals who use faith-based social services?
A) They are predominantly wealthy and highly educated.
B) They have fewer needs than those using public welfare.
C) They are more likely to be African American, Latino, and have lower income.
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D) They express lower trust in service effectiveness.
Answer: C
Explanation: Their study associated faith-based service use with minority status, lower income,
and more family problems.
39. True / False: Hall (2002) identified "money economy" as a cultural condition necessary for
organizational development.
Answer: False
Explanation: A money economy is a basic environmental condition, not a cultural dimension.
Cultural conditions involve values and norms.
40. Question–Answer: What internal strategy document at Wal-Mart proposed screening out
potentially ill employees to reduce health costs?
Answer: A confidential internal proposal to define all jobs as physically demanding.
Explanation: The strategy aimed to legally dissuade or disqualify individuals with health issues
from employment.
41. Multiple Choice: What is the primary activity that disqualifies an organization from tax-exempt
status as a social welfare organization under IRS rules?
A) Lobbying for related legislation
B) Operating a social club for member pleasure
C) Providing services to a specific neighborhood
D) Having a board of directors
Answer: B
Explanation: The IRS states that operating primarily as a social club for members' benefit
disqualifies an organization.
42. Fill-in-the-Blank: In the "forming" stage of group development, members often keep feelings to
themselves and act more ________ than they feel.
Answer: secure
Explanation: Early in forming, members may mask uncertainty and project confidence while
assessing the group.
43. Multiple Choice: The African Forum of Faith-Based Organizations advocates for the right to
what kind of health services?
47
A) Emergency only
B) Alternative and herbal
C) Modern, safe, and affordable sexual reproductive health
D) Exclusively faith-based counseling
Answer: A
Explanation: This alliance works specifically in the area of sexual and reproductive health
rights and services.
44. True / False: The chapter presents the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) as a
modern example of a perfectly functioning bureaucracy.
Answer: False
Explanation: FEMA is cited as an example of bureaucratic inertia and problems, particularly
following Hurricane Katrina.
45. Question–Answer: According to the chapter, what fundamental shift in the purpose of schooling
did Meyer and Rowan describe?
Answer: Schooling was created not for children/families, but to socialize citizens for integration
into society's economic and political order.
Explanation: Their theory argues educational systems serve a societal integration function
administered by public bureaucracy.
46. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is an example of an "interacting group" within an
organization?
A) A union negotiating with management
B) A committee where each member has a defined role
C) Professors independently teaching the same syllabus
D) A casual friendship network among employees
Answer: B
Explanation: Interacting groups achieve their goal through interdependent roles, as seen in
committees, task forces, or assembly lines.
47. Fill-in-the-Blank: Warren Buffett criticized the concept of ________ wealth, where large
fortunes are passed down through generations.
Answer: dynastic
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Explanation: Buffett expressed disapproval of perpetuating large family fortunes across
generations.
48. Multiple Choice: What did the legal case McDonnell Douglas Corp v. Green illustrate about
corporations?
A) Their right to political campaign contributions.
B) Their liability to be sued in court.
C) Their exemption from federal employment laws.
D) Their status as private, non-social entities.
Answer: B
Explanation: The case exemplified the corporate legal characteristic of being able to sue and be
sued as an entity.
49. True / False: The "adjourning" stage for a permanent organizational group, like a board, is
always a clear and definitive dissolution.
Answer: False
Explanation: For long-term groups, adjourning is subtle, such as when a key member leaves,
but the group continues.
50. Question–Answer: What was the primary tactical achievement of the community group in
Cochabamba, Bolivia, regarding Bechtel Corporation?
Answer: They successfully fought and reversed the corporation's privatization and ownership of
the local water supply.
Explanation: Through mass demonstrations, the community forced Bechtel to abandon its
control of the water system.
51. Multiple Choice: According to demand theories in economics, why do voluntary organizations
emerge?
A) Due to government mandates.
B) As a form of social entrepreneurship.
C) In response to market failures.
D) To replace government entirely.
Answer: C
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Explanation: Demand theories link the origin of voluntary organizations to failures in both
markets and public agencies.
52. Fill-in-the-Blank: Kaplan's (2006) example of a social work student's field placement conflict
involved a faith-based organization expecting discussion of ________ with clients.
Answer: faith / religious beliefs
Explanation: The conflict arose from the organization's expectation that students proactively
introduce faith into counseling.
53. Multiple Choice: In the context of organizational environments, what do "ecological conditions"
refer to?
A) The organization's "green" policies.
B) The physical location and proximity to other organizations.
C) The demographic makeup of the client population.
D) The internal culture and values.
Answer: B
Explanation: Ecological conditions involve geographic location, which affects inter-
organizational relationships and access.
54. True / False: Proposition 15 of the General Group Problem-Solving Model suggests solutions
proposed by group members (not the leader) lead to lower member satisfaction.
Answer: False
Explanation: Proposition 15 states member-proposed solutions lead to greater acceptance,
implementation success, and satisfaction.
55. Question–Answer: What core conservative social issues does the Citizens for Community
Values organization primarily champion?
Answer: Opposition to abortion and gay rights; promotion of traditional marriage and
school choice.
Explanation: These "core issues" form the basis of the organization's political advocacy and
candidate vetting.
56. Multiple Choice: What key finding did Karakowsky et al. report regarding women in gender-
incongruent tasks?
A) They displayed more power than men in the same situation.
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B) They were unaffected by task gender associations.
C) Their interruptive behavior decreased more than men's.
D) They were more likely to be perceived as leaders.
Answer: C
Explanation: Hypothesis 4 was supported: women's powerful verbal behavior decreased more
than men's when performing "out-of-domain" tasks.
57. Fill-in-the-Blank: The ________ Amendment's "personhood" clause was used to grant
corporations constitutional protections.
Answer: Fourteenth
Explanation: The 1884 Supreme Court ruling applied the Fourteenth Amendment's due process
clause to corporations.
58. Multiple Choice: How does the chapter characterize the relationship between wealth creation
and human rights, according to the Ford Foundation's perspective?
A) Wealth creation automatically improves human rights.
B) There is no relationship between the two.
C) Greater wealth has coincided with serious rights violations.
D) Human rights advancements always precede economic growth.
Answer: C
Explanation: The foundation's Peace and Social Justice program is based on the observation that
historic wealth creation coincided with great inequity and bloodshed.
59. True / False: The chapter states that all organizations are equally affected by environmental
pressures and economic forces.
Answer: False
Explanation: Organizations vary in their strength and vulnerability to environmental pressures
based on finances and influential supporters.
60. Question–Answer: What is the primary distinction between normative and coercive formal
organizations?
Answer: People join normative organizations voluntarily (e.g., Rotary Club), while membership
in coercive organizations is involuntary (e.g., prison).
Explanation: This distinction is based on the voluntary or involuntary nature of membership.
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61. Multiple Choice: What is a primary criticism the chapter levels against corporations, using the
analogy of a psychopath?
A) They are too emotionally invested in communities.
B) They lack innovation and resist change.
C) They are callous, deceitful, and disregard public safety for profit.
D) They are inefficient and poorly managed.
Answer: C
Explanation: The chapter cites a diagnosis of the corporate "personality" as psychopathic,
highlighting traits like callousness and deceit.
62. Fill-in-the-Blank: The theory of educational organizations argues that schools classify students
and certify teachers as part of creating societal ________.
Answer: status / identity / stratification
Explanation: Meyer and Rowan's theory posits that educational classifications create socially
valued statuses in the societal identity market.
63. Multiple Choice: What was the significant outcome of CCOP's actions regarding demolition
costs in Camden?
A) Costs increased due to stricter regulations.
B) A patronage system was strengthened.
C) Costs per house dropped from ~$30,000 to ~$8,000.
D) The city stopped all demolitions.
Answer: C
Explanation: By exposing the problem and instituting competitive bidding, CCOP helped
dramatically reduce demolition costs.
64. True / False: Supply theories of voluntary organizations attribute their existence primarily to
consumer demand following market failure.
Answer: False
Explanation: Supply theories focus on social entrepreneurship and government subsidies as
causes, while demand theories focus on market failure.
65. Question–Answer: What does Bureaucratic "impersonality," as defined by Weber, require of
organizational members?
Answer: To follow procedures and deal with clients based on policy, not personal relationships
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or opinions.
Explanation: This characteristic aims to ensure fair and equal treatment according to rules, not
personal bias.
66. Multiple Choice: According to research cited in the chapter, what happens to creativity in
ethnically homogeneous vs. heterogeneous work teams?
A) Homogeneous teams are always more creative.
B) Heterogeneous teams are always more creative.
C) The relationship is complex and not definitively stated here.
D) Ethnicity has no impact on team creativity.
Answer: C
Explanation: Paletz et al. studied the complex effects of ethnic composition on creativity and
enjoyment, not stating a simple superiority.
67. Fill-in-the-Blank: Human Rights Watch opposes the paddling of children in schools, noting it
disproportionately affects African American students and those with ________.
Answer: disabilities / mental or physical disabilities
Explanation: The organization's report highlights the discriminatory impact of corporal
punishment on these student groups.
68. Multiple Choice: What is the main purpose of the "Statistics of Income" (SOI) file maintained
by the IRS?
A) To track individual taxpayer audits.
B) As a source for researching nonprofit organizations.
C) To monitor corporate stock transactions.
D) To record employment data for all businesses.
Answer: B
Explanation: The SOI file, along with BMF and RTF, is a key IRS data source used by
researchers studying the nonprofit sector.
69. True / False: The "norming" stage of group development is marked by high conflict and
emotional tension among members.
Answer: False
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Explanation: Norming is characterized by cooperation, rule establishment, and cohesion.
Storming is the high-conflict stage.
70. Question–Answer: According to the chapter, what common tactic did college students use to
pressure corporations regarding apartheid in South Africa?
Answer: Pressing their colleges and universities to divest from companies doing business in
South Africa.
Explanation: Divestment campaigns were a key advocacy strategy against corporations
supporting the apartheid regime.
71. Multiple Choice: Which environmental dimension involves changes in societal values regarding
race, gender, and sexual orientation?
A) Technological
B) Political
C) Cultural
D) Economic
Answer: C
Explanation: Cultural conditions encompass the evolving values and norms of the society in
which an organization exists.
72. Fill-in-the-Blank: The chapter describes organizations as being ________ from birth to death,
playing powerful roles in modern life.
Answer: ubiquitous
Explanation: The text states organizations are ubiquitous (ever-present) throughout the human
lifespan.
73. Multiple Choice: What did the Chikwendu (2004) discussion highlight as a point of conflict for
faith-based organizations working on HIV/AIDS in Africa?
A) Rejection of all modern medicine
B) The church's historical position on condom use
C) Refusal to work with international agencies
D) Exclusive focus on prayer-based healing
Answer: B
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Explanation: The relaxation of restrictive positions, like on condoms, was noted as important
for effective HIV/AIDS work.
74. True / False: The "performing" stage guarantees all groups operate at maximum efficiency and
effectiveness.
Answer: False
Explanation: Some groups in the performing stage do just enough to survive due to weak
leadership or norms that impede effectiveness.
75. Question–Answer: What are the three main types into which formal and informal organizations
can be grouped?
Answer: Nonprofit, corporate (for-profit), or government.
Explanation: Moore et al. (2002) categorize organizations into these three broad sectors.
76. Multiple Choice: According to organizational theory, what is a "friendship group" within a
workplace?
A) A management-appointed project team.
B) A formally structured department.
C) An informal group formed to meet personal security and esteem needs.
D) A union negotiation committee.
Answer: C
Explanation: Friendship groups develop informally to fulfill workers' personal needs for
belonging and security.
77. Fill-in-the-Blank: The theory of social movement organizations suggests that groups
emerging from a preexisting organization are less likely to survive because the first group
can deplete ________.
Answer: resources
Explanation: Edwards and McCarthy's research indicates that spawning from an existing
group can be a liability due to resource competition or exhaustion.
78. Multiple Choice: What does "career employment" in a Weberian bureaucracy emphasize?
A) Advancement based on personal connections.
B) Promotion through achievement-based factors like seniority or performance.
C) Lifetime guaranteed employment regardless of performance.
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D) Rapid promotion for all entry-level hires.
Answer: A
Explanation: Career advancement in an ideal bureaucracy is based on prescribed,
meritocratic factors, not favoritism.
79. True / False: The chapter claims that the "Big Dig" construction project in Boston is an
example of Bechtel Corporation's high-quality, faultless work.
Answer: False
Explanation: Bechtel was accused of shoddy work on the "Big Dig," including leaks and a
fatal tunnel collapse.
80. Question–Answer: What are the three IRS files that provide source data for the National
Center for Charitable Statistics' nonprofit database?
Answer: The Business Master File (BMF), Return Transaction File (RTF), and Statistics of
Income (SOI) file.
Explanation: These IRS files contain the financial and operational data used to compile
national nonprofit statistics.
81. Multiple Choice: In the context of voluntary organizations, what does the term économie
sociale represent?
A) A German concept for state-run enterprises.
B) The French term for the voluntary, nonprofit sector.
C) An English term for corporate social responsibility.
D) A type of for-profit social enterprise.
Answer: D
Explanation: Économie sociale is the French lexicon for the voluntary or third sector,
similar to "nonprofit."
82. Fill-in-the-Blank: Proposition 7 of the General Group Problem-Solving Model states that
group type affects emergent characteristics; for example, perceived unanimity will be lower
in an ________ group than in one with final decision-making power.
Answer: advisory
Explanation: The model proposes that groups with only advisory roles feel less pressure to
appear unanimous.
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83. Multiple Choice: What was a significant consequence of the U.S. Supreme Court's
application of the Fourteenth Amendment to corporations?
A) Corporations lost their ability to own property.
B) Corporations gained significant power and influence as legal persons.
C) Corporations were forced to disclose all financial records publicly.
D) Corporations became exempt from all state taxes.
Answer: B
Explanation: Granting corporations "personhood" under the 14th Amendment greatly
expanded their legal power and influence.
84. True / False: The chapter asserts that government regulations, like requiring airbags in cars,
never impose serious trouble or costs on organizations.
Answer: False
Explanation: The chapter notes organizations often complain about regulatory costs, though
these can be passed to consumers, as with airbags.
85. Question–Answer: What does Hall (2002) identify as the purpose of a "money economy" as
a basic condition for organizational development?
Answer: It allows resources to flow easily to nurture the development of new organizations.
Explanation: A monetary system facilitates the financial transactions necessary to fund and
sustain organizations.
86. Multiple Choice: What is the primary focus of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's
philanthropic efforts as described in the chapter?
A) Funding arts and culture in the United States.
B) Addressing global poverty and health needs in developing countries.
C) Supporting conservative political campaigns.
D) Building university endowments.
Answer: D
Explanation: The foundation's major focus is on global health and poverty, particularly in
developing nations.
87. Fill-in-the-Blank: Speer et al.'s study of Camden found that on city blocks with more than
20% vacant housing, violent crimes were almost ________ times more likely.
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Answer: seven (7)
Explanation: The research demonstrated a strong quantitative link between high vacancy
rates and violent crime.
88. Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes "statism" as used in the study of
voluntary organizations?
A) The level of corporate involvement in the economy.
B) A continuum from a highly centralized state to a decentralized, organized society.
C) The degree of individualism in a culture.
D) The measure of a country's economic development.
Answer: B
Explanation: Statism refers to the structure of political power, ranging from a centralized
state to power dispersed within society.
89. True / False: The "separate sphere of private life" characteristic of a bureaucracy means
officials can freely use organizational resources for personal projects.
Answer: False
Explanation: This characteristic mandates that official duties and resources be kept separate
from an employee's private life and interests.
90. Question–Answer: According to the chapter, what is a common method corporations use to
protect themselves from unfavorable government regulations?
Answer: Hiring lobbyists to influence government.
Explanation: Organizations and corporations hire lobbyists to exert considerable influence
on legislation and regulation at all government levels.
91. Multiple Choice: What was the primary goal of the White House conferences on faith-based
initiatives, like the one in Austin, Texas, in 2006?
A) To debate the separation of church and state.
B) To help faith-based organizations become more competitive in securing federal grants.
C) To redirect all federal social service funding to religious groups.
D) To create new federal departments for religious affairs.
Answer: B
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Explanation: The conferences were geared toward educating faith-based groups, especially
those new to the process, on applying for federal grants.
92. Fill-in-the-Blank: In the "storming" stage of group development, a skillful leader should
________ and manage conflict rather than suppress it.
Answer: embrace
Explanation: Suppressing conflict in the storming stage can create bitterness; effective
leaders manage it constructively.
93. Multiple Choice: How did the Local Initiatives Support Corporation (LISC) help in the case
of Walden Oaks Apartments in Woodstock, Illinois?
A) It lobbied for stricter rent control laws.
B) It provided a loan to help a nonprofit buy and preserve the low-income housing.
C) It built new replacement housing for the residents.
D) It represented tenants in a lawsuit against the owner.
Answer: A
Explanation: LISC provided technical and financial assistance to the Hispanic Housing
Development Corporation to purchase and preserve the affordable apartments.
94. True / False: The chapter concludes that organizations are only capable of having negative
effects on societies and communities.
Answer: False
Explanation: The chapter presents a dual view, detailing both positive forces (e.g.,
philanthropy, community development) and negative forces of organizations.
95. Question–Answer: What does the concept of "impersonality" in a bureaucracy require
regarding client interactions?
Answer: Clients must be dealt with based on policy and procedures, not on personal
relationships or opinions.
Explanation: This ensures fair, equal, and consistent treatment for all clients according to
established rules.
96. Multiple Choice: According to the chapter, what role do organizations play in the "world
systems theory" as discussed by Chase-Dunn?
A) They are irrelevant to global economic structures.
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B) They often exploit communities located in the periphery.
C) They exclusively benefit developing core nations.
D) They have replaced nation-states as the primary global actors.
Answer: B
Explanation: The theory connects organizations and corporations to the exploitation of
peripheral world communities.
97. Fill-in-the-Blank: The case against Unocal argued for revoking its corporate ________, a
document that grants its right to exist.
Answer: charter
Explanation: Advocacy groups argued that Unocal's alleged misconduct justified revoking
its state-granted corporate charter.
98. Multiple Choice: What is a "counteracting task group" within an organization?
A) A group that works independently on parallel tasks.
B) A group that uses negotiation to solve a conflict, like labor-management talks.
C) A group assembled for a short-term project.
D) A social group that meets after work.
Answer: D
Explanation: A counteracting group, such as a union and management negotiating,
cooperates through negotiation to resolve organizational conflict.
99. True / False: The research of Karakowsky et al. found that men in female-dominated groups
interrupted more than men in male-dominated groups.
Answer: False
Explanation: Hypothesis 2 was partially supported, indicating men in majority (male-
dominated) groups displayed more interruptive power than men in minority positions.
100. Question–Answer: What does the IRS condition that a social welfare organization must
be operated "exclusively" to promote social welfare specifically prohibit as a primary
activity?
Answer: Operating a social club for the pleasure of its members or operating like a for-profit
business with the general public.
Explanation: To keep tax-exempt status, the organization's primary mission cannot be
member recreation or profit-driven commercial activity.
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101. Multiple Choice: What key demographic shift is driving increased heterogeneity in U.S.
work teams, according to the chapter?
A) An aging population.
B) The U.S. population becoming less Caucasian and more diverse.
C) A decline in immigration.
D) Urban-to-rural migration.
Answer: B
Explanation: Paletz et al. cite demographic projections showing increasing racial/ethnic
diversity, which will be reflected in workplaces.
102. Fill-in-the-Blank: Warren Buffett referred to heirs of great wealth as members of the
"________ club."
Answer: lucky sperm
Explanation: Buffett used this phrase to critique dynastic wealth, highlighting the role of
birth rather than merit.
103. Multiple Choice: In the case study of Boston's South End, what was the primary threat
to the Tenants Development Corporation's affordable apartments?
A) Government seizure through eminent domain.
B) Financial tensions caused by market forces.
C) A natural disaster.
D) Lack of resident interest.
Answer: A
Explanation: Market pressures threatened the financial viability of keeping rents low in the
transitioning neighborhood.
104. True / False: The chapter states that the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity
Reconciliation Act of 1996 decreased the role of faith-based organizations in social services.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Act's "Charitable Choice" provision mandated equal treatment for faith-
based organizations in federal grant programs, increasing their potential role.
105. Question–Answer: What are the two main categories of groups within organizations as
described by Hellriegel, Slocum, and Woodman?
Answer: Formal groups (created by management) and Informal groups (formed from day-to-
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day interactions).
Explanation: This fundamental distinction categorizes groups based on their origin and
structure within the organization.
106. Multiple Choice: What does Proposition 4 of the General Group Problem-Solving
Model suggest can reduce political behavior in groups?
A) Increasing the leader's power.
B) Explicit problem definition and increased predecisional information search.
C) Appointing a highly charismatic leader.
D) Keeping group membership very small.
Answer: B
Explanation: The model proposes that thorough, objective problem analysis can curb
politically motivated behaviors.
107. Fill-in-the-Blank: The Peace and Social Justice division of the Ford Foundation awarded
a grant in 2005 to address the high rate of ________ violence in Russia.
Answer: domestic
Explanation: This example illustrates the foundation's focus on protecting the rights of
vulnerable groups, such as women.
108. Multiple Choice: According to the chapter, what is a major challenge faced by civil
society groups globally?
A) Lack of any government opposition.
B) Erosion due to censorship and media consolidation.
C) Unlimited funding from international sources.
D) Mandatory membership for all citizens.
Answer: D
Explanation: The Ford Foundation's analysis notes civil society faces opposition from
governments and businesses, including censorship and security concerns.
109. True / False: The "performing" stage is the first stage of group development, where
members are polite and uncertain.
Answer: False
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Explanation: The performing stage is the fourth stage, where the group is effectively
working. Forming is the first stage.
110. Question–Answer: What specific tactic did the community of Cochabamba, Bolivia, use
to successfully resist the Bechtel Corporation?
Answer: Massive demonstrations (which sometimes became violent).
Explanation: Direct action and public mobilization were key to reversing the water
privatization.
CHAPTER 7 Practice Quizzes and Answers: U.S. Urban Communities and Human
Behavior
1. According to Etzioni (1996), what two qualities characterize a community from a sociological
consensus?
Answer: A web of affect-laden relations and a commitment to shared values and culture.
Explanation: Etzioni states sociologists agree on these two core features defining community.
2. Multiple Choice: What third characteristic does Etzioni add to his definition of an "authentic
community"?
A) Economic homogeneity
B) High level of responsiveness
C) Geographic isolation
D) Strict legal governance
Answer: C
Explanation: Etzioni adds responsiveness, meaning society's response to member needs.
3. Fill-in-the-Blank: Forces that pull a community toward increased differentiation and
individualization are called ________ forces.
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Answer: centrifugal
Explanation: Centrifugal forces pull a community apart, hindering social order.
4. True / False: Etzioni argues that even well-balanced communities can be hostile to
nonmembers.
Answer: True
Explanation: He states such communities can be exclusive and particularistic.
5. Question–Answer: What concept refers to the degree individuals feel they fit into and share in a
larger collectivity?
Answer: Psychological sense of community.
Explanation: This is defined as the feeling of belonging and shared significance.
6. Multiple Choice: According to Omoto & Malsch (2005), which variable was a key predictor of
AIDS-related activism?
A) High income
B) Psychological sense of community
C) Political affiliation
D) Home ownership
Answer: A
Explanation: Their study found psychological sense of community and social support were most
predictive.
7. True / False: A "sex market" is defined as a subsystem where individuals assess strategies for
sexual partnering.
Answer: True
Explanation: The text defines it as a community subsystem for sexual partner evaluation.
8. Fill-in-the-Blank: The three structural features of sex markets are roles/positions, local brokers,
and social/cultural ________.
Answer: embedment
Explanation: Social and cultural embedment describes how networks and institutions shape
markets.
9. Multiple Choice: In Ellingson & Schroeder's (2004) Chicago study, how did Female Same-Sex
Markets (FSSMs) primarily organize?
A) Around transactional sex
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B) In public, White middle-class areas
C) In relational terms to build community
D) With extensive institutional infrastructure
Answer: B
Explanation: FSSMs were organized relationally to build relationships and community.
10. True / False: Research supports that strip clubs cause increased crime and lower property
values.
Answer: False
Explanation: The text states little to no research supports these common suppositions.
11. Question–Answer: According to routine activity theory, what three variables must interact for a
predatory crime?
Answer: Motivated offender, suitable target, and absence of capable guardians.
Explanation: This theory states crime requires all three elements converging.
12. Multiple Choice: What did Sampson, Raudenbush, & Earls (2000) conclude best explained
neighborhood violence rates?
A) Racial demographics
B) Collective efficacy
C) Police presence
D) Average income
Answer: D
Explanation: Their study found collective efficacy was more explanatory than demographics.
13. Fill-in-the-Blank: Laws requiring public notification when sex offenders move into an area are
commonly called ________.
Answer: Megan's Law
Explanation: This law originated in New Jersey after Megan Kanka's murder.
14. True / False: Critics of sex offender residency laws argue they give communities a false sense of
security.
Answer: True
Explanation: Critics note most victims know their offenders, limiting the laws' preventive
effect.
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15. Multiple Choice: The Chicago Area Project was grounded in which theoretical perspective?
A) Psychological behaviorism
B) Sociological disorganization theory
C) Economic determinism
D) Biological positivism
Answer: B
Explanation: The project was based on sociological theories of delinquency and
disorganization.
16. Question–Answer: What did Kobrin (1959/2000) identify as a key accomplishment of the
Chicago Area Project?
A) Demonstrating capacity to create local prevention programs
B) Eliminating juvenile delinquency
C) Increasing police budgets
D) Providing quantitative data
Answer: A
Explanation: A key achievement was showing local organizations could run prevention
programs.
17. Multiple Choice: What was a major regulatory problem with assisted living facilities mentioned
in the text?
A) Mandatory exercise programs
B) Lack of federal fire safety laws
C) Overstaffing with nurses
D) Required medical exams
Answer: B
Explanation: Congress excluded them from federal fire codes, leading to variation and fatal
fires.
18. True / False: The U.S. census directly asks about sexual orientation to count elderly LGBTQ+
individuals.
Answer: False
Explanation: The text states there is no relevant census question, so numbers are estimated.
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19. Fill-in-the-Blank: Retirement communities like the Palms of Manasota cater to gay and lesbian
retirees seeking social ________.
Answer: comfort (or community/family)
Explanation: Residents sought communities offering social comfort and a sense of family.
20. Multiple Choice: According to Daly (1978), what triggered a "sense of grievance" in African
American churches in the 1980s?
A) Federal expansion of welfare
B) Arson attacks on churches
C) Decrease in congregation size
D) New tax laws
Answer: B
Explanation: Church arsons, reminiscent of the civil rights era, heightened the sense of
grievance.
21. Multiple Choice: Which is NOT one of Tavis Smiley's "Covenants with Black America"?
A) Ensuring Environmental Justice
B) Mandatory Military Service
C) Correcting Unequal Justice
D) Accessing Good Jobs
Answer: D
Explanation: Mandatory military service was not among the ten listed covenants.
22. True / False: MySpace was cited as an example of a cyber community with over 100 million
members.
Answer: True
Explanation: The text uses MySpace as a prime example of a large online social network.
23. Question–Answer: What term describes the armed vigilante group patrolling the U.S.-Mexico
border?
Answer: The Minutemen.
Explanation: This group, named after the American Revolution militia, patrols for illegal
crossings.
24. Fill-in-the-Blank: The practice of denying loans based on area demographics is called
________.
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Answer: redlining
Explanation: Redlining historically denied financial services to minority neighborhoods.
25. Multiple Choice: What was the court-ordered outcome of United States v. Yonkers Board of
Education?
A) School funding increases
B) Desegregation of housing and schools
C) Prison construction
D) Police department reform
Answer: A
Explanation: The ruling required Yonkers to desegregate its schools and housing.
26. True / False: The Somali Community Association of Ohio example shows institutions operating
in isolation.
Answer: False
Explanation: The example demonstrates the interconnection of groups, organizations,
community, and government.
27. Multiple Choice: Cohen & Felson's routine activity theory suggests residency restriction laws
are ineffective because:
A) Offenders are not motivated
B) Distance is irrelevant if the three crime elements converge
C) All sex offenders are relatives
D) Guardians are always present
Answer: C
Explanation: The theory states crime depends on offender, target, and guardian convergence,
not distance.
28. Question–Answer: Whose research focused on the impact of "urban war zones" on children?
Answer: Garbarino (and colleagues).
Explanation: Garbarino applied the war zone concept to violent urban communities.
29. Fill-in-the-Blank: Lauritsen (2003) found that the proportion of ________ was a key
community predictor of youth victimization.
Answer: female-headed households (or single-parent families)
Explanation: Her analysis highlighted family composition over poverty or race.
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30. Multiple Choice: How does counting prisoners in the census negatively impact urban
communities?
A) Increases their tax burden
B) Diverts federal funds to rural prison towns
C) Lowers crime statistics
D) Forces school closures
Answer: B
Explanation: Prisoners inflate rural population counts, redirecting grants away from their urban
origins.
31. True / False: Pager's (2003) research explained the lack of child support by focusing on
individual laziness.
Answer: False
Explanation: Her research indirectly pointed to high incarceration rates of African American
men.
32. Multiple Choice: Glaser et al. (2003) found community improvement efforts succeed when
residents:
A) See their enclave positively and are socially connected
B) Want to escape immediately
C) Receive government bonuses
D) Ignore outside world problems
Answer: A
Explanation: Positive perceptions and social bonds foster investment in community
improvement.
33. Multiple Choice: What early 20th-century novel highlighted urban community exploitation?
A) The Great Gatsby
B) The Jungle
C) To Kill a Mockingbird
D) Uncle Tom's Cabin
Answer: D
Explanation: Upton Sinclair's The Jungle exposed poor living/working conditions in Chicago.
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34. True / False: Robert Park believed cities hide human characteristics more than small towns.
Answer: False
Explanation: Park argued cities manifest hidden human traits more than small towns.
35. Question–Answer: What are the two antagonistic societal elements Etzioni sought to balance?
Answer: Social order and personal autonomy.
Explanation: His work focused on balancing community regulation with individual freedom.
36. Fill-in-the-Blank: The Balm in Gilead is a faith-based program addressing ________ in the
African American community.
Answer: HIV/AIDS
Explanation: This Richmond-based program mobilizes churches to fight HIV/AIDS.
37. Multiple Choice: What was a major social problem observed in FEMA Village after Hurricane
Charley?
A) Excessive gambling
B) Increased drug and prostitution activity
C) Overcrowded schools
D) Water contamination
Answer: B
Explanation: Residents reported increased drugs and prostitution due to stress and displacement.
38. True / False: After Hurricane Katrina, the suicide rate in New Orleans decreased.
Answer: False
Explanation: The suicide rate nearly tripled, according to Osofsky.
39. Multiple Choice: According to the text, what percentage of justice spending did state/local
governments spend compared to education in 2003?
A) Half as much
B) About one-fourth as much
C) Almost four times less
D) Roughly equal
Answer: B
Explanation: Spending was almost four times greater on education than on justice.
40. Question–Answer: What term describes the social cohesion and willingness to work for the
common good in a neighborhood?
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Answer: Collective efficacy.
Explanation: Sampson et al. used this term to explain variations in neighborhood violence.
41. Multiple Choice: What did the study of foot patrols in communities find regarding crime rates?
A) They significantly reduced violent crime.
B) They had no impact on crime rates.
C) They increased property crime.
D) They eliminated drug offenses.
Answer: A
Explanation: The study found no lower crime rates but did reduce fear and improved police
attitudes.
42. Fill-in-the-Blank: The Chicago Area Project assumed that local institutions contained persons
capable of relating to ________.
Answer: delinquents
Explanation: The project found local leaders could effectively connect with and supervise
delinquent youth.
43. Multiple Choice: What was a primary fear of gay and lesbian individuals regarding straight
retirement centers?
A) High costs
B) Discrimination and isolation
C) Lack of medical care
D) Urban locations
Answer: D
Explanation: They feared discrimination, which they believed would harm their mental health.
44. True / False: The "Browning of America" refers to the growing political power of Asian
American communities.
Answer: False
Explanation: It refers to the demographic growth of the Latino population in the U.S.
45. Question–Answer: What 2006 immigration bill was criticized by former President Jimmy
Carter as having racist overtones?
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Answer: The Border Protection, Antiterrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act.
Explanation: Carter stated the bill and its amendments, like an English-language requirement,
were divisive.
46. Multiple Choice: The Georgia Security and Immigration Compliance Act (2006) made it a
felony to:
A) Speak Spanish in public offices
B) Hire someone without legal status verification
C) Provide medical care to undocumented individuals
D) Travel without a passport
Answer: C
Explanation: The law targeted employers who hire without verifying legal work status.
47. True / False: The theory of relative deprivation was used by Glaser et al. to understand
commitment to urban enclaves.
Answer: True
Explanation: They used it to analyze residents' willingness to invest in community
improvement.
48. Fill-in-the-Blank: The organization created by highly skilled immigrants to address green card
backlogs was called ________.
Answer: Immigration Voice
Explanation: This group advocated for skilled workers stuck in immigration processing delays.
49. Multiple Choice: What was a consequence of the Yonkers housing desegregation order,
according to anecdotal reports?
A) White residents immediately moved out.
B) Crime rates and property values fell sharply.
C) Minority residents faced cold stares but preferred it over previous projects.
D) Schools became more segregated.
Answer: B
Explanation: Minority residents experienced some hostility but found it safer than their old
housing projects.
50. Multiple Choice: Which concept explains how a disaster like Hurricane Charley created a
"socioeconomic time bomb" in FEMA Village?
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A) Collective efficacy
B) Social disorganization theory
C) Sex market theory
D) Psychological sense of community
Answer: B
Explanation: The stress and instability in the trailer park exemplified social disorganization.
51. Question–Answer: What demographic factor did Lauritsen's (2003) analysis find was not
statistically significant for youth victimization when family composition was considered?
Answer: Poverty levels and racial composition.
Explanation: Her model showed single-parent family proportion mattered more than poverty or
race.
52. Multiple Choice: What did Garbarino propose as a child's second mode of responding to danger
without ideological interpretation?
A) Academic achievement
B) Hopelessness and self-destructive behaviors
C) Increased family attachment
D) Political activism
Answer: D
Explanation: This leads to despair, self-hatred, and within-group violence.
53. True / False: The text states that most individuals arrested for drug violations in 2004 were
African American.
Answer: False
Explanation: 66% of drug violation arrests involved White individuals, per FBI data.
54. Fill-in-the-Blank: The process of using inmates to cook at community Little League games was
described as a synthesis of incarceration culture and the local ________.
Answer: economy
Explanation: Louisiana integrated inmates into local economic and social activities.
55. Multiple Choice: What was the primary goal of "Still Here" Harlem Productions?
A) To produce mainstream news
B) To cover community life of the marginalized in Harlem
C) To campaign for political candidates
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D) To document police activities
Answer: C
Explanation: Joseph Hayden created it to give voice to low-income, marginalized communities.
56. Multiple Choice: According to Park (1915/1925), what does a large city best manifest?
A) Economic equality
B) Hidden human characteristics and extremes
C) Homogeneous cultural values
D) Efficient governance
Answer: B
Explanation: Park argued cities reveal human traits often hidden in rural settings.
57. True / False: Etzioni's "authentic community" requires members to share the same racial
background.
Answer: False
Explanation: It requires a web of relations, shared culture, and responsiveness, not racial
homogeneity.
58. Question–Answer: Name the three neighborhood stratification measures Sampson et al. found
related to collective efficacy.
Answer: Concentrated disadvantage, immigration concentration, and residential stability.
Explanation: These structural factors were highly correlated with a neighborhood's collective
efficacy.
59. Multiple Choice: In Mahay & Laumann's (2004) Chicago sex market study, what did they
primarily survey?
A) Online dating habits
B) Heterosexual partner meeting places and attitudes
C) Government policies on prostitution
D) Teenage sexual education
Answer: C
Explanation: They gathered data on where heterosexual partners met and their sexual attitudes.
60. Fill-in-the-Blank: Ellingson et al. (2004) state that social institutions like religion and law
impose control over sex markets by prohibiting specific ________.
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Answer: practices and identities
Explanation: Institutions regulate sexual behavior by banning certain acts and partner choices.
61. Multiple Choice: What legal outcome typically results from communities trying to close strip
clubs, according to the text?
A) Clubs are easily shut down.
B) Courts often find restrictions unconstitutional.
C) Property values automatically rise.
D) Crime rates drop.
Answer: A
Explanation: Courts have struck down many restrictions as violations of free speech.
62. True / False: The text suggests that legally protected simulated sex in strip clubs may reduce
HIV transmission.
Answer: True
Explanation: It is presented as a potential beneficial social effect compared to street prostitution.
63. Multiple Choice: What percentage of the nearly 35 million elderly in 2000 lived in group
quarters?
A) 2%
B) 5.7%
C) 10.3%
D) 15%
Answer: D
Explanation: About 5.7% lived in retirement centers or assisted living.
64. Question–Answer: What market research firm noted the strong desire for community among
aging gays and lesbians?
Answer: Gerontological Services, Inc.
Explanation: This firm identified the demand for LGBTQ+ specific retirement options.
65. Multiple Choice: RainbowVision in Santa Fe is an example of what?
A) A public housing project
B) A gay and lesbian retirement community
C) An immigrant assistance center
D) A disaster relief village
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Answer: B
Explanation: It was developed specifically for retiring gays and lesbians.
66. Fill-in-the-Blank: Daly's theory states that a shift in political opportunities plus a sense of
grievance and moral imperative leads to a sense of ________.
Answer: viability
Explanation: This sense of "can-do" spirit then leads to social action.
67. Multiple Choice: What was the primary strategy of the Balm in Gilead program?
A) Lobbying for new drugs
B) Mobilizing churches to address HIV
C) Providing direct financial aid
D) Building new clinics
Answer: C
Explanation: It aimed to empower African American churches to confront HIV through
education and service.
68. True / False: In the Somali community example, the dispute was resolved without any external
institutional involvement.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Columbus City Council intervened due to its control of funding.
69. Multiple Choice: What does the term "gentlemen's clubs" primarily refer to in the context of sex
markets?
A) Exclusive social clubs for businessmen
B) Strip clubs featuring nude dancers
C) Dating service agencies
D) LGBTQ+ community centers
Answer: A
Explanation: The text uses it as a synonym for strip clubs or adult entertainment venues.
70. Multiple Choice: What did the 2003 national conference on assisted living facilities conclude
about federal regulation?
A) Strict federal laws were imminent.
B) States were doing an excellent job.
C) Congress feared costly requirements would shut down needed facilities.
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D) Fire safety was not a major concern.
Answer: B
Explanation: The conclusion was that costly safety regulations were avoided for fear of
reducing bed capacity.
71. Question–Answer: Which covenant became the number one priority for the African American
community in Columbus, Ohio, according to Smiley?
Answer: Covenant 3: Correcting the System of Unequal Justice.
Explanation: This issue was passionately identified as the top concern in local discussions.
72. Fill-in-the-Blank: Hope's (2000) book on crime reduction focused on strategies to activate the
________.
Answer: community
Explanation: The book's chapters dealt with community-based crime prevention strategies.
73. Multiple Choice: What did the Wisconsin law featured in the text mandate regarding juvenile
sex offenders?
A) Lifetime incarceration
B) Community notification
C) Automatic deportation
D) Public shaming
Answer: A
Explanation: It required community notification, similar to Megan's Law but for juveniles.
74. True / False: The text argues that children mimicking sexual dances from music videos could
potentially be branded as sex offenders.
Answer: True
Explanation: It presents this as an unintended consequence of broad juvenile sex offender laws.
75. Multiple Choice: What was a major economic impact of Hurricane Charley on poor residents?
A) They received large insurance payouts.
B) Rebuilding raised rents, pricing them out.
C) New high-paying jobs were created.
D) Property taxes were eliminated.
Answer: C
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Explanation: Rebuilding led to rent increases, creating affordability crises for previous
residents.
76. Multiple Choice: Osofsky linked the slow recovery of New Orleans' physical environment to
what?
A) Improved mental health
B) Continued trauma and mental health needs
C) Economic prosperity
D) Political stability
Answer: B
Explanation: The persistent debris served as a traumatic reminder, worsening mental health
outcomes.
77. True / False: The text states that immigration from Mexico from 2000-2004 accounted for about
half of all new U.S. workers annually.
Answer: False
Explanation: It accounted for about one of every four new workers (300,000 of 1.2 million).
78. Question–Answer: What term describes the government's historical practice of color-coding
areas to deny loans?
Answer: Redlining.
Explanation: This discriminatory practice shaped racial segregation in housing.
79. Fill-in-the-Blank: The Yonkers experiment involved building low-income housing for African
Americans and Latinos in ________ communities.
Answer: White (or working-class White)
Explanation: The court order mandated integration into predominantly White areas.
80. Multiple Choice: What role did the Columbus City Council play in the Somali community
dispute?
A) Legal adjudicator
B) Financial sponsor and oversight body
C) Media spokesperson
D) Cultural mediator
Answer: C
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Explanation: It provided funding and demanded accountability regarding the association's
bylaws.
81. Multiple Choice: According to Cohen & Felson, what must be absent for a predatory crime to
occur?
A) A motivated offender
B) A suitable target
C) Capable guardians
D) Economic pressure
Answer: B
Explanation: The absence of capable guardians is one of the three necessary elements.
82. True / False: LaFond's (2005) research concluded that community notification laws are highly
effective at preventing child molestation.
Answer: False
Explanation: He concluded they provide a false sense of security and are not supported by
studies.
83. Fill-in-the-Blank: Garbarino's risk model states that as negative or ________ pressures increase,
so does the likelihood of children reaching a breaking point.
Answer: pathogenic
Explanation: Pathogenic pressures are harmful influences that accumulate risk.
84. Multiple Choice: What did Garbarino et al. (1995) find about high-risk neighborhoods for child
maltreatment?
A) They had stronger social integration.
B) They were more socially impoverished.
C) They had more positive neighbor interactions.
D) They had lower family stress.
Answer: D
Explanation: High-risk neighborhoods showed less social integration and more stressful
interactions.
85. Question–Answer: What specific census counting practice benefits rural communities at the
expense of urban ones?
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Answer: Counting prisoners where they are incarcerated, not where they are from.
Explanation: This inflates rural population counts for funding and political representation.
86. Multiple Choice: What demographic fact is given about African American juvenile homicide
victims in 2002?
A) They were 16% of victims but 47% of the population.
B) They were 47% of victims but 16% of the population.
C) They were 50% of both victims and population.
D) They were 32% of victims and 16% of the population.
Answer: A
Explanation: They were disproportionately represented as homicide victims.
87. True / False: The Federal Interagency Forum on Family and Child Statistics viewed youth
violence solely as individual failure.
Answer: False
Explanation: It also framed it as a failure of social institutions like families and communities.
88. Multiple Choice: Pager's (2003) research indirectly explained the lack of child support by
highlighting:
A) Lack of job training programs
B) High incarceration rates of African American men
C) Weak child support laws
D) Cultural norms against fatherhood
Answer: C
Explanation: High involvement with the criminal justice system impairs the ability to provide
support.
89. Fill-in-the-Blank: Positive or ________ influences increase the likelihood children can bounce
back from adversity.
Answer: salutogenic
Explanation: Salutogenic influences are health-promoting and foster resilience.
90. Multiple Choice: What did the example of Florence, Arizona, demonstrate about census counts?
A) Cities can lose funding by ignoring prisoners.
B) Annexing prisons can artificially boost population for grants.
C) Prisoners should be counted in their home communities.
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D) Rural populations are always undercounted.
Answer: B
Explanation: Florence expanded city limits to include prisoners, securing more federal and state
funds.
91. Multiple Choice: What is a key function of urban communities, even amidst problems?
A) Enforcing strict social conformity
B) Providing emotional and social support
C) Guaranteeing high incomes
D) Eliminating all crime
Answer: C
Explanation: Communities offer crucial informal support networks for individuals and families.
92. True / False: The text concludes that all community interventions against sex offenders are well-
researched and effective.
Answer: False
Explanation: It questions the effectiveness and research base of many such laws.
93. Question–Answer: What theoretical framework does the book use to understand macro issues
like the Somali community example?
Answer: World systems theory.
Explanation: This framework helps analyze interconnected international and local systems.
94. Fill-in-the-Blank: The growth of ________ changed the sex marketplace by allowing online
partner searches.
Answer: the Internet (or personal computers/the Internet)
Explanation: Online platforms created new virtual spaces for sexual market activities.
95. Multiple Choice: What was a finding of Levenson & Cotter's (2005) study of sex offenders in
Florida?
A) Offenders felt the laws helped them reintegrate.
B) Notification laws might trigger reoffending.
C) Residency restrictions were universally supported.
D) Community notification reduced recidivism.
Answer: A
Explanation: Offenders reported the laws were counterproductive and potentially triggering.
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96. Multiple Choice: What does the concept "layered loyalties" aim to discourage, according to
Etzioni?
A) Economic development
B) Community exclusivity and tribal wars
C) Individual autonomy
D) Government oversight
Answer: C
Explanation: Multiple group affiliations can reduce hostility between communities.
97. True / False: The text suggests that African American churches were only involved in economic
development after the 1990s.
Answer: False
Explanation: Their involvement dates back to at least 1899, as noted by W.E.B. Du Bois.
98. Fill-in-the-Blank: Kochhar (2005) asserted that unauthorized workers from Mexico were
valuable to the U.S. labor market both numerically and ________.
Answer: economically
Explanation: Their labor was significant for both the number of workers and economic
contribution.
99. Multiple Choice: What was the intended purpose of the "Still Here" Harlem Productions
initiative?
A) To replace mainstream media
B) To create a "Black CNN" for Harlem
C) To train community journalists
D) To produce entertainment films
Answer: B
Explanation: Joseph Hayden called it a "Black CNN" to focus on marginalized voices.
100. Question–Answer: According to the text, what is the most traditional perspective of a
community?
Answer: A physical place where individuals live near each other and engage in social
networking.
Explanation: This geographic definition is the most common and historical view.
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101. Multiple Choice: What did the founders of the Chicago Area Project acknowledge as a
fundamental limitation of their program?
A) Lack of funding from the state
B) Inability to change sweeping societal forces
C) Opposition from local religious institutions
D) Poor training of social workers
Answer: D
Explanation: They recognized programs are subsidiary to the larger forces that create social
problems.
102. Fill-in-the-Blank: The text describes how, after disasters, rebuilding often leads to raised
________, displacing previous low-income residents.
Answer: rents
Explanation: Property owners may increase rents post-disaster, creating affordability crises.
103. Multiple Choice: According to the text, what was a primary reason for the growth of gay
and lesbian retirement communities?
A) Lower cost of living
B) Desire for communities of "choice" rather than biological family
C) Proximity to urban hospitals
D) Mandates from LGBTQ+ advocacy groups
Answer: C
Explanation: Aging LGBTQ+ individuals sought communities of chosen family for social
comfort and acceptance.
104. True / False: The text states that the U.S. government's historical redlining practices
helped integrate communities.
Answer: False
Explanation: Redlining enforced racial segregation by denying financial services to minority
areas.
105. Question–Answer: What specific event in the 1980s intensified the African American
church's role in providing basic social services?
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Answer: The reduction of federal urban support under the Reagan administration.
Explanation: Federal retreat from social welfare forced churches to expand their service
provision.
106. Multiple Choice: In the context of sex markets, what is the function of "local brokers"?
A) To enforce criminal laws
B) To facilitate partnering within and between markets
C) To provide healthcare services
D) To collect market data for researchers
Answer: B
Explanation: Local brokers are individuals or organizations that help individuals connect within
sex markets.
107. True / False: The Minneapolis Somali community is larger than the one in Columbus,
Ohio.
Answer: True
Explanation: The text states Minneapolis has the largest Somali community in the United
States.
108. Fill-in-the-Blank: The ________ model helps explain how children in "urban war
zones" respond to cumulative risk and opportunity.
Answer: risk (or development)
Explanation: Garbarino's risk/development model explains child outcomes based on
accumulating pressures and supports.
109. Multiple Choice: What did the research on foot patrols conclude about officers'
attitudes?
A) They became more cynical.
B) They developed more positive attitudes about neighborhood residents.
C) They preferred car patrols.
D) Their attitudes were unchanged.
Answer: B
Explanation: Officers on foot patrol developed better attitudes toward residents than those in
cars.
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110. Question–Answer: Beyond Megan's Law, what is a common legal restriction placed on
registered sex offenders?
Answer: Residency restrictions (e.g., cannot live within 1000 feet of a school).
Explanation: Many jurisdictions ban offenders from living near places children congregate.
111. Multiple Choice: What does the term "partial or distorted communities" refer to in
Etzioni's framework?
A) Communities with high immigration rates
B) Communities that lack responsiveness to member needs
C) Communities undergoing urban renewal
D) Online communities only
Answer: A
Explanation: Etzioni uses this term for communities that have bonding and culture but lack
mutual responsiveness.
112. True / False: The text argues that the "1,000-foot rule" for sex offenders is based on
robust empirical research.
Answer: False
Explanation: It questions the magical nature of this distance, noting a lack of supporting
research.
113. Fill-in-the-Blank: The Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics
includes the rate of ________ as an indicator of children's social environment.
Answer: violent crime (against juveniles)
Explanation: This is one of the behavioral and social environment indicators tracked.
114. Multiple Choice: What was a significant finding of the Yonkers housing integration
experiment regarding White residents' fears?
A) Crime increased dramatically.
B) Property values plummeted.
C) Their fears of crime and falling values were not realized.
D) Schools became overcrowded.
Answer: B
Explanation: Anecdotal reports suggested initial White fears about crime and property values
did not materialize.
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115. Multiple Choice: According to the text, what is a major criticism of sex offender registry
laws from a systemic perspective?
A) They are too expensive to maintain.
B) They may drive offenders underground, away from monitoring.
C) They are supported by all victim advocacy groups.
D) They have eliminated repeat offenses.
Answer: C
Explanation: Critics argue these laws can make offenders less likely to register and more
difficult to monitor.
116. True / False: The text suggests that the debate over illegal immigration in 2006 was not
divisive for the country.
Answer: False
Explanation: It states the congressional bill "sparked massive demonstrations" and "divided the
country."
117. Question–Answer: What are the two primary ways children can respond to danger,
according to Garbarino?
Answer: With ideological interpretations that give meaning, or without interpretation, leading to
despair.
Explanation: The first can lessen mental health issues; the second leads to hopelessness and
self-destruction.
118. Fill-in-the-Blank: The Pew Hispanic Center estimated that in 2006, about ________
million Latino individuals were in the U.S. illegally.
Answer: 11.5 to 12
Explanation: This was the estimated range of the unauthorized Latino population at that time.
119. Multiple Choice: What role did the concept of "relative deprivation" play in the study by
Glaser et al. (2003)?
A) It explained why crime rates differ between cities.
B) It framed how residents' views of their enclave influenced community investment.
C) It measured the exact income inequality in a neighborhood.
D) It was used to allocate federal housing grants.
Answer: C
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Explanation: It helped understand whether residents saw their community positively or as a
deprived "ghetto."
120. Multiple Choice: The text concludes that understanding the Somali community case
requires viewing it through the lens of:
A) Individual psychology
B) World systems theory
C) Biological determinism
D) Free-market economics
Answer: B
Explanation: The chapter explicitly uses this case to illustrate the world systems theory
framework.
