Types of Abuse
Infants and toddlers are particularly vulnerable to physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect.
Physical abuse in this age group entails shaking (Shaken Baby Syndrome), hitting or burning
(Fredrickson, 2019). Any behaviour that impacts a child and their self-esteem or emotional state
is considered to be physical abuse. Abandonment involves a lack of appropriate food, shelter,
medical attention or supervision.
Warning Signs and Assessment Findings
The warning signs of physical abuse in toddlers are bruises, burns or fractures that are
unexplained or in odd places or patterns. Some of the behavioural changes could be fearfulness,
aggression or avoiding contact with the caregivers (Sweatman et al., 2024). Some of the
symptoms of emotional abuse include frequent crying, lack of affection for parents, or
developmental milestones. Signs of neglect can be non-compliance with personal cleanliness,
lack of adequate nutrition, or untreated diseases.
Cultural Variations
Some cultural practices may be interpreted as abuse. For example, coining or cupping, folk
therapies in some Asian communities, cause marks on the skin that resemble bruises (Viero et
al., 2019). Lack of appreciation of these practices results in unjustified abuse charges. When
evaluating the risk of abuse, it is essential for healthcare professionals to take cultural factors into
consideration.
Reporting Mechanism and Nurse Responsibilities
In most states, including California, nurses are mandated reporters and must report suspected
child abuse to Child Protective Services (CPS) immediately. Consequences of not reporting
include legal ramifications. Nurses should record their observations carefully and report abuse in
accordance with their organization's requirements.
Factors Increasing Vulnerability
Parental stress and substance abuse are two risk factors that contribute to the vulnerability of
toddlers to abuse. Chronic stress exacerbated by economic stringency results in frustrated parents
who may turn into abusers (Fredrickson, 2019). Alcohol use increases the likelihood of neglect
and physical abuse as the cognitive function of the caregiver is affected by substance use and
may accidentally harm the child.
