AGHLABIYAH DYNASTY

AGHLABIYAH DYNASTY

The Aghlabiyah Dynasty was one of the Islamic Dynasties in North Africa that ruled for

approximately l00 years (800-909 AD). Its territory includes Ifriqiyah, Algeria and Sicily. This

dynasty was founded by Aghlabiyah was indeed a small dynasty during the Abbasid period,

whose rulers came from the family of the Banu al-Aghlab, so the dynasty was called Aghlabiyah.

The beginning of the formation of the Dynasty was when Baghdad was under the rule of Harun ar-

Rashid. In the western part of North Africa, there are two major dangers that threaten its

authority. The first was from the Idris Dynasty which was Shi'a and the second was from the

Khawarij faction. With these two threats, Harun ar-Rashid was encouraged to place his army in

The founder of this dynasty was Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab in 800 A.D. In that year Ibrahim was

given the province of Ifriqiyah (Modern Tunisia) by Aaron al-Rashid in exchange for an annual tax

of 40,000 dinars and encompassing large autonomous rights.2 Conquering new territories

required a long process and a great struggle, but unlike Ifriqiyyah which was a gift. The Aglabiyah

Dynasty ruled for approximately a century, starting from 800-909 AD. The name of the Aglabiyah

Dynasty was taken from the name of Amir's father, Ibrahim bin al-Aglab. He was a Khurasan

official in the Abbasid military. In 800 A.D. Ibrahim I was appointed Governor (Amir) in Tunisia by

Caliph Harun ar-Rashid. Because he was very good at maintaining relations with the Abbasid

Caliph such as paying large annual taxes, Ibrahim I was given power by the Caliph, including great

autonomy rights such as political wisdom, including determining his successor without

commander consisting of 900 cavalry and 10,000 foot troops. This is the largest sea expedition.

This was also the final battle that the commander Asad bin Furad led because of this, he died in

battle. In addition to expanding the territory of conquest of Sicily, it also aims to wage jihad

against the infidels. The region became an important center for the spread of Islamic civilization

to Christian Europe.

The success of the control of the entire island of Sicily is what makes the Aglabiyah

superior in the Central Mediterranean. Aglabiyah then continued its attacks on other islands and

beaches in Europe, including the successful conquest of the Italian coastal cities of Brindisi

(836/221 AD), Naples (837 AD), Calabria (838 AD), Toronto (840 AD), Bari (840 AD), and

Benevento (840 AD). Unable to withstand the prolonged attacks of the Aghlabid forces on Italian

build Tunisia and Sicily. Ziyadatullah I built the Great Mosque of Qairuan, while Amir Ahmad built

the Great Mosque of Tunis and also built nearly 10,000 fortifications in North Africa. It is not

enough, roads, posts, transport fleets, irrigation for agriculture (especially in South Tunisia,

where the land is less fertile), as well as the development of architecture, science, art and

religious life. Apart from being the capital of the Akhlabyid Dynasty, Qoiruan was also an

important center for the emergence of the Maliki madhhab, a gathering place for prominent

scholars, such as Sahnun who died (854 AD) the author of Mudawwanat, the Maliki fiqh book,

Yusuf bin Yahya, who died (901 AD), Abu Zakariah al-Kinani, who died (902 AD), and Isa bin

Muslim, who died (908 AD). The works of the scholars during the Aghlabiyah Dynasty are well

preserved in the Great Mosque of Qairuan.

barbarians, was first able to defeat the Governors of Aghlabiyah in Ifriqia, Rustinia Khoriji in Tahar

and make Idrisiyah Fez his subordinate, when the first government was in al-Mahdiyah around

Qairawan then the Fatimids spread their wings to the surrounding areas and occupied Egypt

which then established a new city called Cairo (al-Qohirah "the victorious") on the initiative of

General Jauhar Atsaqoli.

However, since 1131 AD, it was a period of transition from "Caliph" to "Wali". This

happened when the Fatimid Dynasty was ruled by al-Hafizh (as wali not as Caliph). In 1094 AD,

after al-Muntasir died, there was a split in the Ismailiyah movement, namely the very extreme

Nizar group and the more moderate Musta'ali. He maintained the caliphate, but his spiritual base

was much weaker. The establishment of this dynasty began towards the X century, when the

claimed universal authority. They declared the existence of the concept of imamah, namely the

leaders of the descendants of Ali who required

for 3 centuries. This dynasty claimed to be descended from the Prophet Muhammad

through the Fatimah az-Zahro route. The Shi'ites argue that the deceased Ismail ibn Ja'far as-

Sadiq (765 A.D.), rather than his brother Moses, acted as the seventh Imam in place of their father

(Imam Ja'far). Based on Ismail's leadership, a religious political movement Ad da'wah Fatimiyah

was organized. This movement succeeded in realizing for the first time the formation of an

exclusive Shi'i government. While most Sunnis who say that the Fatimid Dynasty is descended

from Ubaidillah al-Mahdi, is called the Ubaidiyun Dynasty (Caliph I of the Fatimid Dynasty) and is

of Jewish origin. This Fatimid Shi'a movement proves to the world that the potential of messianic

Husayn, the son of Fatimah and Ali, when he gave birth to Dotham. So according to them, the

Abbasid Banu and the Fatimid Shi'a are brothers. The success of instilling the Ismaili doctrine, in

its development, was able to provide protection to their Imams in Salamiyah, Syria and has

facilitated the organization of Fatimid da'wah. Although Fatimid da'wah began early, it was only

during the time of Abu Ubaidillah Hussein, the fourth generation after Ismaili, that it began to

develop rapidly. The popular da'wah doctrine that was spread at that time was the right of the

son of Ubaidillah to the position of savior (al-Mahdi). This doctrine uses a network system of

agents (plural du'ah of da'i), so it is very effective and neatly organized. It was Ubaidil who led his

da'wah from Salamiyah and Syria to North Africa, where Shi'a propaganda had developed rapidly.

He led his da'wah by winning broad support from areas that were not paid attention to by the

Ubaidillah al-Mahdi's leadership. Furthermore, it was with this great support that the Ash-Shi'i

succeeded in occupying Roaqadah, the center of the government of the Ashlabyid Dynasty.

Finally al-Mahdi, who had just replaced his father, came to Tunis to be crowned Caliph (909 AD).

Because he did not control his territory, he relied a lot on da'i, such as ash-Shi'i. However,

because the latter apparently gave a lot of hope and concessions to the local population, it was

such as; Genoa, Sicily, Egypt. The success of the Fatimid government was marked by the

relocation of the center of government to Cairo. Almost all of Western North Africa was controlled

by the Fatimids, especially after conquering the Maghrib region led by Jawhar as-Siqilli (969 AD)

and conquering the last dynasty at Fusthath Ikhshidiyyah. There also began to build a new capital

in Egypt, namely al-Qohirah (970 AD) and al-Azhar Mosque as the center of education for the

da'is, and the Caliph al Muizz moved to the new capital in 973 AD. The Fatimid dynasty finally

developed in various aspects of life, because it was supported by extensive power and was able

to generate various kinds of actions that were scientific, commercial, and religious discourses,

even though the transfer of power to the Eastern region, gradually eliminated their power in the

West. Evidently, their representative in Tunis, the Banu Ziri (1041 AD) stated that they were not

occupy Upper Egypt (Nubia). Nuruddin's death in 1174 AD made Shalahuddin's position even

stronger, which eventually facilitated the conquest of Syria, including Damascus, Aleppo and

Mosul. Finally, in 1175 AD, he was recognized as the Sultan of Egypt, Yemen and Syria by the

Abbasid Caliphate. During Shalahuddin's reign, he built a formidable military and economy that

cooperated with Muslim rulers in other regions. He also built the city walls as a defensive fortress

and perfecting the tax system. On this basis, he launched an offensive movement to seize al-

Quds (Jerusalem) from the Crusaders led by Guy de Lusignan in Hittin, and captured Jerusalem

in 1187 AD. This did not change the position of Shalahuddin, until finally the English king Richard

made an armistice agreement that he used to control the city of Acre. Until his death (1193 AD),

Shalahuddin bequeathed a stable and solid government, to his descendants and his brothers

who ruled in various cities. The most prominent were al-Malik al-Adil (his brother), and his

nephew al-Kamil, who managed to unite the local Ayyubid rulers by centralizing their rule in

Egypt. However, during the reign of al-Kamil, the Ayubiyah Dynasty took place in Diyarbakr and

al-Jazirah, under pressure from the Seljuk Rum Dynasty and the Khiwarazim Shah Dynasty, then

al-Kamil returned Jerusalem to Emperor Frederick II which brought peace and great economic

Kamil died (1238 AD), the Ayubiyah Dynasty was torn apart by internal conflicts. In the reign of

Ash-Shalih the 6th Crusade was overcome, whose dreamer was the king of Prences of St. Louis

1174 he captured Damascus, then Alippo in 1185, and captured Mosul in 1186. After establishing

his power, Shalahuddin launched an offensive movement to take al-Quds (Jerusalem) from the

hands of the army without much difficulty. This meant that Jerusalem once again became Muslim

after eighty years, and the Franks were eliminated, albeit only temporarily. Massive efforts were

made by the Crusaders from England, France, and Germany between 1189-1192 AD, but failed

In general, it can be concluded that the Aghlabiyah Dynasty was a dynasty that ruled in

Ifriqiyyah from 800–909 AD and was founded by al-Aghlaby, the son of Ibrahim. During that reign

Islam flourished in Tunisia and Algeria with its center in Kairowan. The glory of Aghlabiyah

Mahdi in 909 AD with the journey of government through two phases, namely consolidation and

parliamentary. It was in this second phase that the Crusades occurred which lasted until the next

dynasty. The glory of this dynasty reached its peak during the time of Caliphs al-Muiz, al-Aziz, and

al-Hakim. At that time, an al-Azhar mosque was also built which is now a university, in addition

After Caliph al-Aziz came to power, the prestige of the Fathimiyah Dynasty began to

decline, thus ending the history of this dynasty in 1171 AD during the time of Caliph Al-'Adhid. His

power has been successfully overthrown by the Ayyubid Dynasty that ruled next. The Ayyubid

dynasty finally succeeded in seizing Egypt from the hands of the Fathimiyyahs. This dynasty was

that are generally found in various schools of Sunni law. His glorious success was to be able to

suppress the struggle after Shalahuddin The struggle of Shalahuddin in realizing his main

objectives, namely to remove the Crusaders from Bail and restore to the unity of the Muslims,

has exhausted his strength and disturbed his health. He died and was buried in Damascus in

1193 AD, after 25 years of reign. Before he died, he distributed the Ayyubid empire to family

members. Therefore control from the center remained under the rule of Al-'Adl and Al-Kamil, until

Al-Kamil died. Under these two Sultans, the wisdom of the activist Shalahuddin gave place as a

detente and peaceful relationship with the Franks. After the death of Shalahuddin, the Ayyubids

continued Egyptian rule and Syrian rule (until 1260 AD). The Ayyubid family divided its empire into

a number of smaller kingdoms: Egypt, Damascus, Alleppo, and the kingdom of Mosul according