JMC 457
Lecture Notes 7
Arizona State University
Spring 2023
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Developing Story Ideas
As a journalist or a writer, developing story ideas is a critical aspect of your profession.
Identifying newsworthy topics and events, brainstorming story ideas and angles, and conducting
research and background interviews are essential steps in developing story ideas that capture the
attention of readers or viewers. In this lecture, we will explore each of these steps in more detail.
Identifying Newsworthy Topics and Events
To develop a good story idea, you need to start by identifying newsworthy topics and events.
Newsworthy topics are those that are relevant, timely, and have an impact on the audience. Some
of the newsworthy topics that you may consider include:
Breaking news stories: These are events that are happening right now and are likely to be
of interest to your audience.
Human interest stories: These are stories that focus on people and their experiences. They
are usually emotional and can capture the attention of your audience.
Trend stories: These are stories that focus on a particular trend or phenomenon that is
happening in society.
Investigative stories: These are stories that require extensive research and uncover new
information about a particular topic.
Feature stories: These are stories that focus on a particular subject or person and are
usually longer and more in-depth than other types of stories.
Brainstorming Story Ideas and Angles
Once you have identified newsworthy topics and events, the next step is to brainstorm story ideas
and angles. This involves coming up with different ways to tell the story to make it more
interesting and engaging for your audience. Some of the ways to brainstorm story ideas and
angles include:
Using the five W's and one H: Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How. These are
essential questions that can help you develop different angles for your story.
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Considering different perspectives: Think about how different people or groups may view
the topic or event differently. This can help you develop different angles for your story.
Thinking about the impact: Consider the impact that the topic or event may have on the
audience. This can help you develop a story angle that is more relevant to your audience.
Conducting Research and Background Interviews
After brainstorming story ideas and angles, the next step is to conduct research and background
interviews. This involves gathering information that will help you write a more accurate and
informative story. Some of the ways to conduct research and background interviews include:
Reviewing relevant documents and reports: This can include government reports,
academic articles, and other relevant documents that provide background information on
the topic or event.
Conducting interviews: This involves talking to people who have direct knowledge or
experience with the topic or event. This can include experts, eyewitnesses, and people
who have been directly affected by the topic or event.
Use a variety of sources: Try to gather information from a range of sources, including
experts, eyewitnesses, and people who are directly affected by the event.
Verify information: Always verify information before using it in a story. This involves
checking multiple sources and confirming that the information is accurate.
Build relationships with sources: Building relationships with sources can help to provide
access to information and insights that other journalists may not have.
Developing story ideas is an essential part of the journalism profession. It involves identifying
newsworthy topics and events, brainstorming story ideas and angles, and conducting research
and background interviews. By following these steps, journalists can produce compelling and
informative stories that engage and inform their audience.
Interviewing Techniques
Interviews are an essential part of the journalism profession, and developing good interviewing
techniques is crucial for journalists to produce compelling and informative stories. In this lecture,
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we will discuss the different types of questions to ask in different situations, techniques for
engaging interviewees and getting them to open up, and best practices for recording and
transcribing interviews.
Types of Questions to Ask in Different Situations
The type of questions to ask in an interview depends on the situation and the goals of the
interview. Some examples of different types of questions include:
Open-ended questions: These questions allow the interviewee to provide a detailed
response and share their thoughts and opinions. Examples include "Can you tell me more
about your experience?" and "How do you feel about the situation?"
Closed-ended questions: These questions require a specific answer and are often used to
confirm information or facts. Examples include "Did you witness the event?" and "What
is your job title?"
Probing questions: These questions are used to follow up on a previous response and gain
more insight into a topic. Examples include "Can you give me an example of what you
mean?" and "How did that make you feel?"
Techniques for Engaging Interviewees and Getting Them to Open Up
Interviewing can be a challenging process, especially when trying to get interviewees to open up
and share their thoughts and opinions. Some techniques for engaging interviewees and getting
them to open up include:
Active listening: Paying close attention to what the interviewee is saying and responding
appropriately can help to build rapport and encourage them to share more.
Building rapport: Starting the interview with small talk or discussing a common interest
can help to establish a connection with the interviewee and make them more comfortable.
Using open-ended questions: Asking open-ended questions can encourage interviewees
to provide detailed responses and share their thoughts and opinions.
Being empathetic: Acknowledging and validating the interviewee's feelings can help to
build trust and encourage them to open up.
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Best Practices for Recording and Transcribing Interviews
Recording and transcribing interviews accurately is essential to producing quality journalism.
Some best practices for recording and transcribing interviews include:
Using a high-quality recording device: Using a high-quality recording device can ensure
that the audio is clear and easy to transcribe.
Transcribing as soon as possible: Transcribing interviews as soon as possible can help to
ensure that the details are fresh in the journalist's mind and prevent errors or omissions.
Verifying quotes: Always verify quotes with the interviewee to ensure that they are
accurate and provide the proper context.
Protecting the interviewee's privacy: If the interviewee requests anonymity or asks that
certain information not be included in the story, it is important to respect their wishes.
Developing good interviewing techniques is essential for journalists to produce compelling and
informative stories. This includes asking the right types of questions in different situations,
engaging interviewees and getting them to open up, and recording and transcribing interviews
accurately.
Writing for Radio
Radio is a powerful medium for delivering news and information, and writing effective radio
scripts is crucial for radio journalists. In this lecture, we will discuss the characteristics of
effective radio writing, structuring stories for radio news broadcasts, and tips for writing for the
ear, not the eye.
Characteristics of Effective Radio Writing
Effective radio writing is characterized by:
Conciseness: Radio news broadcasts are typically short, so it is important to convey
information in a clear and concise manner.
Clarity: Using simple language and avoiding jargon or technical terms can help to ensure
that the story is easily understood by the audience.
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Vividness: Using descriptive language and sensory details can help to paint a vivid
picture in the listener's mind.
Active voice: Using active voice can make the story more engaging and help to keep the
listener's attention.
Timeliness: Radio news broadcasts are often used to deliver breaking news, so it is
important to provide up- -date and timely information. to
Structuring Stories for Radio News Broadcasts
Structuring stories for radio news broadcasts involves using a specific format that is tailored to
the medium. Some key elements of structuring stories for radio news broadcasts include:
Lead: The lead should be attention-grabbing and provide a clear summary of the story.
Nut graf: The nut graf should provide context and background information for the story.
Sound bites: Using sound bites from interviews or other sources can help to add variety
and interest to the story.
Close: The close should summarize the story and provide any necessary follow-up
information.
Tips for Writing for the Ear, not the Eye
Writing for the ear requires a different approach than writing for the eye. Some tips for writing
for the ear include:
Using simple language: Using simple language can help to ensure that the story is easily
understood by the audience.
Varying sentence length: Varying sentence length can help to keep the listener's attention
and make the story more engaging.
Using active voice: Using active voice can make the story more engaging and help to
keep the listener's attention.
Using descriptive language: Using descriptive language and sensory details can help to
paint a vivid picture in the listener's mind.
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Using conversational tone: Using a conversational tone can help to make the story more
relatable and engaging for the audience.
Writing effective radio scripts is crucial for radio journalists. This involves using concise, clear,
and vivid language, structuring stories for radio news broadcasts, and writing for the ear, not the
eye.
Audio Production
Audio production is an essential aspect of radio journalism. In this lecture, we will discuss how
to choose the right equipment for recording and editing audio, editing techniques for audio
storytelling, and creating a polished final product.
Choosing the Right Equipment for Recording and Editing Audio
Choosing the right equipment for recording and editing audio is crucial for producing high-
quality radio news broadcasts. Some key factors to consider when choosing equipment include:
Microphones: Choosing the right microphone can make a significant difference in the
quality of the audio. A directional microphone can help to reduce background noise,
while a condenser microphone can provide a more detailed and nuanced sound.
Recording devices: Digital audio recorders or a computer with an audio interface can be
used to record audio. It is important to choose a device with a high-quality analog- -to
digital converter to ensure that the audio is recorded at the highest possible quality.
Editing software: Choosing the right editing software is important for creating a polished
final product. Some popular editing software options include Adobe Audition,
Hindenburg, and Audacity.
Editing Techniques for Audio Storytelling
Editing techniques are crucial for audio storytelling. Some key editing techniques to consider
include:
Cutting unnecessary audio: Removing unnecessary audio can help to keep the story
concise and engaging.
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Using natural sound: Using natural sound, such as background noise or ambient sounds,
can help to immerse the listener in the story.
Using sound bites: Using sound bites from interviews or other sources can add variety
and interest to the story.
Using transitions: Using transitions, such as fade ins or fade outs, can help to smooth out
any abrupt changes in audio.
Creating a Polished Final Product
Creating a polished final product is important for ensuring that the audio is of the highest quality.
Some key factors to consider include:
Editing for length: Radio news broadcasts are typically short, so it is important to edit the
audio to fit within the allotted time.
Mixing audio levels: Ensuring that the audio levels are consistent and balanced can help
to ensure that the audio is clear and easy to understand.
Using music: Using music can help to create a mood or tone for the story.
Final review: Listening to the final product and making any necessary adjustments can
help to ensure that the audio is polished and ready for broadcast.
Audio production is an essential aspect of radio journalism. Choosing the right equipment, using
effective editing techniques, and creating a polished final product are crucial for producing high-
quality radio news broadcasts.
Legal Considerations Libel and defamation laws and how they apply to radio reporting:
Libel is a false statement made about someone that damages their reputation. Defamation
is a statement that harms the reputation of a person or organization. Radio reporters must
be careful not to make statements that could be considered libelous or defamatory.
To avoid libel and defamation, radio reporters should always verify the accuracy of their
statements and make sure they are based on reliable sources.
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Radio reporters should also be careful not to make statements that are intentionally or
recklessly false or misleading, as this could also result in legal liability.
Privacy concerns and obtaining consent from sources:
Privacy is a fundamental right that must be respected by radio reporters. This includes the
privacy of individuals, as well as organizations.
Radio reporters should obtain consent from sources before broadcasting any information
that could be considered private or sensitive. This includes obtaining consent for the use
of names, images, and personal information.
If a source does not want their information broadcast, radio reporters should respect their
wishes, unless there is a compelling public interest in the information.
Ethical Considerations Ethical considerations when covering sensitive topics:
Radio reporters must consider the potential impact of their reporting on individuals and
communities, particularly when covering sensitive topics such as crime, trauma, and
social issues.
Radio reporters should strive to be sensitive to the feelings and experiences of those
affected by their reporting, and avoid sensationalism or exploitation.
Radio reporters should also consider the potential long-term consequences of their
reporting, and strive to present a balanced and accurate portrayal of events.
Beat Reporting
Beat reporting is a type of journalism that involves focusing on a particular subject or topic, such
as politics, sports, or business. The aim is to develop expertise in the area and build relationships
with sources and contacts, in order to stay up- -date with the latest developments and trends. to
Here are some key points on the topic, along with references to relevant authors and sources:
A. Developing expertise in a particular area or topic:
Beat reporters are expected to have a deep understanding of their subject matter, which
requires ongoing learning and research (Friedman, 2010).
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This expertise can help to uncover stories that might not be apparent to generalist
reporters (McAdams, 2005).
It can also help to build credibility with readers and sources, who will be more likely to
trust a reporter who is knowledgeable about the topic (Kovach & Rosenstiel, 2014).
B. Building relationships with sources and contacts:
Beat reporters need to establish a network of sources and contacts in their area of
coverage, which can take time and effort (Friedman, 2010).
These relationships can provide access to exclusive information and insights, but they
also require careful management to maintain objectivity and avoid conflicts of interest
(Kovach & Rosenstiel, 2014).
Beat reporters may need to balance the interests of their sources with the public's right to
know, which can be a delicate and challenging task (McAdams, 2005).
C. Staying -date on the latest developments and trends: up-to
Beat reporters must stay informed about the latest news and trends in their area of
coverage, which can require constant monitoring of sources such as social media,
government agencies, and industry publications (Friedman, 2010).
They may also need to attend conferences, events, and meetings related to their beat, in
order to stay connected with their sources and gather information (Kovach & Rosenstiel,
2014).
Staying up- -date can be particularly challenging in rapidly evolving fields such as to
technology or healthcare, where new developments can occur on a daily basis
(McAdams, 2005).
Investigative Reporting for Radio
Investigative reporting for radio is a specialized area of journalism that requires unique
techniques and skills. Here are some key points on the topic, along with references to relevant
authors and sources:
A. Techniques for conducting investigative reporting in radio:
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Investigative reporting for radio involves careful planning, research, and documentation
(Borden, 2016).
Radio reporters need to be able to identify and interview sources, gather evidence, and
construct a compelling narrative that engages listeners (García, 2017).
They may also need to use specialized equipment and software to record and edit
interviews, and to incorporate sound effects and music into their stories (Borden, 2016).
B. Finding and analyzing data for radio stories:
Investigative reporters for radio need to be able to find and analyze data from a variety of
sources, including public records, databases, and social media (García, 2017).
They may need to use specialized tools such as spreadsheets, mapping software, or data
visualization programs to organize and present the information in a clear and compelling
way (Borden, 2016).
They must also ensure that the data is accurate and reliable, and that any personal or
confidential information is protected (García, 2017).
C. Balancing the risks and benefits of investigative reporting:
Investigative reporting can have significant benefits, such as exposing wrongdoing,
holding the powerful accountable, and informing the public (Borden, 2016).
However, it also carries risks, such as legal liability, physical danger, and damage to the
reporter's reputation (García, 2017).
Radio reporters must carefully consider the potential risks and benefits of each story, and
take steps to mitigate any potential harm (Borden, 2016).
Writing and Reporting for Podcasts
Podcasting has become an increasingly popular medium for journalism and storytelling. Writing
and reporting for podcasts requires a unique set of skills and techniques. Here are some key
points on the topic, along with references to relevant scholarly sources:
Characteristics of effective podcast writing and storytelling:
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Effective podcast writing and storytelling involves engaging the audience through
vivid description, compelling characters, and well-crafted dialogue (Gauthier,
2019).
Podcasts also rely heavily on sound and music to create an immersive experience
for the listener (Schwalbe & Wahl-Jorgensen, 2020).
Podcast writers must also be able to adapt their style to the specific requirements
of the podcast format, such as shorter episode lengths and a more conversational
tone (Gauthier, 2019).
Structuring stories for podcasts:
Podcast stories must be structured in a way that keeps the listener engaged and
interested, while also conveying information and ideas (Schwalbe & Wahl-
Jorgensen, 2020).
This can involve using a variety of storytelling techniques, such as cliffhangers,
foreshadowing, and humor, to maintain interest and build tension (Gauthier,
2019).
Podcast writers must also be mindful of pacing, and avoid overwhelming the
listener with too much information or too many characters at once (Schwalbe &
Wahl-Jorgensen, 2020).
Production and distribution of podcasts:
Podcast production involves not only writing and storytelling, but also technical
skills such as audio editing and sound design (Gauthier, 2019).
Podcasters must also consider distribution and marketing strategies, such as social
media promotion and partnerships with other podcasters or media outlets
(Schwalbe & Wahl-Jorgensen, 2020).
Finally, podcasters must be able to track and analyze audience engagement and
feedback, in order to improve their content and grow their audience (Gauthier,
2019).
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References
Borden, S. L. (2016). Investigative journalism in a digital age. Routledge.
Borden, S. L. (2016). Legal and Ethical Considerations for Broadcast Journalists. Routledge.
Briggs, M. (2012). Journalism Next: A Practical Guide to Digital Reporting and Publishing. CQ
Press.
Center for Journalism Ethics. (n.d.). Ethics codes and guidelines. University of Wisconsin-
Madison. https://ethics.journalism.wisc.edu/resources/ethics-codes-and-guidelines/
Friedman, S. (2010). Principles of American Journalism. Routledge.
García, E. (2017). Investigative Journalism in the Digital Age: Tools and Techniques. Routledge.
Garrison, B., & Scott, T. (2018). The News Manual: A Professional Resource for Journalists and
Communicators. Oxford University Press.
Gauthier, A. K. (2019). Podcasting: Investigative journalists' new frontier. Journal of Applied
Journalism & Media Studies, 8(2), 315-334.
Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (2014). The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should
Know and the Public Should Expect. Crown.
Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (2014). The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should
Know and the Public Should Expect. Crown/Archetype.
McAdams, M. J. (2005). The Beat Goes On: Covering the News in the Information Age. CQ
Press.
Miller, C. C. (2019). Reporting for Journalists. Routledge.
Richardson, J. E. (2014). Broadcast Journalism: Techniques of Radio and Television News.
Routledge.
Schudson, M. (2011). The Sociology of News. W. W. Norton & Company.
Schwalbe, C. B., & Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2020). Podcasting as public culture: An emerging
research agenda. Journalism, 21(10), 1339-1345.
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Society of Professional Journalists. (2014). SPJ Code of Ethics.
https://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp
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