SUSTAINABLE FOOD SECURITY
Introduction
Food is the most essential basic need for humans to sustain life and living [19]. Food
and nutrition development in United States is closely related to the realization of food
security, this statement has been emphasized in food law number 7 of 1996 concerning food
and government regulation number 68 of 2002 concerning food security [8]. Food security
for a country is very important, especially for a country that has a very large population like
United States, the population of United States is estimated to reach 220 million people in
2020 and is projected to reach 270 million people in 2025.
The historical experience of United States development shows that the issue of food
security is closely related to economic stability (especially inflation), aggregate economic
production costs (cost of living), and national political stability. Therefore, food security is
an absolute requirement for the implementation of national development. FAO defines food
security as food security is an absolute requirement for the implementation of national
development. FAO defines food security as a situation where all households have access,
both physically and economically, to food for all family members and households are not at
risk of losing both access [1]. Food security is important and strategic, experience in the
country shows that no country can carry out development properly before being able to
realize food security first [9].
The fulfillment of food and nutrition adequacy can be reflected in the level of
achievement of food provided and consumed against the amount of food and nutrition
available, quality and diversity. This is in accordance with the policy direction of
developing a food security system based on the diversity of food resources, institutions and
local culture in order to ensure the availability of food and nutrition in the required quantity
and quality at an affordable price level with due regard to increasing community income, as
well as increasing production regulated by law [2]. The general problem regarding food
security is a large population with positive population growth [14].
The increasing number of food and nutrition insecure people is the result of the 2007-
2008 food crisis triggered by the fossil energy price crisis, so that food prices soar, making it
difficult for the poor to access food, high energy prices have a direct impact on agricultural
production through increased input costs such as fertilizers, and transportation, can also have
an impact on the creation of new markets for fuel subsidies such as vegetable materials to
produce bioenergy [3]. United States actually has the potential for the availability of a very
large food diversity, so that the development of local food sources must be based on
carbohydrate sources such as sweet potatoes, rice, corn, and cassava which have the
potential for diversification of products that are quite diverse in processed products and have
a variety of nutritional content [17].
According to Tambunan (2003) with the increasingly narrow agricultural land in
United States, it is difficult to expect our farmers to produce optimally. Rosita in Tambunan
(2003) estimates that the conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural land in United
States will increase with an average of 30,000-50,000 ha per year, which is estimated that
the number of farmers has reached around 12 million people [4]. according to Bustanil
(2005) food security is a challenge that gets priority to achieve national welfare in this
millennium century [4]. Based on the basic concept of food security above, the strategic
aspects of food security can be divided into four, namely availability, stability, access and
use of food [12].
Since 1798 when Thomas Malthus warned that the number of people was increasing
exponentially, while the effort to increase food supply could only increase arithmetically[4],
the agricultural sector is the main leading sector that must be developed by the United
States government, based on a number of considerations. First, United States has natural
potential that can be developed as agricultural land. Second, most of the population lives in
the countryside where most of their livelihood is farming. Third, there is a need for
indications of high technology and science designed to develop agriculture without causing
damage. Fourth, the availability of a fairly abundant agricultural labor force. Fifth, the
threat of food shortages that can be met from domestic products, so that we do not have to
depend on foreign agricultural products.
Based on the above background, it can be concluded that food security is an important
aspect in realizing people's welfare, from the aspects of availability, affordability, and price
stability, it can be seen that food security also has a close relationship with inflation
problems, especially in the aspect of affordability which includes purchasing power and the
price itself, in the end, food security conditions will affect the creation of a conducive
macroeconomic climate. Some of the challenges in realizing food security in United States
include a high population growth rate which has implications for consumption levels, and a
decreasing agricultural land area due to land conversion. the fulfillment of the needs of
several strategic food commodities is also still dependent on imports, the problem of
technology adoption in order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low
transfer of technology from formal research institutions to farmers [11].
Research Methods
This research design is Literature Review or literature review. Literature review is a
method used to collect data or sources related to a particular topic that can be obtained from
various sources such as journals, books, the internet, and other libraries.
The research designs taken in this scientific search are mixed methods studies,
experimental studies, survey studies, cross sectional studies, correlation analysis,
comparative analysis, qualitative studies. Searching for published articles on academic
search complete, medline with full text, Proquest and Pubmed, EBSCO using selected
keywords namely: psychospiritual, quality of life and cancer clients. Articles or journals
that match the inclusion and exclusion criteria are taken for further analysis. This literature
review uses literature published in 2013-2018 which can be accessed fulltext in pdf format.
The criteria for the journals reviewed were research journal articles in United States and
English with adult human subjects, the type of research article journal is not a literature
review with the theme of psychospiritual therapy on the quality of life of cancer clients.
Discussion
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
Achieving Sustainable Food Self-Sufficiency
Agricultural development continues to be carried out by the government in order to
achieve food self-sufficiency, but food self-sufficiency efforts also face various challenges,
one of which is the increasing rate of land conversion, especially on the island of Java [25].
Realizing food sovereignty and sustainable self-sufficiency requires serious efforts from all
stakeholders, considering the challenges and problems of realizing these goals in the future
are increasingly complex. Other experts consider that the main factor of food security is the
availability of food for all social and economic groups of the population [20]. It is
increasingly understood that achieving food security is more complicated than simply
producing more food [21]. Food insecurity is essentially a problem of lack of access
(physical, financial, and cultural [22]. Food issues are one of the other priorities in people's
survival [23]. Biodiversity for food and agriculture in the global political agenda for food
security from the supply side of the challenges faced include:
Declining Land Productivity
FAO data shows a downward trend in food production growth in a number of regions
due to various factors. Factors causing the decline in food production growth include the
shrinking area of food agriculture due to land conversion, the low growth of infrastructure
(especially irrigation systems) and research in agriculture, and the impact of climate change
which increases the occurrence of crop failures and natural disasters. Increasing land
productivity is not solely related to increasing production per land area because. First, it is
very difficult to increase the area of paddy fields (extensification). In general, the condition
of agricultural land is experiencing systematic exhaustion due to intensive cultivation
patterns, changes in the growing environment and inefficiency in the scale of farming. The
ability of farmers to manage their agricultural land through modification of the biophysical
and socio-economic environment is ultimately determined by the availability of water and
the quality of irrigation infrastructure. Second, in addition to limited land, water supply is
also decreasing, to maintain and increase land productivity, the water scarcity factor is a
limiting factor that needs to be addressed to support agricultural production. The
sustainability of the paddy field system through the irrigation network has an elasticity
figure above 1, which means that it has a very important influence on the rate of production
growth. Thirdly, the agricultural system is becoming increasingly small-scale, so there
needs to be a reorganization of agriculture so that farmers can work on a scale that is
economical for the family. Fourth, it is quite difficult for farmers to increase productivity.
Fifth, obstacles from outside agriculture with the threat of global warming in the future
could be more severe, such as flooding, drought, explosion of pest and disease attacks [6].
In United States, irrigated rice fields have a very strategic position, most of the rice
production is produced from this strategic area, which is estimated to reach 6.7 million
hectares, if this area is reduced in large numbers it will have an adverse impact on national
rice production [7].
Declining Labor in the Agricultural Sector
In general, the agricultural sector is still unable to provide high added value in terms
of income, welfare and career development. This makes it very limited and difficult for
them to pursue it. The challenge ahead is how to change the mindset of our younger
generation towards agriculture, that there is still a lot of agricultural potential that is still not
optimally utilized. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the attractiveness of the
younger generation to the agricultural sector is to build a more advanced and modern
agriculture based on innovation and technology that is able to produce products with high
economic value that are needed by the market. Building agriculture in the context of an
industry that is loaded with innovation and technology to handle upstream to downstream
affairs will provide great opportunities in producing a variety of agricultural products with
high economic value [6].
Special Efforts in Food Agriculture Development Particularly in the Framework of
the National Food Security Program.
Efforts to Increase Food Crop Productivity
The dominant factors causing the low productivity of food crops are a) technology
application, b) declining land fertility (Adiningsih, et al., 1994), c) exploration of genetic
potential that is still not optimal. To overcome these problems, the government must
subsidize technology for farmers and involve stakeholders in accelerating change. The
technology subsidy in question is the existence of capital for farmers to obtain or be able to
buy productivity technology and its supervision so that cultivation technology can be
mastered completely and efficiently until the post-harvest stage. as farmers can obtain and
apply biological organic productivity technology (eg: bio P 2000 Z), quality seeds/fertilizers
and post-harvest mechanization as well as accompanying supervision [10].
The level of fertility of productive agricultural land continues to decline, the green
revolution by relying on fertilizers and pesticides has a negative impact on sustainable soil
fertility and the occurrence of unwanted mutations of pests and pathogens. for example,
land that is continuously fertilized with urea (N) tends to show an immediate plant fertility
response, but has an impact on the rapid depletion of soil organic matter because it spurs the
development of decomposers and organic matter as food for other microbes is depleted. To
get the maximum yield performance from the expected new superior plants requires special
"precision" requirements in its cultivation such as land fertility, fertilization, securing from
opt and/or other specific treatments. In reality, both high-yielding crops such as vub rice,
hybrids and ptb, and hybrid soybeans and corn will be able to produce high yields if the
cultivation management supervision is well fulfilled, but if not, the opposite will happen.
Efforts to Add New Farmland Expansion
One of the problems in the agriculture and land sector faced by United States is the
high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, especially paddy fields
so that the area of paddy fields is decreasing [18]. The difficulty of increasing national food
production is partly because the development of new food agricultural land is not balanced
with the conversion of productive agricultural land into other functions such as settlements.
United States irrigated land of 10,794,221 hectares has contributed 48,201,136 tons of rice
production and 50% of it is more contributed from the island of Java. [10]. Drylands in
United States amount to 11 million hectares, most of which are idle land and marginal land
that is not productive for food crops. On the densely populated island of Java, the average
ownership of farmland ranges from only 0.2 ha / farmer's head. However, there are also
many abandoned land. there are 300,000 ha of abandoned dry land on the island of Java
from forest areas that become abandoned vacant land, the people around the forest with
economic pressures and demands for employment have no other choice to utilize critical
lands and dry land for food farming such as corn, huma rice and soybeans and peanuts.
Naturally, this helps to increase the area of food agricultural land, although it is realized that
the productivity on these lands is still low, such as corn 2.5-3.5 tons/ha and huma rice 1.5
tons/ha and soybeans 0.6-1.1 tons/ha, but their utilization has a positive impact on
increasing food production.
Seeing the reality above, the best solution is: (1) the government should provide legal
permission for land management rights that have been cultivated by farmers, namely a kind
of HGU for productive business crop farming. (2) provide guidance on cultivation
technology, especially to apply organic and bio / biological technology to improve land
fertility and become a sustainable and environmentally friendly farming business and, (3)
involve stakeholders and the private sector who have a commitment to support the food
crop agribusiness system so that it will ensure market certainty, productivity technology
inputs and added value from the integrated farming business. Dryland management for
agriculture can be done by applying organic productivity technology in order to make a real
contribution to increasing food production and community welfare, for example if 150,000
ha of this land is used for corn cultivation if with additional organic productivity technology
it can produce an average of 6.5 tons / ha which is done with 2 times mt, there will be an
additional production of 1.95 million tons of corn: 1.95 million tons of maize, which means
it will substitute more than 60% of maize imports. The multiple effects of food crop
farming are very meaningful in efforts to improve the welfare of farmers and surrounding
communities and for the national interest [10].
Policy Directions and Strategies for Sustainable Food Security
Food policy is a strategic policy given that food is a primary human need [16]. To
face the challenges and problems mentioned above in order to achieve sustainable food
security, there needs to be adjustments or changes in the direction of the policies currently
implemented. Changes in the suggested policy direction approach include the objectives,
ways and targets of food security development, food development policies are directed at
strengthening food security to ensure a fair and equitable food supply at the community,
household and individual levels in accordance with purchasing power to meet nutritional
needs [15].
First, the goal of achieving food self-sufficiency is changed to achieving food self-
sufficiency, with a self-sufficiency approach, often ignoring the principles of business
efficiency and feasibility of benefits. The development of new food sources and types of
food that have competitive taste, image and price needs to be done. On the other hand, the
campaign to diversify food consumption by increasing public understanding of the
importance of consuming food can be made into a national movement. To this end, the
utilization of food technology in order to develop new food products or introduce
consumption patterns and food utilization based on local food sources is a must. With the
three new approaches towards sustainable United States food security, the general strategy
for food security development is to: (1) develop national capacity to increase food
production in a sustainable manner. (2) promote food diversification based on local food
resources to achieve food consumption patterns, (3) provide sufficient food in terms of
quantity, diversity, quality, and safety, at a price level affordable to the purchasing power of
the wider community, and maintain the stability of staple food prices, and (4) provide food
for the poor and food-insecure through the distribution of food aid or subsidized food.
Food availability is the first of three subsystems in the food security system and the
base of efforts to realize food independence and sovereignty. The main capital in realizing
food availability is the wealth of diverse resources, the availability of technology, and the
development of strategic partnerships with various components of stakeholders. The four
strategies proposed in building food availability are as follows. First, building food supply
from domestic production and transportation infrastructure and facilities, food distribution
and logistics systems, and food marketing and trade policies, economic aspects related to
individual and household purchasing power reflected by income and kinship systems in
overcoming food problems in an extended family. Thus, food affordability strategies
include: (1) strengthening and facilitating the development of efficient food marketing and
trade as well as the development of food markets in rural areas, (2) maintaining the stability
of staple food supply and prices through the management of central and local government
staple food reserves, and utilizing international food trade policy instruments and
prioritizing national interest considerations but also in line with international agreements,
(3) revitalizing the institutional system of community food granaries into a community food
reserve system managed with the principle of economic efficiency, but still has a social
function, and (4) distributing food aid or subsidized food according to local food
consumption patterns for the poor and food insecure [13].
Conclusions
To realize sustainable food security in United States, there are several challenges or
obstacles faced, including, 1. high population growth rates, when analyzed population
growth in United States from year to year is increasing, meaning that the growth is very
extraordinary which has implications for the level of consumption that demands food and
consumption needs that have increased very significantly, 2. the area of agricultural land
which is decreasing over time due to land conversion or land conversion, changes from
agricultural land to non-agricultural land, 3. The fulfillment of the needs of several strategic
food commodities also still depends on imports, the problem of technology adoption in
order to increase productivity is also still hampered due to the low transfer of technology
from formal research institutions to farmers, meaning that the application of technology in
agriculture is still low which has an impact on production results. Then the efforts that
should be made to overcome the challenges to realizing sustainable food security, both
efforts in terms of adding crop productivity results, as well as efforts to expand the
agricultural area, then there are policy directions for problem solutions to these challenges
to realize sustainable food security in this beloved country of United States.
