THE URGENCY OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE
CONCEPT OF SOUND GOVERNANCE
Introduction
Public Administration is a dynamic and sensitive science to change for the better.
Therefore, from time to time Public Administration always evolves and adapts to
developments where new ideas always emerge as improvements to old ideas. For example, at
the beginning of its emergence as a new discipline, Woodrow Wilson, a politician who later
became the drafter of the League of Nations and also the President of the United States, who
is also considered the father of Public Administration, in 1887 in his article entitled "The
Study of Administration" proposed new ideas in the concept of Administration. His thoughts
include highlighted the separation between Political Science and Administrative Science,
then a comparative analysis regarding the values that exist in Political Organizations and the
private sector.
After some time, in a different place, Max Weber, an expert who is also considered an
important figure in the development of Public Administration in 1920 proposed his thoughts
in an essay entitled "Bureucracy". in this paper, Weber describes the Bureaucracy as an ideal
type of organization, especially public organizations or those related to governance.
For a long time, these thoughts "dominated" the realm of thought of science academics
Public Administration around the world, until slowly some aspects of this thinking are
considered obsolete and no longer compatible with the development of Public Administration
Organizations that must adapt to the times. The strength of these ideas finally fell with the
emergence of new ideas, especially with the emergence of a book entitled "Reinventing
Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector". The book
written by Ted Gaebler and David Osborne, which was released in 1992, from the title alone
shows "resistance" to old ideas in Public Administration which seem rigid and have a very
high gap with the values that exist in the business world which ultimately reduces
effectiveness, especially in terms of public services.
So strong is the influence of the thoughts contained in this book on the development of
the science of Public Administration that several international agencies or institutions have
adapted it into a practical concept that can be applied and implemented. Some of the most
influential are the UNDP (United Nation for Development Program) and the World Bank in
1996. Good governance is understood as effective government performance. This refers to
previous experiences where there were many shortcomings that became known as bad
government. Good governance has an emphasis on the role of government, the private sector
and society. The government has the role of creating a conducive situation and legal
umbrella, while the private sector has the role of creating a good governance system. Good
governance plays a role in creating opportunities for employment as a source of income, so
that the mobility of individuals or groups of people to participate in economic, social and
political activities can be facilitated. The principles of good governance, which can measure
government performance include: Participation, Law enforcement, Transparency,
Responsiveness, Consensus orientation, Fairness, Effectiveness and efficiency,
Responsibility, Strategic vision. (UNDP in Maksudi, 2017: 337).
However, like its predecessors, it turns out that the concept of Good Governance This
was "challenged" by another concept or idea. The idea is Sound Governance. This concept is
considered a refinement of Good Governance. Therefore, it is very important to understand
what Sound Governance is, and what are the important things in it. That is what will be
discussed in the following chapters of this paper.
Discussion
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
Sound Government as a Refinement
Sound Government first emerged through the thoughts of Ali Faramzad, a Professor of
Public Administration at Florida Atlantic University in his writings to date.
Sound Government in this case can be interpreted as a healthy, decent, appropriate or
ideal government. This concept emerged as a refinement of Good Governance because of the
following aspects:
It is more comprehensive, contains normative and rational features of good governance,
has superior governance quality characteristics, is compatible with Constitutional values and
responsive to international norms, rules and regimes, have effective and efficient
administrative systems.
Furthermore, Farazmand in Maksudi (2107: 351) discusses the dimensions of Sound
Government:
The process dimension, which governs all the interactions of the elements
involved.
Structure is a body of constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations,
procedures, decision-making frameworks and authoritative sources that can
sanction governance processes.
Cognition and values that represent a unique value system in the governance
structure or process.
The Constitution government as a foundational document that serves as a
blueprint for governance.
Clear organization and institutions.
Management and performance are integral parts of the whole.
Policies that provide clear guidance, direction and control for process,
structure and management elements or dimensions.
Sectors that focus on more specific things.
International forces or globalization.
Ethics, accountability and transparency.
In the concept of Sound Governance the system of governance described is not only
democratically clear, and economically/financially "flawless", political, democratic,
constitutional, organizational, administrative, managerial, and ethical, but also clearly
international/global in its interaction with other nation-states and with its part of government
in an independent and self-sustaining manner.
One of the things that Ali Farazmand criticizes the principle of good governance is that
the concept of good governance only focuses on three components, namely state, private, and
civil society. In this case Ali Farazmand understands that these three components ignore
another aspect that is a major force, namely international actors. International actors are one
of the components that influence the progress of developing countries. The fact is that for
almost a century globalization or internationalization has proven to dominate politics,
economics, and even culture in developing countries.
Therefore, in addition to the "golden triangle" (government, people, private sector) that
has been promoted from the pre-existing concept of good governance. The international
element is an unavoidable impact of the globalization era. Any country will inevitably have
to respond to this. Recognition of international elements followed by various rational and
technical considerations, in Ali Farazmand's view, can reduce inequality between developed
and developing countries, as a negative impact of the application of good governance. But on
the other hand, this international element must also consider local values to realize balance in
the institutional order.
Sound governance is very important because it relates to various global systems to
ensure that collaboration can be carried out with various forms of global systems and
cooperation/partnership between countries, with an emphasis on the equal rights of every
country, both developed and developing countries, so as to prevent exploitation and economic
capitalization.
International Cooperation
If you look closely, there is one thing that is very prominent in Sound Governance.
This is international cooperation/partnership.
Holsti (1988: 652) defines international cooperation as follows:
The view that two or more interests, values, or goals converge and can lead
to something, promoted or fulfilled by all parties at once.
The view or expectation of a country that the policies decided by another
country will help it to achieve its interests and values.
A specific agreement or issue between two or more countries to take
advantage of common interests or conflicts of interest.
Official or unofficial rules regarding future transactions undertaken to
implement an agreement.
Transactions between countries to fulfill their agreements.
It can be understood that International Cooperation is the establishment of relationships
between one institution and another (in a cross-country scope) through an agreement to
achieve a goal. International cooperation takes many forms, from economic cooperation,
trade and others.
International cooperation is not the same as international trade. Because international
cooperation has a broader scope than international trade. International cooperation is the
relationship between one country and another country in (although this can include
cooperation in the economic field) through certain agreements, holding the principles of
justice and mutual benefit.
From the explanations above, it can be understood that International Cooperation has
several objectives including:
Fill in the gaps in the economy for each of the cooperating parties.
Improve the economy of the cooperating parties in various fields.
Improve human living standards, welfare, and world prosperity.
Expand relationships and strengthen friendships.
Increase Foreign exchange, especially for the country.
It can be understood that in principle there are several factors that are the fundamental
reasons for international cooperation. Among them:
Differences in natural resources that are owned by every countries vary both in terms
of type and number. There are countries that have abundant natural resources, but
there are also countries that have few natural resources. For example, United States is
rich in natural resources in the form of raw materials, but Saudi Arabia produces little
raw material for industry, even though their need for raw materials is very large. Thus
countries that produce little raw material will cooperate with countries that are rich in
industrial raw materials, with the aim that raw material needs can be met.
Differences in climate and soil fertility between one country and another will cause
differences in crop types. For example, United States and several other countries with
tropical climates, high rainfall, and fertile land will produce rice, coffee, tea, rubber,
and so on. While countries such as those in Europe with temperate climates are not
suitable for these types of plants, so they must obtain them from tropical countries.
Differences in science and technology The ability and mastery of science and
technology and skills between one country and another is not the same. Developed
countries such as The United States, Japan, Western Europe and Germany are better
at mastering science and technology than developing countries in Africa and parts of
Asia. Due to these differences, developing countries can cooperate with developed
countries. Thus developing countries can Improve science and technology.
Ideological differences between one region of the country and another can trigger
conflicts between countries and even become international conflicts. To relieve
conflict or tension, cooperation is needed, so as not to enlarge existing conflicts. For
example, a country like Hong Kong, which broke away from the communist PRC,
requires cooperation in the political field with a country with a liberal ideology such
as the United States. This needs to be done so that the problems that arise can be
resolved in the future at negotiation table.
There are several forms of International Cooperation, including:
Bilateral cooperation
It is cooperation between two countries. For example, the economic cooperation that
exists between United States and Singapore or America with Saudi Arabia. Bilateral
cooperation aims to foster existing relationships and establish trade cooperation
relationships with partner countries.
Regional cooperation
It is cooperation between countries in the same region or area. The goal is to create
free trade between countries in a particular region.
Multilateral cooperation
This is cooperation between several countries, in which those who are members of the
cooperation help each other in econogical field, for example ASEAN.
Interregional cooperation
Is Cooperation that is carried out between one region and another. Aim to ensure the
interests of economic interests between two regions, for example Asean and the EEC.
G to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation which is carried out between a country and a NGO (Non Governmental
Organization) for an interests.
NGO to NGO Cooperation
Is cooperation by an international NGO (Non Governmental Organization) with other
NGOs in the country that have the same focus. For example WALHI's cooperation
with Green Peace regarding the handling of the impact of illegal logging in United
States.
The Role of International Cooperation/Partnership in Sound Governance
In principle, international cooperation is expected to facilitate the resolution of various
problems in a country or organization. Sound Governance is an innovation or rather a
refinement of good governance which only tends to pay attention to problems in developing
countries as domestic problems. Sound Governance offers a restructuring strategy in the
aspect of international relations that is carried out in conjunction with internal improvements.
This is the most appropriate agenda for improving governance systems in developing
countries that are very heterogeneous and varied.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (2005: 63) explain that relations between Western
countries are characterized by Complex Interdependence. When there is a high degree of
interdependence, states will form international institutions to deal with common problems.
Institutions promote cooperation across international borders by providing information and
reducing costs. Institutions can be formal international organizations or they can be a series
of less formal agreements that deal with common activities or issues.
In particular, Sound Governance pays more focused attention to the key actors who
must Sound governance has a broader view that does not only look at the process of
interaction between domestic actors, namely government, markets and civil society, but also
the role of international political economy actors. International actors here are very broad in
scope, including: foreign policies of developed countries, multi-lateral organizations, global
corporations, etc. Global multinational corporation/transnational corporation (MNC/TNC),
international donor and financial institutions, and large NGOs. United States itself is the
"location" where there is a lot of evidence and scientific findings about the enormous
influence of these actors in domestic social, political and economic dynamics.
International cooperation will familiarize a country to always adjust to the international
legal umbrella. This understanding is very important to create a public administration
organization that is 'sensitive to globalization'. Because in principle, the legal umbrella in the
national scope and below must adjust to the International, do not overlap or even contradict.
For example, the legal umbrella related to labor in United States tends to be at odds with the
ILO version. Governance should be in line with global developments, which of course are
regulated under the umbrella of international law.
International cooperation, especially those carried out within the framework of Sound
Governance, will further contribute to peace and prosperity world security, as it prioritizes
diplomacy that aims for all countries around the world to be at peace, and anticipates future
wars that will severely impact humanity.
In the current pandemic conditions, of course, international cooperation is needed to be
understood and implemented. Partnerships / cooperation related to global health certainly aim
to take solutive steps in alleviating the pandemic starting from the local, regional, national
and international levels. cooperation in this field is very important to share important
information and experiences related to the Covid Pandemic which can then be implemented
to overcome the pandemic in their respective regions.
Conclusions
Globalization affects many things including scientific development and governance,
especially public administration. This opens up opportunities for the creation of innovative
thoughts and paradigms as a refinement for old or obsolete ones, which are considered to still
have shortcomings. so also happens in the realm of Public Administration. Scientific
developments in the form of research, studies and innovations, especially those related to
globalization or internationalization, can certainly increase effectiveness in state
administration. For this reason, Sound Governance emerged as a refinement.
The most prominent factor in Sound Governance is the involvement of
international/global actors, or how the international actors are involved. In this case, Sound
Governance emphasizes that increasing government activity through international activities is
important. International such as interaction/communication, agreements, and specifically in
the form of cooperation.
Academics, practitioners, especially officials with an interest in governance and
administration should understand the importance of addressing Sound Governance, especially
in this international aspect. At this time all elements of the state are increasingly required to
work together in sharing information to be able to implement the necessary policies in their
respective domestic affairs without mutual intervention.
In principle, cooperation between countries is a means to accelerate development which
is one of the priorities in governance and public administration in each and across regions or
countries. within the framework of sound governance, international cooperation is an
opportunity to transfer and share knowledge and experience to improve various existing
resources and capacities, especially human resources.
In addition, international cooperation is very important to understand and implement in
the era of globalization to combat acute bureaucratic diseases such as corruption, rent
seeking, which has now become a common problem for all countries in the world.
Exchanging information, experiences, and benchmarking in the eradication of these diseases
is certainly very beneficial for the stability of the world in general.
