CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON HEALTH
Introduction
The issue of climate change has been hotly discussed considering its serious impact on
various aspects of life, especially health. The negative potential or risk of climate change on
health has been seen as a global challenge that can threaten human livelihoods (Wilby et al.,
2009 Barnett 2010).The fifth IPCC report (AR-5) (IPCC 2014) shows that the global climate
has warmed significantly. Observational data shows that the global average surface
temperature has increased by 0.85°C in the last 130 years. The increase in Earth's temperature
not only affects It also changes the climate system, which affects various aspects of nature
and human life, including human health. Field data show that the vulnerability and risks of
global climate change not only seriously affect economic, social, and political activities but
also involve a series of severe health problems (PCC, 2007b; McMichael et al., 2003). In
recent decades, the incidence of diseases such as dengue fever, malaria diarrhea has
increased. Quoted from Indo DATIN 2016 since 1968 there has been an increase in dengue
cases from 58 to 126,675 cases in 2015. While Also, there was an 85% increase in dengue-
affected districts. One of the triggers of this disease is climate change.
Increased use of fossil fuels and changes in land use generate and increase the amount of
greenhouse gases into the earth's atmosphere. These greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide
(CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrogen dioxide (N2O), and the increase in these gases causes an
increase in the amount of heat retained in the earth's atmosphere, heat from the sun that
would normally be radiated back into space. The increase in heat has caused the greenhouse
effect, resulting in climate change.
Global climate change is accompanied by an increase in the frequency and intensity of
heatwaves. Extreme temperatures can cause death. In many countries with extreme
temperatures, the death rate during winter is higher than during summer. Climate change
hazards in Indonesia in the future are characterized by (1) temperature increases, (2) changes
in rainfall patterns, (3) increases in sea level/SLR, (4) increases in the frequency and intensity
of extreme climates. These hazards can affect microbial contamination pathways, dynamic
transmission, angroecosystems and hydrology as well as socioeconomic and demographic
and can have an impact on health.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in climate that results directly or indirectly from human activities
that cause changes in atmospheric composition. In addition to global changes in natural
variability observed over comparable time periods.
The impact of climate change on health can occur directly or indirectly:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea level rise and increased frequency of
extreme weather).
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism that occurs is that climate change
affects environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air and
food quality), depletion of the ozone layer, decrease in human health source water
resources, loss of ecosystem functions, and land degradation, which in turn affect
human health. The health impacts of climate change include air pollution, water and
food borne diseases, vector borne diseases, malnutrition, mental disorders, heat stress.
Health risk factors for climate change consist of :
Vector borne disease risk factors due to climate change
o Climatic factors affect the risk of transmission of vector-borne diseases such as
dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, filariasis and others.
o Humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days have a positive relationship with
dengue cases. The higher the rainfall and rainy days, the more widespread
breeding places are, the more dengue cases increase. Humidity, rainfall and rainy
days affect the lifespan of mosquitoes/vectors. <60% mosquito lifespan is short
(potential as a vector decreases), moderate rainfall but long time will increase
breeding places so that the risk of increasing vector populations, high and
continuous rainfall resulting in flooding will cause breeding places to be washed
away and cause the population to decrease but flooding has the potential to
increase the frequency of exposure to rat urine infected with bacteria and fungi.
o Temperature has a close relationship with the developmental cycle of
mosquitoes, and directly affects the development of parasites in the vector body.
The average optimum temperature for vector breeding ranges from 25-27°C
requiring an average of 12 days, at temperatures above the optimum temperature
(32-35°C (focks et al 1995 et al kemenkes 2012)) the life cycle for aedes
becomes shorter (average 7 days), the potential is more frequent mosquito body
size is smaller than normal size so that mosquito movement becomes more
aggressive. These changes translate into a 3-fold higher risk of transmission. At
extreme temperatures of 10°C or more than 40°C mosquito development will
stop
(
die). Temperature affect the growth of parasites / germs in the body of the
vector, the lowest critical temperature of the sporogony cycle in plasmodium
vivax is 16°C, Plasmodium falcifarum 19°C and dengue virus 17°C.
Risk factors for waterborne diseases due to climate change
Warmer temperatures affect food production and water availability. Climate change
results in droughts and floods in hot weather conditions where there is melting of polar
ice caps, affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. affects
the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking/clean water. Water is a basic need of
living beings, but water provided for daily needs including toilets can also have a
detrimental impact on humans and their environment. Insufficient quality, quantity and
accessibility can open up opportunities for the emergence of waterborne diseases.
Viruses and bacteria are growing rapidly with global warming, causing diarrheal
diseases to increase.
Risk factors for air borne disease
Climate change is expected to contribute to air quality problems (IPCC, 2007 et al
Ministry of Health 2012). Respiratory disorders may be exacerbated by warming
resulting in an increase in the frequency of smog events (ground-level ozone) and
particulate air pollution. Ground level ozone can damage lung tissue, and is especially
dangerous for people with asthma and chronic lung diseases. Sunlight and high
temperatures, combined with other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile
organic compounds, can cause ground-level ozone to increase. Climate change can
increase the concentration of ground-level ozone. Another pollutant of concern is
"particulate matter," also known as pollutant particles or particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex compound of very small particles and water droplets.
When inhaled these particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Exposure to
particulate matter is also a major cause of reduced visibility (fog). Climate change can
indirectly affect the concentration of PM pollution in the air by affecting natural PM
sources or "biogenies," such as forest fires and dust from dry land.
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases Risk factors for non-communicable
diseases
Infectious disease is a potentially dangerous condition that can trigger the occurrence of
non-communicable diseases in a person or group. Decreased environmental quality due
to climate change leads to high levels of environmental pollution, resulting in various
non-communicable diseases such as skin cancer, asthma, diseases caused by immune
disorders, heat stroke and others.
Climate change risk factors for disaster events
Climate change has led to the occurrence of natural disasters everywhere ranging from
hurricanes, tropical cyclones, floods, endemics and droughts in the form of natural
phenomena due to global warming. Natural disasters can have a devastating impact at
field economic, social, health and environment
Climate change risk factors for mental disorders
Most people exposed to climate change including disasters can adapt well, but others
will experience stress, behavioral changes and may develop mental disorders. The most
common mental disorders found during disasters are depression, anxiety, acute stress
disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. There is an average increase in the
prevalence (within 1 year) of mild-moderate mental disorders (depression and mild-
moderate anxiety including post-traumatic stress disorder) to about 15-20%, while the
immediate consequences of disasters increase these mild-moderate mental disorders by
5-10%.
Risk and extent of mental health problems due to climate change including disasters
determined by the degree of exposure to the disaster (the determining factor), the vulnerability
and protective factors in the population (the determining factor), the vulnerability and
protective factors (biological, social, economic factors), and the degree of exposure to the
disaster (the determining factor) economic factors and individual experience), individual
stressors (threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.), as well as secondary stressors (e.g.,
the threat of death, loss, damage to housing, etc.). ( loss of job, financial worries, family
problems etc.)
Health Sector Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change
Climate change adaptation is a spontaneous or planned way of adjusting to react to predicted
or existing climate change. The health sector's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate
change aims to address the adverse health impacts of climate change. Health adaptation
strategies to the impacts of climate change consist of:
o Socialization and advocacy of health sector adaptation to climate change
impacts
o Mapping of populations and vulnerable areas affected by climate change
(collecting data on disease spread, climate change/variables, environmental risk
factors, environmental risk factors, social, economic and geographic risk
factors), analyzing spread disease, analysis analysis of changes in climate
variables, analysis of environmental risk factors, analysis of social, economic
and demographic risk factors, correlation analysis of climate and health
variables.
o Improved health sector climate change response system
Health sector climate change impact assessment and research
Strengthening early awareness system of climate change impacts
Development of locally specific adaptation strategies in accordance with
emerging impacts
Development of point-of-use technologies.
o Legislation
o Improved affordability of health services, especially in climate change
vulnerable areas
Development of facilities and infrastructure service health adapted to
climate change vulnerable populations and areas
Improving access to health services
o Increased capacity of human resources in the health sector
o Improved disease control and prevention due to climate change impacts
Strengthening environmental health
Control factors disease risk factors
The discovery of patients and treatment
Integrated vector control
Disaster countermeasures
o Partnership enhancement (working group formation)
o Improved Community empowerment in climate change adaptation according to
local conditions.
Individual empowerment
Family empowerment
Group/community empowerment
o Improved surveillance and information systems
Collection and analysis of disease data, environmental, behavioral, and
climatic risk factors
Information dissemination
No further plans.
Conclusions
Change Climate change can affect health human health in two ways, namely directly and
indirectly, namely:
Affects human health directly in the form of direct exposure to changes in weather
patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme
weather). Extreme weather events can threaten human health and even death.
Affects human health indirectly. The mechanism is that climate change affects
environmental factors such as changes in environmental quality (water, air, and food
quality), ozone layer depletion, decreased water resources, loss of ecosystem functions,
and land degradation, which in turn will affect human health.
Indirect impact in the form of
Mortality and morbidity from climate change-related diseases are triggered by changes
in temperature, air pollution, water and foodborne diseases, and ventor and rodent-
borne diseases.
Malnutrition can occur due to disruptions in food sources and harvests.
From the description above, the suggestions that we can convey are:
o To the Government: to strengthen regulations that pay attention to environmental
quality so that environmental and health impacts can be minimized even
eliminated, collaboration and sector synergy are important in addressing climate
change.
o For the community: to always protect the environment, save money energy
consumption, reducing the use of motorized vehicles, managing household waste,
etc.
