ISLAM IN INDONESIA

ISLAM IN INDONESIA

The arrival of Islam and its spread to the nobility and the people were generally carried

out peacefully. According to Uka Tjandrasasmita, there are six channels of Islamization that have

developed, namely: 1. Trade Channels At the estuary level, the channel of Islamization is trade.

Traders who became the carriers and spreaders of Islam to Indonesia, traded while preaching. It

is also possible that in their trade, they were accompanied by several missionaries whose work

was more specialized in teaching religion. Salauran through this trade was very profitable

because kings and nobles participated in trading activities, even they became owners of ships

and shares. [6] Quoting Tome Pires' opinion regarding the Islamization channel through this

mainly because of the factor of economic relations with Muslim traders. In subsequent

developments, they then took over trade and power in their residences. 2. Marriage Channels

From an economic point of view, Muslim merch

ants had a better social status than most natives, so the natives, especially the nobles'

daughters, were interested in becoming the wives of the merchants. Before marrying, they are

Islamized first. After they have offspring, their environment is wider. Finally, there were villages –

villages, districts and kingdoms – Muslim kingdoms. In the next development, there were also

Muslim women who were married by the descendants of nobles. This marriage route is more

advantageous if it occurs between Muslim merchants and the children of nobles or the children

of kings and dukes, because the king, duke or nobles then help accelerate the process of

condition of Indonesia when Islam came to the factors of Animism, Dynamism, Hinduism and

Buddhism was also very dominant believed by th

e community. In the understanding of beliefs and religions, mystical nuances are very

strongly attached to the believers of these beliefs. Therefore, it became easier for the Indonesian

people to accept, the entry of Islam with the color of Sufism which further suppressed the

mystical beliefs that at that time became a "trend" in Indonesian society. [8] Sufism teachers, or

Sufis, teach theosophy mixed with teachings that are widely known to the Indonesian people.

They are proficient in magical matters and have healing powers. Among them there are also those

who marry noble princesses. With Sufism, the form of Islam taught to the indigenous population

has similarities with the state of mind of those who previously adhered to Hinduism, so that the

they leave the pesantren, they return to their respective villages or preach to certain places to

teach Islam. For example, the pesantren founded by Raden Rahmad in Ampel Denta Surabaya,

and Sunan Giri in Giri. Many of the Giri Islamic boarding schools were invited to Maluku to teach

Islam. 5. Arts Channel The most famous channel of Islamization through art is puppet shows. It

is said that Sunan Kalijaga is the most proficient figure in performing puppets. He never asked for

a performance wage, but he asked the audience to follow him in saying the shahada sentence.

Most of the puppet stories are still taken from the stories of mahabarata and the Ramayana, but

in the stories are inserted the teachings and names of Islamic heroes. Other arts are also used

as Islamization media, such as literature (stories, babad, and so on), architectural arts, and

carving. 6. Political Channels In Maluku and South Sulawesi, most people converted to Islam

routes, which were brought by merchants, kings and sunans. Islamic Sultanates Outside

Indonesia Islamic Kingdoms in Indonesia The Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms are receding, Islamic

kingdoms are beginning to stand in our homeland. Islam began to enter Indonesia in the 13th

century AD. Islamic religion and culture entered Indonesia through traders from Arabia, Persia,

and Gujarat (India), and China. Islam is developing rapidly in the country. This can be seen by the

establishment of Islamic kingdoms. Here are some examples of Islamic kingdoms that have been

established in Indonesia. The following is a summary of the Islamic Kingdoms that once existed

in Indonesia. • Perlak Kingdom. 326 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA The first Islamic Kingdom to be

established in Sumatra and the homeland was the Kingdom of Perlak (Peureula). The Perlak

Kingdom was established in the middle of the

founder and first king of this kingdom was Malik al-Saleh, as a result of the process of Islamization

of the coastal areas that Muslim traders had visited since the 7th, 8th centuries AD, and so on.

The area where it is estimated that many people have embraced Islam is Perlak, as we know the

news from Marco Polo who stopped by the area in 1292. Evidence of the establishment of the

Samudra Pasai kingdom in the 13th century AD is supported by the existence of a tombstone

made of granite from Samudra Pasai. From the tombstone, it can be known that the first king died

in the month of Ramadan in 696 AH, which is estimated to coincide with 1297 AD.[3] The

tombstone was found in Gampong 328 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA Samudera of the former

Samudera kingdom of Pasai. The existence of this kingdom is evidenced by historical sources in

the form of the discovery of a tombstone inscribed with the number 1297 who was also the first

three years, then in 1524 AD it was annexed by the king of Aceh, Ali Mughayatsyah. Furthermore,

the Samudera Pasai kingdom was under the influence of the Aceh sultanate centered in Bandar

Aceh Darussalam. The Kingdom of Aceh is located in an area known as Aceh Besar Regency. It is

also located here that the capital is located. And it is not known for sure when this kingdom was

established. Anas Machmud argues that the Aceh kingdom was established in the 15th century

AD, on the ruins of the Lamuri kingdom, by Mujaffar Shah (1465-1497 AD). He was the one who

built the city of Aceh Darussalm. The peak of the glory of the Aceh Kingdom occurred during the

reign of Sultan Iskandar Muda. At that time, the territory of Aceh was very large. The Kingdom of

Aceh has also established relations with Islamic leaders in the Arab region so that it is known as

the Porch of Mecca. The peak of this relationship occurred during the Ottoman caliphate. •

the Demak kingdom, the first Islamic kingdom

Panatagama. Previously, Demak, which was still named Bintoro, was a Majapahit vassal area

given by the King of Majapahit to Radeen Patah. Thus the first Islamic kingdom on the island of

Java was established, namely the Demak Kingdom. This kingdom was founded by Raden Patah

in 1478. At that time, scholars played an important role in the government, for example with the

appointment of Sunan Kalijaga and Ki Wanalapa as a Textbook on the History of Islamic

Civilization- Introduction | 331 government advisers. The Demak Kingdom experienced a golden

age during the reign of Sultan Trenggono. In 1527 when the Portuguese fleet came to establish a

fort in Sunda Kelapa, the Demak Kingdom managed to repel it. During the period when power was

held by Jaka Tingkir, the center of government was moved from Demak to Pajang. • Kingdom of

Pajang. Pajang is the successor or heir to the Demak kingdom. The first sultan of this kingdom

was Jaka Tingkir who came from Pengging, on the slopes of Mount Merapi. By the third king of

Demak, Sultan Trenggono, Jaka Tingkir was appointed as the ruler of Pajang, after being married

to his daughter. After King Demak passed away, Jaka Tingkir ordered that all heirlooms 332 |Dr.

H. Anwar Sewang, MA Demak be moved to Pajang. After becoming the most influential king on

the island of Java, he was titled Sultan Adiwijaya. Sultan Adiwijaya inaugurated the great city of

Yogyakarta and appointed Ki Ageng Pemanahan as the duke there. When Ki Ageng Pemanahan

died, the duke position was replaced by his son,

Sutawijaya. Meanwhile, the Duke of Demak was handed over to Prince Aria Pangiri.

Sutawijaya, who became a duke in Mataram (Yogyakarta), wanted to become king and rule over

the entire island of Java. As king, Jaka Tingkir received the title Sultan Adiwijaya. After Sultan

Adiwijaya died, the government was continued by Arya Pangiri. Furthermore, it was led by Prince

Benowo. • Islamic Mataram Kingdom. Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization-

Introduction | 333 The Kingdom of Mataram was founded by Sutawijaya who had the title

Panembahan Senopati Ing Alaga Sayidin Panatagama. After ascending the royal throne in 1586,

Sutawijaya was titled Panembahan Senapati Ing Alaga Sayidin Panatagama. The Kingdom of

Mataram reached its heyday during the reign of Sultan Agung Hanyakrakusuma who was titled

Prince Benowo as the duke of Pajang. • Cirebon Kingdom. 334 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA The

Sultanate of Cirebon was the first Islamic kingdom in the West Java region. This kingdom was

founded by Sunan Gunung Jati. He is estimated to have been born in 1448 AD and died in 1568

AD, at the age of 120. His position as Wali Songo earned respect from kings in Java, such as

Demak and Pajang. After Cirebon officially established an Islamic Kingdom that was independent

from the rule of the Pajajaran Kingdom, Sunan Gunung Jati tried to collapse the Pajajaran

Kingdom which had not yet adhered to the teachings of Islam. From Cirebon, Sunan Gunung Jati,

developed Islamic teachings to other regions such as Majalengka, Kuningan, Galuh, Sunda

Kelapa and Banten. In 1525 AD, he returned to Cirebon and handed over Bnten to his son Sultan

Hasanuddin. This sultan was the one who overthrew the kings of Banten. Textbook on the History

Panembahan Sepuh and Kartawijaya or Panembahan Anom. Penembahan Sepuh led the

Kasepuhan Sultanate with the title Syamsuddin, while Panembahan Anom led the Kanoman

Sultanate with the title Badruddin. • The Kingdom of Banten. Sunda Kelapa is a port that is located

. Anwar Sewang, MA After Fatahillah, who was also Sunan Gunung Jati's son-in-law,

succeeded in conquering the Portuguese in Sunda Kelapa, Banten was developed as a trading

center as well as a place for religious broadcasting. After Sunan Gunung Jati conquered Banten

in 1525 AD, he handed over power to his son Sultan Hasanuddin. Sultan Hasanuddin then

married Putri Demak and was inaugurated as Panembahan Bnten in 1552 AD. He continued his

father's efforts in expanding Islamic areas, namely Kelampung and South Sumatra. In 1527 AD,

he succeeded in conquering Sunda Kelapa. Banten also succeeded in independence and broke

away from the Demak Kingdom. The Kingdom of Banten experienced very important progress

during the reign of Ki Ageng Tirtayasa. • The Kingdom of Banjar. In the 16th century, in the interior

of Borneo there was the Kingdom of Nagaradaha (Kingdom of Daha). Banjarmasin Islamic

Civilization History Textbook- Introduction | 337 is one of the kingdom's domains. The Kingdom

of Banjar is a continuation of the Hindu Kingdom of Daha led by King Sukarama. Adipai

Banjarmasi named Raden Samudera succeeded in conquering the kingdom of Nagaradaha with

the help of the Kingdom of Demak. Finally, the Kingdom of Banjar was established with Raden

he most famous scholar in the kingdom was Syeh Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari. • The

Kingdom of Kutai in East Kalimantan. 338 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA According to the Kutai

treatise, two Islamic preachers arrived in Kutai during the reign of the Crown King, namely Tuan

di Bandang, known as Dato' Ri Bandang from Makassar and the other was Tuan Tunggang

Parangan. After the Islamization, Dato' Ri Bandang returned to Makassar, while Tuan Tunggang

occurred in 1575. Further dissemination of inland areas was carried out, especially during the

time of his son Aji in Langgar, and his successor continued the war to the Muara Kaman area. •

Kingdom of Sukadana. In 1550 Islam was introduced to the Kingdom of Sukadana in the western

region of the island of Kalimantan. Although the king who ruled at that time did not have time to

embrace Islam, the successor of the kingdom subsequently embraced Islam. In fact, in the year

of the History of Islamic Civilization Textbook- Introduction | 339 1600 Islam became a very

popular religion along the island's coast. • Kingdom of Ternate. The Kingdom of Ternate was

established in the 13th century in North Maluku, with its capital in Sampalu. His king was named

Sultan Zaenal Abidin, he studied Islam in Gegesik. The Kingdom of Ternate is a large producer of

spices in the archipelago. In the 15th century, the Ternate kingdom became the most important

chieved its glory during the reign of Sultan Baabullah. At that time, the territory of Ternate

Maluku in 1795. • The Kingdom of Tidore. Like the Kingdom of Ternate, the Kingdom of Tidore is

also a large producer of cloves. Thanks to the results of the cloves, the kingdom of Tidore became

an advanced kingdom. The famous king of the Tidore Kingdom was Sultan Nuku. At that time, the

power of Tidore included Halmahera, Seram, Kai, and Irian Jaya. Initially, the kingdom of Ternate

and the Kingdom of Tidore lived peacefully side by side. However, since the arrival of the

Portuguese, these two kingdoms were fought[25], after knowing that the Portuguese wanted to

control Maluku, finally these two kingdoms united and expelled the Portuguese from Maluku.

Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- I

ntroduction | 341 • Sulawesi (Gowa-Tallo, Bone, Wajo, Soppeng and Luwu). The Kingdom

of Gowa-Tallo, a twin kingdom that borders each other, is usually called the kingdom of

the Kingdom of Gowa (Makassar), he is titled Sultan Abdullah. Meanwhile, the ruler of Gowa,

Daeng Manrabia as the king of Gowa, was titled Sultan Alaudin (1605-1639). They are both active

in spreading Islam. The two of them are trying to expand their territory. At first they invited Raja

Bone, Sopeng and Wajo to embrace Islam. Because he was rejected, he fought the three

kingdoms and finally converted to Islam. Sultan Alauudin, strongly opposed the Dutch actions

openly. He died in 1639, and was succeeded by his son Sultan Muhammad Said. He sent a naval

fleet to Maluku to fight the Dutch. He died in 1

653. Makassar's resistance to the Dutch peaked during the reign of Sultan Hasanuddin

(1653-1669). Hasanuddin was the most courageous King of Makassar against the Dutch, so he

got the nickname "Rooster from the East". He often carried out attacks on Dutch ships, which

was very detrimental to the VOC (Dutch). Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization-

Introduction | 343 CHAPTER XIII Western Imperialism on the Islamic World (1492-Present) The

progress that has been achieved by Western nations has a close relationship with the

in Europe and the progress achieved by the Islamic world in Baghdad. The West owes a lot of

gratitude to Muslim scientists who have succeeded in developing knowledge and technology.

History is a portrait of the face of Muslims. In learning the positive part, we can imitate and take

examples of these good things such as developing knowledge, thinking forward and the spirit of

never giving up. Meanwhile, in negative terms, we can know and find a solution to a problem so

that we do not fall into the same mistakes in the past. In relation to Western Imperialism to the

Islamic World, several important points are explained that will clarify our knowledge, ranging

from the progress of the Western world, the rise of Europe, Western imperialism in the Islamic

world, to the decline of the Ottoman empire and th

e expansion of the West into Islamic countries 344 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA The

by Western nations in this period actually has a close correlation with the development of

in the form of political, social, and economic relations and civilization between nations. The West

witnessed the reality that when Andalusia was under the rule of the Muslims, it had left its

European neighbors too far, especially in the field of thought and science in addition to the

development and progress of physical buildings. In this case, the thought of Ibn Rushd or Averros

(1120-1198 AD) was very influential in the European world. This thinking succeeded in releasing

the shackles of taklid thinking, and criticized all irrational forms. Among the science and

technology in Islam that are widely studied by

on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 345 In addition to these sciences, there are

other sciences that have greatly influenced the development and progress of Western society,

place. Therefore, many European nations com

politically under the penetration of colonialism. It was only in the middle of the 20th century AD

that the Islamic world rose up to release its country from Western imperialism. In the 20th

century AD this was the period of Islamic revival, after 346 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA experienced

a decline in the middle period. This period began to emerge the idea of modernization in Islam.

The modernization movement at least arose because of the following two things. First, there is

an awareness among scholars that many "foreign" teachings are entered and accepted as

Islamic teachings. The teachings are contrary to the true spirit of Islamic teachings, such as

bid'ah, superstition, and superstition. These teachings, according to them, are what bring Islam

movement is known as the reform movement. Second, in this period the West dominated the

world in the field of politics and civilization, contact with the West made Islamic figures realize

that they were lagging behind. Therefore, they try to rise by imitating the West in political and

civilizational problems to create a balance of power. While the three great Islamic empires were

in decline in the 18th century AD, Western Europe was progressing rapidly. The Safavid Empire

was destroyed in the early 18th century AD, and the Mughal (Mongol) Empire was destroyed in

the early second half of the 19th century AD at the hands of the British who later took over control

of the Indian subcontinent. The last Islamic power that is still respected by opponents is the

Ottoman kingdom in Turkey.However, the latter continues to suffer setbacks for the sake of the

Textbook of the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 347 setbacks, so that the Ottoman

to break through a path that had previously only been seen as a wall that restricted their

movements. L. Stoddard in The New World of Islam describes the situation of the revival of

Europe in the words "in an instant the sea wall was transformed into a highway, and the cornered

Europe became the king of the sea and the world" there was a great turn of fate in the history of

all Muslims. In the field of economy, the nations of Europe are getting more and more advanced,

because new areas are open to them, they can obtain infinite wealth for the welfare of their

country. [2] Supported by the growth of large-scale factory production, and the great changes

and with the 348 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, M.A. method of communication marked by the invention

of steamships, railways, and telegraphs, Europe was poised to carry out the expansion of trade.

All of this was accompanied by an increase in the strength of the armed forces of major European

countries. [3] The first Islamic countries to fall under European rule were countries far from the

center of power of the Ottoman Empire (Islam in Southeast Asia and the Indian Subcontinent)

because although this kingdom declined, it was still respected and seen as strong enough to deal

with the European military power at that time. [4] Western imperialism in the Islamic world The

weakness and decline of the Islamic world are used by Western nations to rise and move towards

Islamic countries and control and colonize them. Their motivation for coming to Islamic

countries is economic, political, and religious m

otivation. This can be seen from the ways in which they came for the first time to Islamic

countries. They came under the pretext of trading or looking for spices in the East. At the same

time, the Islamic world is continuing to suffer from setbacks and weaknesses in various fields,

so that Islamic countries are unable to compete with Western nations supported by military

political power Textbook of the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 349 formidable. That

was when the Islamic world was under the control of Western imperialism. After Western nations

mastered the economy and politics of Islamic countries, there were Western countries that

colonized the Islamic world that spread Christianity through missionaries or zending. The

colonization of the western nations spearheaded by the Spanish and Portuguese had almost the

but also religious motivation. One after another, Islamic countries finally fell into the grip of

Western colonialism. Only a few countries were not colonized by Western nations such as the

Ottoman Turkish Empire, and the Arabs. In addition, the arrival of Western nations to Islamic

countries or regions, especially countries that are fertile and rich in spices such as Indonesia and

Malacca and the Indies, is not solely to seek profit and extract wealth from the results of 350 |Dr.

H. Anwar Sewang, MA of the earth but also aims to control the entire existing system, both

economic, political, cultural, educational, religious, and other systems. carried out a monopoly

on trade, namely by seizing the large port city which was previously a trading area for Muslims

from Arabia, Persia, India, and China. In the field of society, the colonizers deliberately created a

gap between the nobility and the small people. In addition, the colonizers often insulted Muslims.

colonized. In these ways the colonizers damaged Islamic civilization, and thus they hoped to

easily take control of the Islamic State and society under their rule. In the early 17th century,

India, which at that time was under the rule of the Isl

amic Mongols, was in a position of progress and prosperity. Such a situation invites

Europeans who are experiencing the History of Islamic Civilization Textbook- Introduction | 351

trading progress there. In the early 17th century AD, the British and Dutch began to set foot in

India. In 1661 AD, the English received a license to invest capital, and in 1617 AD the Netherlands

obtained the same permission. In the Southeast Asian region, several areas of Islamic countries

have just begun to develop, which were famous spice areas at that time. Countries in Southeast

Asia are competing for European countries. Southeast Asia, as well as in India, the political

power of these European countries continued until the mid-20th century, when the colonies

freed themselves from the domination of foreign powers. The Southeast Asian region, which is

also an Islamic country, is no exception to fall under the rule of the European nations that for

some time colonized it[5] The decline of the Ottom

military fields, such changes not only change the format of life of the Islamic community but also

the entire human race. [6] 352 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA However, the great defeat of the

Ottoman empire in the face of the European invasion of Vienna in 1683 AD opened the eyes of

the West that the Ottoman empire had retreated a long way. Since then, the Ottoman Empire has

repeatedly come under attack from the west. It was only preserved from collapse due to malice

among the western kingdoms fighting over the spoils of war that came from Turkey. From the

Battle of Vienna, the Ottoman Empire became aware of its decline and western advances.

Renewal efforts began to be carried out by sending ambassadors to the countries of Erops,

especially France, to study the atmosphere of progress there closely. [7] Celebi Mehmed was

sent to Paris in 1720 AD and instructed to visit factories, fortifications and other institutions. He

assisted by Macathy from Ireland, Ramsay from the Textbook on the History of Islamic

Civilization- Introduction | 353 Scotland and Mornay of France. In 1734 AD for the first time the

Military Technical School was opened. [8] This reform effort was not limited to the military field

alone, in other fields such as the opening of a printing house in Istanbul in 1727 AD, for the sake

of scientific advancement. Likewise, the movement of translating European books into Turkish.

Reform in Turkey is carried out in various fields to achieve progress in the country. Nevertheless,

these reform efforts not only held back the decline of the Ottoman Turkish Empire, but also did

not bring the expected results. The cause of the failure was mainly the weakness of the Ottoman

kings because their authority had greatly decreased. In addition, the State's finances continue to

deteriorate so that they are unable to support the renewal effort. The most important fact that

The structure of the kingdom's power was overha

into Turkish, talented students were sent to Europe to study and most importantly, military-

related schools were established. This military field is the main and first to receive attention.

However, despite the great progress, the results of the reform movement still did not succeed in

stopping the West's advance into the Islamic world in the 19th century AD. During the 18th

century AD the West attacked the end of the Islamic battlefield in Eastern Europe, the territory of

Ottoman Turkey. The end of these wars was the signing of the Treaty of San Stefano (March, 1878

AD) and the Treaty of Berlin (June-July, 1878 AD) between the Ottoman empire and Russia. Thus

most of the Muslim-majority population in the Middle East in the following century began to be

occupied by European nations. When World War I broke out, Turkey joined Germany which later

suffered defeat. As a result, the power of Ottoman Turkey collapsed. The party of unity and

progress rebelled against the Sultan and was able to abolish the Ottoman caliphate, the progress

of forming modern Turkey in 1924 A.D. Thus, the political unity in the Ottoman Turkish Empire

since the turbulent reform movement was not stylish, especially because the Sultans were

unable to accommodate the Textbook of the

country, ending in defeat on the Turkish side. The penetration of the West into the center of the

Islamic world in the Middle East was first carried out by two prominent European nations, Britain

and France, which were indeed competing. Britain was the first to plant its influence in India.

France felt the need to cut off communication between Britain in the west and India in the east.

Therefore, the gateway to India, Egypt, must be under its rule. For this purpose, Egypt could be

conquered by France in 1798 AD. Another reason France conquered Egypt was to market its

industrial products. Egypt, besides being easy to reach, can also be a center of activity for

distributing goods to Turkey, Syria, the Hijaz, as well as to the Far East. Behind that, Napoleon

Bonaparte himself, as the commander of the French expedition, had a desire to follow in the

footsteps of Alexander the Great Macedonia, who in the past had ruled Europe and Asia to India.