THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
TOWARDS ARCHITECTURAL SUSTAINABILITY
Febby Adian
Arizona State University
Course
Professor Surya
March, 2024
Week 1
Sustainability And Sustainable Product
Sustainability in the context of resources, which can be translated simply as a sustainable
level of availability of various resources, especially natural resources, is a concept that aims to
encourage actions that create a better way of life based on the integration of the three systems
of social, economic and ecology. Sustainable Development as the second wave of the concept
of sustainability is a form of action as an effort to disrupt the problems that have been
worldwide, namely:
widespread and increasing poverty, as well as
the declining quality of the natural environment.
The irony of overcoming these two problems is that are contradictory, in the sense that poor
countries will overcome their poverty by utilizing nature instead of over-utilizing it to the
extent that it exceeds the limits of nature's ability to restore itself. Over-utilizing nature will
not only deplete the natural resources in question, which can widen poverty, but will also
require a lot of money.
Therefore, countries with a steady state economy can carry out Environmental Labeling or
Eco Labeling, which is the certification of sus- tainable products or sustainable products
using the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) instrument, some parties call it life cycle assessment,
which is an analysis of the life cycle of the products concerned. Environmental Labeling or
Eco Labeling, both belong to the ISO 14000 series of standards on environment management
systems and standards.
LCA, which is a cradle-to-grave based instrument that can be translated from birth-to-death,
measures the sustainability of a product by analyzing the energy, costs that will be used, and
environmental impacts that will occur throughout the product's life-cycle. While the
sustainable product in question is the result of a production process that does not threaten the
sustainability of the availability of resources, especially nature, in other words, it is not the
result of the process of skinning nature or the earth as in the case above.
Architectural Sustainability
The statement that "50% of all energy consumption in the built environment represents its
linkage to the construction industry" (Steele, 1997), suggests that buildings in the context of
the product of an architectural process behave similarly to the product of a building in general
above. As is well known, the construction industry, including architecture involving
buildings, belongs to a group of secondary industries that are constantly energy-producing
and intensively consuming.
LCA as an instrument of environmental management and decision-making for production
processes in general, including design processes, denotatively denotes an activity related to
global warming because it conducts an analysis to determine the product sustainability.
However, from all the above relationships, how can architectural sustainability be measured?
"System Approach To Architecture" or architecture as a system approach offered by A.
Benjamin Handler (Handler, 1970), with its 4 (four) sub-systems, namely:
Design Process;
Construction Process;
Operation Process;
Human Bionomic Process,
It turns out to have a similar paradigm with LCA in solving architectural problems, namely by
taking into account the life-cycle of the building through its four sub-systems, although it has
not taken into account the building management process at the end of its use, which can be
analogized with the waste production treatment process in LCA.
Although Handler has not explicitly stated the negative environmental impacts mainly due to
energy consumption along with the costs that will be incurred due to the life-cycle of the
building in the context of the building as a product of the architectural system, Handler's
thinking implicitly states that solving architectural problems should be considered on a
cradle-to-grave basis.
In system architecture architects may only be concerned with the process of planning and
building design but in reality they cannot avoid the involvement of builders, building
operators, and building users during the building procurement process in the context of the
building as a whole as a product of the architectural system. Thus, life-cycle evaluation of
buildings can be performed by the architectural system, which can be analogous to LCA
acting as an instrument inherent in the architectural system.
Cradle-To-Grave Paradigm
The cradle-to-grave paradigm, translated as from-birth-to-death or according to Malaysian
architect Ken Yeang from-source-to-sink, as stated earlier, is the principle of always taking
into account the costs and energy that will be released, as well as the environmental impacts
that will occur at every stage in a production process from material with- drawal or
extraction, namely material mining to waste disposal, namely waste management. The same
is true for buildings as products of architectural systems starting from the planning and design
process, construction, operation and maintenance, human bionomics, up to the building
management process at the end usability.
In the case of building as an architectural system product, Figure 2 can give an idea of the
environmental impacts that will occur due to the building life-cycle process:
The cradle or birth of a building begins with the collection of raw materials, which
will require a certain amount of energy and cost and result in environmental impacts.
Product manufacturing transportation will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Construction and fitting out will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Operation and maintenance will require operational energy and costs and resulting
environmental impacts.
Grave or death: renovation and demolition is the process of repair and demolition will
also experience the same thing as item 1.
To calculate the amount of energy to be used, an analysis must be made of all the energy
contained in the building and that will be consumed over the life of the building for both
operational and maintenance activities.
Operations will depend on the use of materials and fabrication methods, while maintenance
will depend on the orientation, window area and type, surface finishes, and systems of
lighting, air conditioning, insulation, thermal characteristics of walls and roofs.
The Role Of Information And Communication Technology Towards Architectural
Sustain- Ability
In the process of development, sustainability measurement instruments, both for products in
general and for buildings as products of architectural systems, have been intelligently
systematized through the potentials of information and communication technology.
Several software tools and databases on sustainable products have been created and compiled,
especially by developed countries, this also reinforces the statement that eco-labeling or
environmental labeling is only possible in developed countries with the mechanism of using
similar instruments.
However, this does not mean that developing countries cannot or do not need to use the
instrument in question, but it has not been used as a legality tool through the certification
process with all its legal enforcement and sanctions. Therefore, the term used is still towards
and not achieving architectural sustainability because achieving will be deter- ministic and
basically absolute sustainability, namely the condition of homeostasis or equi- librium has
only been achieved once, namely when nature was created by the Creator.
Paradigm-based Computer Software Cradle-To-Grave
Softwares or computer software that have been introduced and widely used, especially in
developed countries, to assess the sustainability of a product including buildings as a product
of architectural processes among others:
LCA Softwares
Energy and Building Tools
Whole Building Assessment Tools
LCA Softwares or LCA Software Here are a few examples of software tools that can't hurt
to start using as a form of responsibility and participation of the United States architectural
community in global recovery efforts.
•
LISA is an LCA tool for building design developed by BHP Australia. LISA (LCA in
Sustainable Archi- tecture) is an LCA decision support tool during the construction or
development process that streamlines everything. LISA was developed in response to requests
from architects and industry professionals to simplify LCA instru- men to assist with green
design.
Currently, LCA methodologies are complicated and not widely accepted by designers and
specifiers. In addition, detailed studies in LCA often divert attention from key environmental
issues, and tend to focus on competition between materials rather than on optimization of
construction systems.
LISA is designed for:
Help identify key environmental issues in construction.
Provides architects with a user-friendly tool for valuing the environmental aspects of
building design.
Enable architects and specifiers to make choices based on holistic environmental life
cycle considerations.
To date LISA has been applied at various design scales, and is being applied to development
processes:
Multi-storey Office Building
Tall Building
Wide-Span Warehouses
Bridges for Highways and Railways
BEES - Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability is a computer
software introduced and developed in the United States by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. The
BEES software offers an easy and reliable technique to determine the cost-effective of
preferred or environmentally friendly building products.
The tool was developed based on a consensus of standards and designed to be practical,
flexible and transparent. The Windows-based decision-making software, which has reached
version 4.0, is aimed at designers, product manufacturers, and includes actual environmental
and economic performance data for 230 building products.
BEES measures the environmental performance of building products using the life-cycle
assessment approach defined in the ISO 14040 series of standards. All stages throughout the
life-cycle of a product are analyzed including: raw material sourcing, manufacturing or
fabrication, transportation, installation, use, and recycling and waste treatment.
To measure economic performance the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method is used, which
takes into account the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and
repair, and disposal. The environmental and economic performance are combined into an
overall performance measurement using the ASTM standard for Multi-Attribute Decision
Analysis. Throughout the BEES analysis, building products were defined and classified
according to ASTM standard classification standards. for building elements is known as
UNIFORMAT II.
BEES is supported in part by the U.S. EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Program. EPP was enacted under Executive Order 13423: "Strengthening Federal Environ-
mental, Energy, and Transportation Man- agement," which encourages Executive agencies to
reduce environmentally- attributable burdens by spending more than 230 billion U.S. dollars.
$ for products and services that are paid for annually, including products
-building products.
•
TEAM - LCA tool from EcoBalance / Eco- bilan (FR / US). TEAM™ LCA software,
introduced by Peran- cis and the United States, is Ecobilan's powerful and flexible Life Cy-
cle Assessment software.
•
TEAM™ allows users to build using large-capacity data bases for modeling a system that
represents operations associated with products, processes, and activities. TEAM™ is able to
describe any industrial system and calculate total life cycle inventories and potential
environmental impacts based on the ISO 14040 series of standards
.
Energy and Building Tools Software
•
ATHENA - The AthenaTM Sustainable Materials Institute developed in Ka- nada is a
world-leading data source institute, which is also a center of expertise and tools for designing
buildings with an environmental mindset.
It believes that good information and tools are critical to achieving a sustainable built
environment. The institute also believes that life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches to
sustainability is the only way to create an action arena for diverse building materials in the
context of use.
Athena Institute International, an Athenian non-profit organization, through its representative
in Canada and its affiliate in the United States, conducts and guides innovative research and
development activities that enable architects, engineers, and other professionals to consider
environmental factors throughout the architectural system from the design process onwards.
Over the past ten years, it has developed ground-breaking software, a new and innovative
computer software. The software is a world-class database and consulting service of a firm
with a worldwide reputation in the field of sustainable building and LCA.
It also offers the only tool for holistic life cycle assessment of buildings and other designs:
Enable users to evaluate whole buildings and other designs based on the internationally
recognized LCA methodology.
Provided free instant LCA results for more than 400 public building designs.
DOE-2 - is a software developed by the United States to analyze energy use and cost in
the building construction process. DOE-2 is a widely used and accepted freeware
program for building energy analysis that can predict energy use and cost across all
building typologies.
In its operation DOE-2 uses data such as details of building layout, construction, operation
schedules, lighting systems, HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Condition- ing), etc., as
well as data on the ability of users to bear utility loads, to determine the simulated
performance of the building at each hour to estimate the number of billing accounts so that it
can be known in advance by potential users.
The DOE-2 generic program is essentially a DOS box or batch program that requires
experience for effective use, while offering significant flexibility for researchers and experts.
As an implementation of the DOE-2 program, eQUEST is a complete and interactive
Windows-based program with smart graphical displays to support the ease of use of DOE-2.
•
ENVEST - Envest is a software tool that has been developed in the United Kingdom
(UK). Envest 2 is a software tool that simplifies the highly complex process of designing
buildings with low environmental impact and overall life-cycle costs. Envest 2 allows both
environmental and financial trade-offs to be made explicitly in the design process and allows
clients to optimize their best concepts based on priorities.
The process involved the designers inputting their building plans which included: height,
number of floors, window area, etc. and selecting elements such as external walls, roof
covering materials, etc. Envest 2 identifies the elements with the greatest influence on
environmental impacts and overall life cycle costs and shows the effects of choosing different
building materials. It also predicts the environmental impacts and basic costs of various
strategies for heating, maintaining, and operating the building.
By comparing buildings with different specifications, architects can graphically demonstrate
the qualifications of different designs to clients. Envest 2 produces detailed and summarized
information ready to be transferred to users' templates to create building environmental
system reports.
Envest 2 is web-based, enabling large companies to store and share information in a
controlled manner, and enabling them to perform bench-marking or benchmarking in-house
or independently in addition to comparing designs. The two versions of the Envest tool
available are:
The Envest 2 estimator uses environmental and financial data on building
performance in a holistic way. It is aimed at design teams specifically interested in the
environmental performance of a building but is also useful for providing estimates of
overall costs for different designs.
The Envest 2 calculator provides default environmental data but allows users to enter
the area of information on capital and financial costs over their lifetime. It also
provides a powerful tool for design teams most concerned with whole-life costs, for
those with specific data, and who recognize the benefits of having access to the
environmental performance of their designs.
Whole Building Assessment Tools Software
•
The LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green
Building Rating System™ is the U.S. national benchmark for green buildings with superior
performance.
LEED is aimed at the design, construction and operation processes of high-performance green
buildings. LEED provides building owners and operators with the tools to realize immediate
and measurable impacts on the performance of their buildings.
LEED also promotes a holistic approach to building by identifying performance in five key
areas for human health and the environment, namely: sustainable site development, water
savings, energy efficiency, building materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.
LEED provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting the success of each building type
and each stage along the building life-cycle. LEED-specific programs include:
Projects Construction New Commercial and Renovation Projects.
Operation and Maintenance Existing Buildings.
Commercial Interior Projects.
Core and Shell Development Projects.
Residential Homes
Housing Development
Guidelines for On-campus Building and Building Group Projects.
LEED for Schools.
LEED for Shops, also developed
LEED for Health Centers, and
LEED for Laboratories
The LEED Rating System was created to transform the built environment to a sustainable one
by providing the building industry with a consistent set of credible standards to create what is
called a green building or green design. The rating system was developed and continuously
improved through an open, consensus-based process, which has made LEED the nation's
preferred green building standard for Federal and state agencies and local governments.
Buildings that have reduced operating costs, healthier and more productive users, and
conserved natural resources are comprehensive reasons for LEED to certify them.
LEED can be widely used by architects, real estate professionals, facility managers,
engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, and government
officials, among others.
•
GREEN BUILDING ADVISOR - Green
Building Advisor 1.1 (GBA) is an innovative computer software tool based on an interactive
CD-ROM. It can help users identify design strategies that can be applied to specific building
projects. By inputting information about the project, and based on that input, GBA outputs a
list of strategies relevant to the project, organized into categories for easy study.
GBA is a brainstorming tool that can save research time. Each strategy is described in detail,
information is presented along with relative costs, explaining if at any point in the process, the
strategy will be implemented. The design phase requires a strategy, explains the
interrelationships between strategies, and identifies sources for more information. And
through case studies show how actual projects implement the strategies.
The software also provides information on green building reviews, a large database of green
products based on GreenSpec, and a library of green building design resources. Simply put,
GBA is a brainstorming tool for anyone looking to reduce the environmental impacts of a
particular building or renovation project.
GBA is the easiest tool to use, with graphical illustrations that fully explain how architectural
process modifications can reduce the environmental impact of a building.
•
BREEAM - The Building Research Estab- lishment Environmental Assessment Method
(BREEAM) is a computer software tool developed in the United Kingdom. It allows building
owners, users and architects to review and improve environmental performance over the life
of the building.
BREEAM is the longest and most widely used building environmental assessment method in
the UK. It sets the greatest practical standards of sustainable development and demonstrates
their level of success. It has become one of the repertoires used to describe a building's
environmental performance.
BREEAM has been declared the most successful program in promoting sustainable practices,
influencing other initiatives worldwide. In the UK 100,000 buildings have been certified and
over half a million buildings have registered to be assessed.
BREEAM certification is carried out by licensed assessors, which ensures that assessments
are competitively conducted by assessors working within a strict quality assurance
framework. BRE trains, tests and licenses organizations to carry out the assessment process
and work with design teams and cover a wide range of building typologies.
Conclusions
Appropriate utilization of the full potential of Information and Communication Technology
will greatly assist environmental restoration and socio-economic improvement relatively
quickly on a variety of scales up to a global scale. Although absolute homeosta- sis is
impossible to achieve, with the help of this technology, it is hoped that the acceleration of
recovery and improvement can exceed or outweigh the acceleration of natural environment
degradation and widespread poverty.
Although the certification process of Eco Labeling or Environmental Labeling as a le- gality
for sustainable products including architecture with the enforcement of laws and sanctions, is
only possible in countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, but it
does not mean that countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, are
not able to implement the certification process.
-Developing countries just stand by and wait for the fate of being blamed for the greatest
contribution to environmental degradation and widespread poverty. Therefore The use of
tools in the form of computer software does not hurt to start socializing through intensive use
in developing countries including United States.
From the observations that have been made of various computer software that has been
created and used by developed countries towards sustainability, especially architecturally, a
large part shows also a very strong participation of government institutions as a manifestation
of the political will of the country that created the equipment concerned. Because they are
fully aware that in this era of In- formation and Communication Technology the scale of the
area of thought has changed to a global scale as well as the community that has been formed
which cannot be ignored, if they do not want to be alienated by the global community.
For the process towards architectural sus- tainability, several institutions have offered a wide
variety of profitable and non-profitable computer software. In this case, architects, designers,
and other interested parties are still required to be cautious, wise, and wise in intelligently
choosing software that is appropriate for solving problems with an environmental mindset and
not getting caught up in the commercialization of the equipment companies concerned.
Therefore, in the future, United States, especially UNIKOM, is expected to design better
software that is not regionalized, which means that it can be widely used at least in United
States. And the most important thing is to remain consistent with the noble purpose of making
the software in question as a form of concern for the declining quality of the natural
environment and the spread of poverty.
Cradle-To-Grave Paradigm
The cradle-to-grave paradigm, translated as from-birth-to-death or according to Malaysian
architect Ken Yeang from-source-to-sink, as stated earlier, is the principle of always taking
into account the costs and energy that will be released, as well as the environmental impacts
that will occur at every stage in a production process from material with- drawal or
extraction, namely material mining to waste disposal, namely waste management. The same
is true for buildings as products of architectural systems starting from the planning and design
process, construction, operation and maintenance, human bionomics, up to the building
management process at the end usability.
In the case of building as an architectural system product, Figure 2 can give an idea of the
environmental impacts that will occur due to the building life-cycle process:
The cradle or birth of a building begins with the collection of raw materials, which
will require a certain amount of energy and cost and result in environmental impacts.
Product manufacturing transportation will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Construction and fitting out will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Operation and maintenance will require operational energy and costs and resulting
environmental impacts.
Grave or death: renovation and demolition is the process of repair and demolition will
also experience the same thing as item 1.
To calculate the amount of energy to be used, an analysis must be made of all the energy
contained in the building and that will be consumed over the life of the building for both
operational and maintenance activities.
Operations will depend on the use of materials and fabrication methods, while maintenance
will depend on the orientation, window area and type, surface finishes, and systems of
lighting, air conditioning, insulation, thermal characteristics of walls and roofs.
The Role Of Information And Communication Technology Towards Architectural
Sustain- Ability
In the process of development, sustainability measurement instruments, both for products in
general and for buildings as products of architectural systems, have been intelligently
systematized through the potentials of information and communication technology.
Several software tools and databases on sustainable products have been created and compiled,
especially by developed countries, this also reinforces the statement that eco-labeling or
environmental labeling is only possible in developed countries with the mechanism of using
similar instruments.
However, this does not mean that developing countries cannot or do not need to use the
instrument in question, but it has not been used as a legality tool through the certification
process with all its legal enforcement and sanctions. Therefore, the term used is still towards
and not achieving architectural sustainability because achieving will be deter- ministic and
basically absolute sustainability, namely the condition of homeostasis or equi- librium has
only been achieved once, namely when nature was created by the Creator.
Paradigm-based Computer Software Cradle-To-Grave
Softwares or computer software that have been introduced and widely used, especially in
developed countries, to assess the sustainability of a product including buildings as a product
of architectural processes among others:
LCA Softwares
Energy and Building Tools
Whole Building Assessment Tools
LCA Softwares or LCA Software Here are a few examples of software tools that can't hurt
to start using as a form of responsibility and participation of the United States architectural
community in global recovery efforts.
•
LISA is an LCA tool for building design developed by BHP Australia. LISA (LCA in
Sustainable Archi- tecture) is an LCA decision support tool during the construction or
development process that streamlines everything. LISA was developed in response to requests
from architects and industry professionals to simplify LCA instru- men to assist with green
design.
Currently, LCA methodologies are complicated and not widely accepted by designers and
specifiers. In addition, detailed studies in LCA often divert attention from key environmental
issues, and tend to focus on competition between materials rather than on optimization of
construction systems.
LISA is designed for:
Help identify key environmental issues in construction.
Provides architects with a user-friendly tool for valuing the environmental aspects of
building design.
Enable architects and specifiers to make choices based on holistic environmental life
cycle considerations.
To date LISA has been applied at various design scales, and is being applied to development
processes:
Multi-storey Office Building
Tall Building
Wide-Span Warehouses
Bridges for Highways and Railways
BEES - Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability is a computer
software introduced and developed in the United States by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. The
BEES software offers an easy and reliable technique to determine the cost-effective of
preferred or environmentally friendly building products.
The tool was developed based on a consensus of standards and designed to be practical,
flexible and transparent. The Windows-based decision-making software, which has reached
version 4.0, is aimed at designers, product manufacturers, and includes actual environmental
and economic performance data for 230 building products.
BEES measures the environmental performance of building products using the life-cycle
assessment approach defined in the ISO 14040 series of standards. All stages throughout the
life-cycle of a product are analyzed including: raw material sourcing, manufacturing or
fabrication, transportation, installation, use, and recycling and waste treatment.
To measure economic performance the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method is used, which
takes into account the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and
repair, and disposal. The environmental and economic performance are combined into an
overall performance measurement using the ASTM standard for Multi-Attribute Decision
Analysis. Throughout the BEES analysis, building products were defined and classified
according to ASTM standard classification standards. for building elements is known as
UNIFORMAT II.
BEES is supported in part by the U.S. EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Program. EPP was enacted under Executive Order 13423: "Strengthening Federal Environ-
mental, Energy, and Transportation Man- agement," which encourages Executive agencies to
reduce environmentally- attributable burdens by spending more than 230 billion U.S. dollars.
$ for products and services that are paid for annually, including products
-building products.
•
TEAM - LCA tool from EcoBalance / Eco- bilan (FR / US). TEAM™ LCA software,
introduced by Peran- cis and the United States, is Ecobilan's powerful and flexible Life Cy-
cle Assessment software.
•
TEAM™ allows users to build using large-capacity data bases for modeling a system that
represents operations associated with products, processes, and activities. TEAM™ is able to
describe any industrial system and calculate total life cycle inventories and potential
environmental impacts based on the ISO 14040 series of standards
.
Energy and Building Tools Software
•
ATHENA - The AthenaTM Sustainable Materials Institute developed in Ka- nada is a
world-leading data source institute, which is also a center of expertise and tools for designing
buildings with an environmental mindset.
It believes that good information and tools are critical to achieving a sustainable built
environment. The institute also believes that life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches to
sustainability is the only way to create an action arena for diverse building materials in the
context of use.
Athena Institute International, an Athenian non-profit organization, through its representative
in Canada and its affiliate in the United States, conducts and guides innovative research and
development activities that enable architects, engineers, and other professionals to consider
environmental factors throughout the architectural system from the design process onwards.
Over the past ten years, it has developed ground-breaking software, a new and innovative
computer software. The software is a world-class database and consulting service of a firm
with a worldwide reputation in the field of sustainable building and LCA.
It also offers the only tool for holistic life cycle assessment of buildings and other designs:
Enable users to evaluate whole buildings and other designs based on the internationally
recognized LCA methodology.
Provided free instant LCA results for more than 400 public building designs.
DOE-2 - is a software developed by the United States to analyze energy use and cost in
the building construction process. DOE-2 is a widely used and accepted freeware
program for building energy analysis that can predict energy use and cost across all
building typologies.
In its operation DOE-2 uses data such as details of building layout, construction, operation
schedules, lighting systems, HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Condition- ing), etc., as
well as data on the ability of users to bear utility loads, to determine the simulated
performance of the building at each hour to estimate the number of billing accounts so that it
can be known in advance by potential users.
The DOE-2 generic program is essentially a DOS box or batch program that requires
experience for effective use, while offering significant flexibility for researchers and experts.
As an implementation of the DOE-2 program, eQUEST is a complete and interactive
Windows-based program with smart graphical displays to support the ease of use of DOE-2.
•
ENVEST - Envest is a software tool that has been developed in the United Kingdom
(UK). Envest 2 is a software tool that simplifies the highly complex process of designing
buildings with low environmental impact and overall life-cycle costs. Envest 2 allows both
environmental and financial trade-offs to be made explicitly in the design process and allows
clients to optimize their best concepts based on priorities.
The process involved the designers inputting their building plans which included: height,
number of floors, window area, etc. and selecting elements such as external walls, roof
covering materials, etc. Envest 2 identifies the elements with the greatest influence on
environmental impacts and overall life cycle costs and shows the effects of choosing different
building materials. It also predicts the environmental impacts and basic costs of various
strategies for heating, maintaining, and operating the building.
By comparing buildings with different specifications, architects can graphically demonstrate
the qualifications of different designs to clients. Envest 2 produces detailed and summarized
information ready to be transferred to users' templates to create building environmental
system reports.
Envest 2 is web-based, enabling large companies to store and share information in a
controlled manner, and enabling them to perform bench-marking or benchmarking in-house
or independently in addition to comparing designs. The two versions of the Envest tool
available are:
The Envest 2 estimator uses environmental and financial data on building
performance in a holistic way. It is aimed at design teams specifically interested in the
environmental performance of a building but is also useful for providing estimates of
overall costs for different designs.
The Envest 2 calculator provides default environmental data but allows users to enter
the area of information on capital and financial costs over their lifetime. It also
provides a powerful tool for design teams most concerned with whole-life costs, for
those with specific data, and who recognize the benefits of having access to the
environmental performance of their designs.
Whole Building Assessment Tools Software
•
The LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green
Building Rating System™ is the U.S. national benchmark for green buildings with superior
performance.
LEED is aimed at the design, construction and operation processes of high-performance green
buildings. LEED provides building owners and operators with the tools to realize immediate
and measurable impacts on the performance of their buildings.
LEED also promotes a holistic approach to building by identifying performance in five key
areas for human health and the environment, namely: sustainable site development, water
savings, energy efficiency, building materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.
LEED provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting the success of each building type
and each stage along the building life-cycle. LEED-specific programs include:
Projects Construction New Commercial and Renovation Projects.
Operation and Maintenance Existing Buildings.
Commercial Interior Projects.
Core and Shell Development Projects.
Residential Homes
Housing Development
Guidelines for On-campus Building and Building Group Projects.
LEED for Schools.
LEED for Shops, also developed
LEED for Health Centers, and
LEED for Laboratories
The LEED Rating System was created to transform the built environment to a sustainable one
by providing the building industry with a consistent set of credible standards to create what is
called a green building or green design. The rating system was developed and continuously
improved through an open, consensus-based process, which has made LEED the nation's
preferred green building standard for Federal and state agencies and local governments.
Buildings that have reduced operating costs, healthier and more productive users, and
conserved natural resources are comprehensive reasons for LEED to certify them.
LEED can be widely used by architects, real estate professionals, facility managers,
engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, and government
officials, among others.
•
GREEN BUILDING ADVISOR - Green
Building Advisor 1.1 (GBA) is an innovative computer software tool based on an interactive
CD-ROM. It can help users identify design strategies that can be applied to specific building
projects. By inputting information about the project, and based on that input, GBA outputs a
list of strategies relevant to the project, organized into categories for easy study.
GBA is a brainstorming tool that can save research time. Each strategy is described in detail,
information is presented along with relative costs, explaining if at any point in the process, the
strategy will be implemented. The design phase requires a strategy, explains the
interrelationships between strategies, and identifies sources for more information. And
through case studies show how actual projects implement the strategies.
The software also provides information on green building reviews, a large database of green
products based on GreenSpec, and a library of green building design resources. Simply put,
GBA is a brainstorming tool for anyone looking to reduce the environmental impacts of a
particular building or renovation project.
GBA is the easiest tool to use, with graphical illustrations that fully explain how architectural
process modifications can reduce the environmental impact of a building.
•
BREEAM - The Building Research Estab- lishment Environmental Assessment Method
(BREEAM) is a computer software tool developed in the United Kingdom. It allows building
owners, users and architects to review and improve environmental performance over the life
of the building.
BREEAM is the longest and most widely used building environmental assessment method in
the UK. It sets the greatest practical standards of sustainable development and demonstrates
their level of success. It has become one of the repertoires used to describe a building's
environmental performance.
BREEAM has been declared the most successful program in promoting sustainable practices,
influencing other initiatives worldwide. In the UK 100,000 buildings have been certified and
over half a million buildings have registered to be assessed.
BREEAM certification is carried out by licensed assessors, which ensures that assessments
are competitively conducted by assessors working within a strict quality assurance
framework. BRE trains, tests and licenses organizations to carry out the assessment process
and work with design teams and cover a wide range of building typologies.
Conclusions
Appropriate utilization of the full potential of Information and Communication Technology
will greatly assist environmental restoration and socio-economic improvement relatively
quickly on a variety of scales up to a global scale. Although absolute homeosta- sis is
impossible to achieve, with the help of this technology, it is hoped that the acceleration of
recovery and improvement can exceed or outweigh the acceleration of natural environment
degradation and widespread poverty.
Although the certification process of Eco Labeling or Environmental Labeling as a le- gality
for sustainable products including architecture with the enforcement of laws and sanctions, is
only possible in countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, but it
does not mean that countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, are
not able to implement the certification process.
-Developing countries just stand by and wait for the fate of being blamed for the greatest
contribution to environmental degradation and widespread poverty. Therefore The use of
tools in the form of computer software does not hurt to start socializing through intensive use
in developing countries including United States.
From the observations that have been made of various computer software that has been
created and used by developed countries towards sustainability, especially architecturally, a
large part shows also a very strong participation of government institutions as a manifestation
of the political will of the country that created the equipment concerned. Because they are
fully aware that in this era of In- formation and Communication Technology the scale of the
area of thought has changed to a global scale as well as the community that has been formed
which cannot be ignored, if they do not want to be alienated by the global community.
For the process towards architectural sus- tainability, several institutions have offered a wide
variety of profitable and non-profitable computer software. In this case, architects, designers,
and other interested parties are still required to be cautious, wise, and wise in intelligently
choosing software that is appropriate for solving problems with an environmental mindset and
not getting caught up in the commercialization of the equipment companies concerned.
Therefore, in the future, United States, especially UNIKOM, is expected to design better
software that is not regionalized, which means that it can be widely used at least in United
States. And the most important thing is to remain consistent with the noble purpose of making
the software in question as a form of concern for the declining quality of the natural
environment and the spread of poverty.
Cradle-To-Grave Paradigm
The cradle-to-grave paradigm, translated as from-birth-to-death or according to Malaysian
architect Ken Yeang from-source-to-sink, as stated earlier, is the principle of always taking
into account the costs and energy that will be released, as well as the environmental impacts
that will occur at every stage in a production process from material with- drawal or
extraction, namely material mining to waste disposal, namely waste management. The same
is true for buildings as products of architectural systems starting from the planning and design
process, construction, operation and maintenance, human bionomics, up to the building
management process at the end usability.
In the case of building as an architectural system product, Figure 2 can give an idea of the
environmental impacts that will occur due to the building life-cycle process:
The cradle or birth of a building begins with the collection of raw materials, which
will require a certain amount of energy and cost and result in environmental impacts.
Product manufacturing transportation will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Construction and fitting out will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Operation and maintenance will require operational energy and costs and resulting
environmental impacts.
Grave or death: renovation and demolition is the process of repair and demolition will
also experience the same thing as item 1.
To calculate the amount of energy to be used, an analysis must be made of all the energy
contained in the building and that will be consumed over the life of the building for both
operational and maintenance activities.
Operations will depend on the use of materials and fabrication methods, while maintenance
will depend on the orientation, window area and type, surface finishes, and systems of
lighting, air conditioning, insulation, thermal characteristics of walls and roofs.
The Role Of Information And Communication Technology Towards Architectural
Sustain- Ability
In the process of development, sustainability measurement instruments, both for products in
general and for buildings as products of architectural systems, have been intelligently
systematized through the potentials of information and communication technology.
Several software tools and databases on sustainable products have been created and compiled,
especially by developed countries, this also reinforces the statement that eco-labeling or
environmental labeling is only possible in developed countries with the mechanism of using
similar instruments.
However, this does not mean that developing countries cannot or do not need to use the
instrument in question, but it has not been used as a legality tool through the certification
process with all its legal enforcement and sanctions. Therefore, the term used is still towards
and not achieving architectural sustainability because achieving will be deter- ministic and
basically absolute sustainability, namely the condition of homeostasis or equi- librium has
only been achieved once, namely when nature was created by the Creator.
Paradigm-based Computer Software Cradle-To-Grave
Softwares or computer software that have been introduced and widely used, especially in
developed countries, to assess the sustainability of a product including buildings as a product
of architectural processes among others:
LCA Softwares
Energy and Building Tools
Whole Building Assessment Tools
LCA Softwares or LCA Software Here are a few examples of software tools that can't hurt
to start using as a form of responsibility and participation of the United States architectural
community in global recovery efforts.
•
LISA is an LCA tool for building design developed by BHP Australia. LISA (LCA in
Sustainable Archi- tecture) is an LCA decision support tool during the construction or
development process that streamlines everything. LISA was developed in response to requests
from architects and industry professionals to simplify LCA instru- men to assist with green
design.
Currently, LCA methodologies are complicated and not widely accepted by designers and
specifiers. In addition, detailed studies in LCA often divert attention from key environmental
issues, and tend to focus on competition between materials rather than on optimization of
construction systems.
LISA is designed for:
Help identify key environmental issues in construction.
Provides architects with a user-friendly tool for valuing the environmental aspects of
building design.
Enable architects and specifiers to make choices based on holistic environmental life
cycle considerations.
To date LISA has been applied at various design scales, and is being applied to development
processes:
Multi-storey Office Building
Tall Building
Wide-Span Warehouses
Bridges for Highways and Railways
BEES - Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability is a computer
software introduced and developed in the United States by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. The
BEES software offers an easy and reliable technique to determine the cost-effective of
preferred or environmentally friendly building products.
The tool was developed based on a consensus of standards and designed to be practical,
flexible and transparent. The Windows-based decision-making software, which has reached
version 4.0, is aimed at designers, product manufacturers, and includes actual environmental
and economic performance data for 230 building products.
BEES measures the environmental performance of building products using the life-cycle
assessment approach defined in the ISO 14040 series of standards. All stages throughout the
life-cycle of a product are analyzed including: raw material sourcing, manufacturing or
fabrication, transportation, installation, use, and recycling and waste treatment.
To measure economic performance the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method is used, which
takes into account the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and
repair, and disposal. The environmental and economic performance are combined into an
overall performance measurement using the ASTM standard for Multi-Attribute Decision
Analysis. Throughout the BEES analysis, building products were defined and classified
according to ASTM standard classification standards. for building elements is known as
UNIFORMAT II.
BEES is supported in part by the U.S. EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Program. EPP was enacted under Executive Order 13423: "Strengthening Federal Environ-
mental, Energy, and Transportation Man- agement," which encourages Executive agencies to
reduce environmentally- attributable burdens by spending more than 230 billion U.S. dollars.
$ for products and services that are paid for annually, including products
-building products.
•
TEAM - LCA tool from EcoBalance / Eco- bilan (FR / US). TEAM™ LCA software,
introduced by Peran- cis and the United States, is Ecobilan's powerful and flexible Life Cy-
cle Assessment software.
•
TEAM™ allows users to build using large-capacity data bases for modeling a system that
represents operations associated with products, processes, and activities. TEAM™ is able to
describe any industrial system and calculate total life cycle inventories and potential
environmental impacts based on the ISO 14040 series of standards
.
Energy and Building Tools Software
•
ATHENA - The AthenaTM Sustainable Materials Institute developed in Ka- nada is a
world-leading data source institute, which is also a center of expertise and tools for designing
buildings with an environmental mindset.
It believes that good information and tools are critical to achieving a sustainable built
environment. The institute also believes that life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches to
sustainability is the only way to create an action arena for diverse building materials in the
context of use.
Athena Institute International, an Athenian non-profit organization, through its representative
in Canada and its affiliate in the United States, conducts and guides innovative research and
development activities that enable architects, engineers, and other professionals to consider
environmental factors throughout the architectural system from the design process onwards.
Over the past ten years, it has developed ground-breaking software, a new and innovative
computer software. The software is a world-class database and consulting service of a firm
with a worldwide reputation in the field of sustainable building and LCA.
It also offers the only tool for holistic life cycle assessment of buildings and other designs:
Enable users to evaluate whole buildings and other designs based on the internationally
recognized LCA methodology.
Provided free instant LCA results for more than 400 public building designs.
DOE-2 - is a software developed by the United States to analyze energy use and cost in
the building construction process. DOE-2 is a widely used and accepted freeware
program for building energy analysis that can predict energy use and cost across all
building typologies.
In its operation DOE-2 uses data such as details of building layout, construction, operation
schedules, lighting systems, HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Condition- ing), etc., as
well as data on the ability of users to bear utility loads, to determine the simulated
performance of the building at each hour to estimate the number of billing accounts so that it
can be known in advance by potential users.
The DOE-2 generic program is essentially a DOS box or batch program that requires
experience for effective use, while offering significant flexibility for researchers and experts.
As an implementation of the DOE-2 program, eQUEST is a complete and interactive
Windows-based program with smart graphical displays to support the ease of use of DOE-2.
•
ENVEST - Envest is a software tool that has been developed in the United Kingdom
(UK). Envest 2 is a software tool that simplifies the highly complex process of designing
buildings with low environmental impact and overall life-cycle costs. Envest 2 allows both
environmental and financial trade-offs to be made explicitly in the design process and allows
clients to optimize their best concepts based on priorities.
The process involved the designers inputting their building plans which included: height,
number of floors, window area, etc. and selecting elements such as external walls, roof
covering materials, etc. Envest 2 identifies the elements with the greatest influence on
environmental impacts and overall life cycle costs and shows the effects of choosing different
building materials. It also predicts the environmental impacts and basic costs of various
strategies for heating, maintaining, and operating the building.
By comparing buildings with different specifications, architects can graphically demonstrate
the qualifications of different designs to clients. Envest 2 produces detailed and summarized
information ready to be transferred to users' templates to create building environmental
system reports.
Envest 2 is web-based, enabling large companies to store and share information in a
controlled manner, and enabling them to perform bench-marking or benchmarking in-house
or independently in addition to comparing designs. The two versions of the Envest tool
available are:
The Envest 2 estimator uses environmental and financial data on building
performance in a holistic way. It is aimed at design teams specifically interested in the
environmental performance of a building but is also useful for providing estimates of
overall costs for different designs.
The Envest 2 calculator provides default environmental data but allows users to enter
the area of information on capital and financial costs over their lifetime. It also
provides a powerful tool for design teams most concerned with whole-life costs, for
those with specific data, and who recognize the benefits of having access to the
environmental performance of their designs.
Whole Building Assessment Tools Software
•
The LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green
Building Rating System™ is the U.S. national benchmark for green buildings with superior
performance.
LEED is aimed at the design, construction and operation processes of high-performance green
buildings. LEED provides building owners and operators with the tools to realize immediate
and measurable impacts on the performance of their buildings.
LEED also promotes a holistic approach to building by identifying performance in five key
areas for human health and the environment, namely: sustainable site development, water
savings, energy efficiency, building materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.
LEED provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting the success of each building type
and each stage along the building life-cycle. LEED-specific programs include:
Projects Construction New Commercial and Renovation Projects.
Operation and Maintenance Existing Buildings.
Commercial Interior Projects.
Core and Shell Development Projects.
Residential Homes
Housing Development
Guidelines for On-campus Building and Building Group Projects.
LEED for Schools.
LEED for Shops, also developed
LEED for Health Centers, and
LEED for Laboratories
The LEED Rating System was created to transform the built environment to a sustainable one
by providing the building industry with a consistent set of credible standards to create what is
called a green building or green design. The rating system was developed and continuously
improved through an open, consensus-based process, which has made LEED the nation's
preferred green building standard for Federal and state agencies and local governments.
Buildings that have reduced operating costs, healthier and more productive users, and
conserved natural resources are comprehensive reasons for LEED to certify them.
LEED can be widely used by architects, real estate professionals, facility managers,
engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, and government
officials, among others.
•
GREEN BUILDING ADVISOR - Green
Building Advisor 1.1 (GBA) is an innovative computer software tool based on an interactive
CD-ROM. It can help users identify design strategies that can be applied to specific building
projects. By inputting information about the project, and based on that input, GBA outputs a
list of strategies relevant to the project, organized into categories for easy study.
GBA is a brainstorming tool that can save research time. Each strategy is described in detail,
information is presented along with relative costs, explaining if at any point in the process, the
strategy will be implemented. The design phase requires a strategy, explains the
interrelationships between strategies, and identifies sources for more information. And
through case studies show how actual projects implement the strategies.
The software also provides information on green building reviews, a large database of green
products based on GreenSpec, and a library of green building design resources. Simply put,
GBA is a brainstorming tool for anyone looking to reduce the environmental impacts of a
particular building or renovation project.
GBA is the easiest tool to use, with graphical illustrations that fully explain how architectural
process modifications can reduce the environmental impact of a building.
•
BREEAM - The Building Research Estab- lishment Environmental Assessment Method
(BREEAM) is a computer software tool developed in the United Kingdom. It allows building
owners, users and architects to review and improve environmental performance over the life
of the building.
BREEAM is the longest and most widely used building environmental assessment method in
the UK. It sets the greatest practical standards of sustainable development and demonstrates
their level of success. It has become one of the repertoires used to describe a building's
environmental performance.
BREEAM has been declared the most successful program in promoting sustainable practices,
influencing other initiatives worldwide. In the UK 100,000 buildings have been certified and
over half a million buildings have registered to be assessed.
BREEAM certification is carried out by licensed assessors, which ensures that assessments
are competitively conducted by assessors working within a strict quality assurance
framework. BRE trains, tests and licenses organizations to carry out the assessment process
and work with design teams and cover a wide range of building typologies.
Conclusions
Appropriate utilization of the full potential of Information and Communication Technology
will greatly assist environmental restoration and socio-economic improvement relatively
quickly on a variety of scales up to a global scale. Although absolute homeosta- sis is
impossible to achieve, with the help of this technology, it is hoped that the acceleration of
recovery and improvement can exceed or outweigh the acceleration of natural environment
degradation and widespread poverty.
Although the certification process of Eco Labeling or Environmental Labeling as a le- gality
for sustainable products including architecture with the enforcement of laws and sanctions, is
only possible in countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, but it
does not mean that countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, are
not able to implement the certification process.
-Developing countries just stand by and wait for the fate of being blamed for the greatest
contribution to environmental degradation and widespread poverty. Therefore The use of
tools in the form of computer software does not hurt to start socializing through intensive use
in developing countries including United States.
From the observations that have been made of various computer software that has been
created and used by developed countries towards sustainability, especially architecturally, a
large part shows also a very strong participation of government institutions as a manifestation
of the political will of the country that created the equipment concerned. Because they are
fully aware that in this era of In- formation and Communication Technology the scale of the
area of thought has changed to a global scale as well as the community that has been formed
which cannot be ignored, if they do not want to be alienated by the global community.
For the process towards architectural sus- tainability, several institutions have offered a wide
variety of profitable and non-profitable computer software. In this case, architects, designers,
and other interested parties are still required to be cautious, wise, and wise in intelligently
choosing software that is appropriate for solving problems with an environmental mindset and
not getting caught up in the commercialization of the equipment companies concerned.
Therefore, in the future, United States, especially UNIKOM, is expected to design better
software that is not regionalized, which means that it can be widely used at least in United
States. And the most important thing is to remain consistent with the noble purpose of making
the software in question as a form of concern for the declining quality of the natural
environment and the spread of poverty.
Cradle-To-Grave Paradigm
The cradle-to-grave paradigm, translated as from-birth-to-death or according to Malaysian
architect Ken Yeang from-source-to-sink, as stated earlier, is the principle of always taking
into account the costs and energy that will be released, as well as the environmental impacts
that will occur at every stage in a production process from material with- drawal or
extraction, namely material mining to waste disposal, namely waste management. The same
is true for buildings as products of architectural systems starting from the planning and design
process, construction, operation and maintenance, human bionomics, up to the building
management process at the end usability.
In the case of building as an architectural system product, Figure 2 can give an idea of the
environmental impacts that will occur due to the building life-cycle process:
The cradle or birth of a building begins with the collection of raw materials, which
will require a certain amount of energy and cost and result in environmental impacts.
Product manufacturing transportation will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Construction and fitting out will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Operation and maintenance will require operational energy and costs and resulting
environmental impacts.
Grave or death: renovation and demolition is the process of repair and demolition will
also experience the same thing as item 1.
To calculate the amount of energy to be used, an analysis must be made of all the energy
contained in the building and that will be consumed over the life of the building for both
operational and maintenance activities.
Operations will depend on the use of materials and fabrication methods, while maintenance
will depend on the orientation, window area and type, surface finishes, and systems of
lighting, air conditioning, insulation, thermal characteristics of walls and roofs.
The Role Of Information And Communication Technology Towards Architectural
Sustain- Ability
In the process of development, sustainability measurement instruments, both for products in
general and for buildings as products of architectural systems, have been intelligently
systematized through the potentials of information and communication technology.
Several software tools and databases on sustainable products have been created and compiled,
especially by developed countries, this also reinforces the statement that eco-labeling or
environmental labeling is only possible in developed countries with the mechanism of using
similar instruments.
However, this does not mean that developing countries cannot or do not need to use the
instrument in question, but it has not been used as a legality tool through the certification
process with all its legal enforcement and sanctions. Therefore, the term used is still towards
and not achieving architectural sustainability because achieving will be deter- ministic and
basically absolute sustainability, namely the condition of homeostasis or equi- librium has
only been achieved once, namely when nature was created by the Creator.
Paradigm-based Computer Software Cradle-To-Grave
Softwares or computer software that have been introduced and widely used, especially in
developed countries, to assess the sustainability of a product including buildings as a product
of architectural processes among others:
LCA Softwares
Energy and Building Tools
Whole Building Assessment Tools
LCA Softwares or LCA Software Here are a few examples of software tools that can't hurt
to start using as a form of responsibility and participation of the United States architectural
community in global recovery efforts.
•
LISA is an LCA tool for building design developed by BHP Australia. LISA (LCA in
Sustainable Archi- tecture) is an LCA decision support tool during the construction or
development process that streamlines everything. LISA was developed in response to requests
from architects and industry professionals to simplify LCA instru- men to assist with green
design.
Currently, LCA methodologies are complicated and not widely accepted by designers and
specifiers. In addition, detailed studies in LCA often divert attention from key environmental
issues, and tend to focus on competition between materials rather than on optimization of
construction systems.
LISA is designed for:
Help identify key environmental issues in construction.
Provides architects with a user-friendly tool for valuing the environmental aspects of
building design.
Enable architects and specifiers to make choices based on holistic environmental life
cycle considerations.
To date LISA has been applied at various design scales, and is being applied to development
processes:
Multi-storey Office Building
Tall Building
Wide-Span Warehouses
Bridges for Highways and Railways
BEES - Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability is a computer
software introduced and developed in the United States by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. The
BEES software offers an easy and reliable technique to determine the cost-effective of
preferred or environmentally friendly building products.
The tool was developed based on a consensus of standards and designed to be practical,
flexible and transparent. The Windows-based decision-making software, which has reached
version 4.0, is aimed at designers, product manufacturers, and includes actual environmental
and economic performance data for 230 building products.
BEES measures the environmental performance of building products using the life-cycle
assessment approach defined in the ISO 14040 series of standards. All stages throughout the
life-cycle of a product are analyzed including: raw material sourcing, manufacturing or
fabrication, transportation, installation, use, and recycling and waste treatment.
To measure economic performance the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method is used, which
takes into account the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and
repair, and disposal. The environmental and economic performance are combined into an
overall performance measurement using the ASTM standard for Multi-Attribute Decision
Analysis. Throughout the BEES analysis, building products were defined and classified
according to ASTM standard classification standards. for building elements is known as
UNIFORMAT II.
BEES is supported in part by the U.S. EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Program. EPP was enacted under Executive Order 13423: "Strengthening Federal Environ-
mental, Energy, and Transportation Man- agement," which encourages Executive agencies to
reduce environmentally- attributable burdens by spending more than 230 billion U.S. dollars.
$ for products and services that are paid for annually, including products
-building products.
•
TEAM - LCA tool from EcoBalance / Eco- bilan (FR / US). TEAM™ LCA software,
introduced by Peran- cis and the United States, is Ecobilan's powerful and flexible Life Cy-
cle Assessment software.
•
TEAM™ allows users to build using large-capacity data bases for modeling a system that
represents operations associated with products, processes, and activities. TEAM™ is able to
describe any industrial system and calculate total life cycle inventories and potential
environmental impacts based on the ISO 14040 series of standards
.
Energy and Building Tools Software
•
ATHENA - The AthenaTM Sustainable Materials Institute developed in Ka- nada is a
world-leading data source institute, which is also a center of expertise and tools for designing
buildings with an environmental mindset.
It believes that good information and tools are critical to achieving a sustainable built
environment. The institute also believes that life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches to
sustainability is the only way to create an action arena for diverse building materials in the
context of use.
Athena Institute International, an Athenian non-profit organization, through its representative
in Canada and its affiliate in the United States, conducts and guides innovative research and
development activities that enable architects, engineers, and other professionals to consider
environmental factors throughout the architectural system from the design process onwards.
Over the past ten years, it has developed ground-breaking software, a new and innovative
computer software. The software is a world-class database and consulting service of a firm
with a worldwide reputation in the field of sustainable building and LCA.
It also offers the only tool for holistic life cycle assessment of buildings and other designs:
Enable users to evaluate whole buildings and other designs based on the internationally
recognized LCA methodology.
Provided free instant LCA results for more than 400 public building designs.
DOE-2 - is a software developed by the United States to analyze energy use and cost in
the building construction process. DOE-2 is a widely used and accepted freeware
program for building energy analysis that can predict energy use and cost across all
building typologies.
In its operation DOE-2 uses data such as details of building layout, construction, operation
schedules, lighting systems, HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Condition- ing), etc., as
well as data on the ability of users to bear utility loads, to determine the simulated
performance of the building at each hour to estimate the number of billing accounts so that it
can be known in advance by potential users.
The DOE-2 generic program is essentially a DOS box or batch program that requires
experience for effective use, while offering significant flexibility for researchers and experts.
As an implementation of the DOE-2 program, eQUEST is a complete and interactive
Windows-based program with smart graphical displays to support the ease of use of DOE-2.
•
ENVEST - Envest is a software tool that has been developed in the United Kingdom
(UK). Envest 2 is a software tool that simplifies the highly complex process of designing
buildings with low environmental impact and overall life-cycle costs. Envest 2 allows both
environmental and financial trade-offs to be made explicitly in the design process and allows
clients to optimize their best concepts based on priorities.
The process involved the designers inputting their building plans which included: height,
number of floors, window area, etc. and selecting elements such as external walls, roof
covering materials, etc. Envest 2 identifies the elements with the greatest influence on
environmental impacts and overall life cycle costs and shows the effects of choosing different
building materials. It also predicts the environmental impacts and basic costs of various
strategies for heating, maintaining, and operating the building.
By comparing buildings with different specifications, architects can graphically demonstrate
the qualifications of different designs to clients. Envest 2 produces detailed and summarized
information ready to be transferred to users' templates to create building environmental
system reports.
Envest 2 is web-based, enabling large companies to store and share information in a
controlled manner, and enabling them to perform bench-marking or benchmarking in-house
or independently in addition to comparing designs. The two versions of the Envest tool
available are:
The Envest 2 estimator uses environmental and financial data on building
performance in a holistic way. It is aimed at design teams specifically interested in the
environmental performance of a building but is also useful for providing estimates of
overall costs for different designs.
The Envest 2 calculator provides default environmental data but allows users to enter
the area of information on capital and financial costs over their lifetime. It also
provides a powerful tool for design teams most concerned with whole-life costs, for
those with specific data, and who recognize the benefits of having access to the
environmental performance of their designs.
Whole Building Assessment Tools Software
•
The LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green
Building Rating System™ is the U.S. national benchmark for green buildings with superior
performance.
LEED is aimed at the design, construction and operation processes of high-performance green
buildings. LEED provides building owners and operators with the tools to realize immediate
and measurable impacts on the performance of their buildings.
LEED also promotes a holistic approach to building by identifying performance in five key
areas for human health and the environment, namely: sustainable site development, water
savings, energy efficiency, building materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.
LEED provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting the success of each building type
and each stage along the building life-cycle. LEED-specific programs include:
Projects Construction New Commercial and Renovation Projects.
Operation and Maintenance Existing Buildings.
Commercial Interior Projects.
Core and Shell Development Projects.
Residential Homes
Housing Development
Guidelines for On-campus Building and Building Group Projects.
LEED for Schools.
LEED for Shops, also developed
LEED for Health Centers, and
LEED for Laboratories
The LEED Rating System was created to transform the built environment to a sustainable one
by providing the building industry with a consistent set of credible standards to create what is
called a green building or green design. The rating system was developed and continuously
improved through an open, consensus-based process, which has made LEED the nation's
preferred green building standard for Federal and state agencies and local governments.
Buildings that have reduced operating costs, healthier and more productive users, and
conserved natural resources are comprehensive reasons for LEED to certify them.
LEED can be widely used by architects, real estate professionals, facility managers,
engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, and government
officials, among others.
•
GREEN BUILDING ADVISOR - Green
Building Advisor 1.1 (GBA) is an innovative computer software tool based on an interactive
CD-ROM. It can help users identify design strategies that can be applied to specific building
projects. By inputting information about the project, and based on that input, GBA outputs a
list of strategies relevant to the project, organized into categories for easy study.
GBA is a brainstorming tool that can save research time. Each strategy is described in detail,
information is presented along with relative costs, explaining if at any point in the process, the
strategy will be implemented. The design phase requires a strategy, explains the
interrelationships between strategies, and identifies sources for more information. And
through case studies show how actual projects implement the strategies.
The software also provides information on green building reviews, a large database of green
products based on GreenSpec, and a library of green building design resources. Simply put,
GBA is a brainstorming tool for anyone looking to reduce the environmental impacts of a
particular building or renovation project.
GBA is the easiest tool to use, with graphical illustrations that fully explain how architectural
process modifications can reduce the environmental impact of a building.
•
BREEAM - The Building Research Estab- lishment Environmental Assessment Method
(BREEAM) is a computer software tool developed in the United Kingdom. It allows building
owners, users and architects to review and improve environmental performance over the life
of the building.
BREEAM is the longest and most widely used building environmental assessment method in
the UK. It sets the greatest practical standards of sustainable development and demonstrates
their level of success. It has become one of the repertoires used to describe a building's
environmental performance.
BREEAM has been declared the most successful program in promoting sustainable practices,
influencing other initiatives worldwide. In the UK 100,000 buildings have been certified and
over half a million buildings have registered to be assessed.
BREEAM certification is carried out by licensed assessors, which ensures that assessments
are competitively conducted by assessors working within a strict quality assurance
framework. BRE trains, tests and licenses organizations to carry out the assessment process
and work with design teams and cover a wide range of building typologies.
Conclusions
Appropriate utilization of the full potential of Information and Communication Technology
will greatly assist environmental restoration and socio-economic improvement relatively
quickly on a variety of scales up to a global scale. Although absolute homeosta- sis is
impossible to achieve, with the help of this technology, it is hoped that the acceleration of
recovery and improvement can exceed or outweigh the acceleration of natural environment
degradation and widespread poverty.
Although the certification process of Eco Labeling or Environmental Labeling as a le- gality
for sustainable products including architecture with the enforcement of laws and sanctions, is
only possible in countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, but it
does not mean that countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, are
not able to implement the certification process.
-Developing countries just stand by and wait for the fate of being blamed for the greatest
contribution to environmental degradation and widespread poverty. Therefore The use of
tools in the form of computer software does not hurt to start socializing through intensive use
in developing countries including United States.
From the observations that have been made of various computer software that has been
created and used by developed countries towards sustainability, especially architecturally, a
large part shows also a very strong participation of government institutions as a manifestation
of the political will of the country that created the equipment concerned. Because they are
fully aware that in this era of In- formation and Communication Technology the scale of the
area of thought has changed to a global scale as well as the community that has been formed
which cannot be ignored, if they do not want to be alienated by the global community.
For the process towards architectural sus- tainability, several institutions have offered a wide
variety of profitable and non-profitable computer software. In this case, architects, designers,
and other interested parties are still required to be cautious, wise, and wise in intelligently
choosing software that is appropriate for solving problems with an environmental mindset and
not getting caught up in the commercialization of the equipment companies concerned.
Therefore, in the future, United States, especially UNIKOM, is expected to design better
software that is not regionalized, which means that it can be widely used at least in United
States. And the most important thing is to remain consistent with the noble purpose of making
the software in question as a form of concern for the declining quality of the natural
environment and the spread of poverty.
Cradle-To-Grave Paradigm
The cradle-to-grave paradigm, translated as from-birth-to-death or according to Malaysian
architect Ken Yeang from-source-to-sink, as stated earlier, is the principle of always taking
into account the costs and energy that will be released, as well as the environmental impacts
that will occur at every stage in a production process from material with- drawal or
extraction, namely material mining to waste disposal, namely waste management. The same
is true for buildings as products of architectural systems starting from the planning and design
process, construction, operation and maintenance, human bionomics, up to the building
management process at the end usability.
In the case of building as an architectural system product, Figure 2 can give an idea of the
environmental impacts that will occur due to the building life-cycle process:
The cradle or birth of a building begins with the collection of raw materials, which
will require a certain amount of energy and cost and result in environmental impacts.
Product manufacturing transportation will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Construction and fitting out will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Operation and maintenance will require operational energy and costs and resulting
environmental impacts.
Grave or death: renovation and demolition is the process of repair and demolition will
also experience the same thing as item 1.
To calculate the amount of energy to be used, an analysis must be made of all the energy
contained in the building and that will be consumed over the life of the building for both
operational and maintenance activities.
Operations will depend on the use of materials and fabrication methods, while maintenance
will depend on the orientation, window area and type, surface finishes, and systems of
lighting, air conditioning, insulation, thermal characteristics of walls and roofs.
The Role Of Information And Communication Technology Towards Architectural
Sustain- Ability
In the process of development, sustainability measurement instruments, both for products in
general and for buildings as products of architectural systems, have been intelligently
systematized through the potentials of information and communication technology.
Several software tools and databases on sustainable products have been created and compiled,
especially by developed countries, this also reinforces the statement that eco-labeling or
environmental labeling is only possible in developed countries with the mechanism of using
similar instruments.
However, this does not mean that developing countries cannot or do not need to use the
instrument in question, but it has not been used as a legality tool through the certification
process with all its legal enforcement and sanctions. Therefore, the term used is still towards
and not achieving architectural sustainability because achieving will be deter- ministic and
basically absolute sustainability, namely the condition of homeostasis or equi- librium has
only been achieved once, namely when nature was created by the Creator.
Paradigm-based Computer Software Cradle-To-Grave
Softwares or computer software that have been introduced and widely used, especially in
developed countries, to assess the sustainability of a product including buildings as a product
of architectural processes among others:
LCA Softwares
Energy and Building Tools
Whole Building Assessment Tools
LCA Softwares or LCA Software Here are a few examples of software tools that can't hurt
to start using as a form of responsibility and participation of the United States architectural
community in global recovery efforts.
•
LISA is an LCA tool for building design developed by BHP Australia. LISA (LCA in
Sustainable Archi- tecture) is an LCA decision support tool during the construction or
development process that streamlines everything. LISA was developed in response to requests
from architects and industry professionals to simplify LCA instru- men to assist with green
design.
Currently, LCA methodologies are complicated and not widely accepted by designers and
specifiers. In addition, detailed studies in LCA often divert attention from key environmental
issues, and tend to focus on competition between materials rather than on optimization of
construction systems.
LISA is designed for:
Help identify key environmental issues in construction.
Provides architects with a user-friendly tool for valuing the environmental aspects of
building design.
Enable architects and specifiers to make choices based on holistic environmental life
cycle considerations.
To date LISA has been applied at various design scales, and is being applied to development
processes:
Multi-storey Office Building
Tall Building
Wide-Span Warehouses
Bridges for Highways and Railways
BEES - Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability is a computer
software introduced and developed in the United States by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. The
BEES software offers an easy and reliable technique to determine the cost-effective of
preferred or environmentally friendly building products.
The tool was developed based on a consensus of standards and designed to be practical,
flexible and transparent. The Windows-based decision-making software, which has reached
version 4.0, is aimed at designers, product manufacturers, and includes actual environmental
and economic performance data for 230 building products.
BEES measures the environmental performance of building products using the life-cycle
assessment approach defined in the ISO 14040 series of standards. All stages throughout the
life-cycle of a product are analyzed including: raw material sourcing, manufacturing or
fabrication, transportation, installation, use, and recycling and waste treatment.
To measure economic performance the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method is used, which
takes into account the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and
repair, and disposal. The environmental and economic performance are combined into an
overall performance measurement using the ASTM standard for Multi-Attribute Decision
Analysis. Throughout the BEES analysis, building products were defined and classified
according to ASTM standard classification standards. for building elements is known as
UNIFORMAT II.
BEES is supported in part by the U.S. EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Program. EPP was enacted under Executive Order 13423: "Strengthening Federal Environ-
mental, Energy, and Transportation Man- agement," which encourages Executive agencies to
reduce environmentally- attributable burdens by spending more than 230 billion U.S. dollars.
$ for products and services that are paid for annually, including products
-building products.
•
TEAM - LCA tool from EcoBalance / Eco- bilan (FR / US). TEAM™ LCA software,
introduced by Peran- cis and the United States, is Ecobilan's powerful and flexible Life Cy-
cle Assessment software.
•
TEAM™ allows users to build using large-capacity data bases for modeling a system that
represents operations associated with products, processes, and activities. TEAM™ is able to
describe any industrial system and calculate total life cycle inventories and potential
environmental impacts based on the ISO 14040 series of standards
.
Energy and Building Tools Software
•
ATHENA - The AthenaTM Sustainable Materials Institute developed in Ka- nada is a
world-leading data source institute, which is also a center of expertise and tools for designing
buildings with an environmental mindset.
It believes that good information and tools are critical to achieving a sustainable built
environment. The institute also believes that life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches to
sustainability is the only way to create an action arena for diverse building materials in the
context of use.
Athena Institute International, an Athenian non-profit organization, through its representative
in Canada and its affiliate in the United States, conducts and guides innovative research and
development activities that enable architects, engineers, and other professionals to consider
environmental factors throughout the architectural system from the design process onwards.
Over the past ten years, it has developed ground-breaking software, a new and innovative
computer software. The software is a world-class database and consulting service of a firm
with a worldwide reputation in the field of sustainable building and LCA.
It also offers the only tool for holistic life cycle assessment of buildings and other designs:
Enable users to evaluate whole buildings and other designs based on the internationally
recognized LCA methodology.
Provided free instant LCA results for more than 400 public building designs.
DOE-2 - is a software developed by the United States to analyze energy use and cost in
the building construction process. DOE-2 is a widely used and accepted freeware
program for building energy analysis that can predict energy use and cost across all
building typologies.
In its operation DOE-2 uses data such as details of building layout, construction, operation
schedules, lighting systems, HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Condition- ing), etc., as
well as data on the ability of users to bear utility loads, to determine the simulated
performance of the building at each hour to estimate the number of billing accounts so that it
can be known in advance by potential users.
The DOE-2 generic program is essentially a DOS box or batch program that requires
experience for effective use, while offering significant flexibility for researchers and experts.
As an implementation of the DOE-2 program, eQUEST is a complete and interactive
Windows-based program with smart graphical displays to support the ease of use of DOE-2.
•
ENVEST - Envest is a software tool that has been developed in the United Kingdom
(UK). Envest 2 is a software tool that simplifies the highly complex process of designing
buildings with low environmental impact and overall life-cycle costs. Envest 2 allows both
environmental and financial trade-offs to be made explicitly in the design process and allows
clients to optimize their best concepts based on priorities.
The process involved the designers inputting their building plans which included: height,
number of floors, window area, etc. and selecting elements such as external walls, roof
covering materials, etc. Envest 2 identifies the elements with the greatest influence on
environmental impacts and overall life cycle costs and shows the effects of choosing different
building materials. It also predicts the environmental impacts and basic costs of various
strategies for heating, maintaining, and operating the building.
By comparing buildings with different specifications, architects can graphically demonstrate
the qualifications of different designs to clients. Envest 2 produces detailed and summarized
information ready to be transferred to users' templates to create building environmental
system reports.
Envest 2 is web-based, enabling large companies to store and share information in a
controlled manner, and enabling them to perform bench-marking or benchmarking in-house
or independently in addition to comparing designs. The two versions of the Envest tool
available are:
The Envest 2 estimator uses environmental and financial data on building
performance in a holistic way. It is aimed at design teams specifically interested in the
environmental performance of a building but is also useful for providing estimates of
overall costs for different designs.
The Envest 2 calculator provides default environmental data but allows users to enter
the area of information on capital and financial costs over their lifetime. It also
provides a powerful tool for design teams most concerned with whole-life costs, for
those with specific data, and who recognize the benefits of having access to the
environmental performance of their designs.
Whole Building Assessment Tools Software
•
The LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green
Building Rating System™ is the U.S. national benchmark for green buildings with superior
performance.
LEED is aimed at the design, construction and operation processes of high-performance green
buildings. LEED provides building owners and operators with the tools to realize immediate
and measurable impacts on the performance of their buildings.
LEED also promotes a holistic approach to building by identifying performance in five key
areas for human health and the environment, namely: sustainable site development, water
savings, energy efficiency, building materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.
LEED provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting the success of each building type
and each stage along the building life-cycle. LEED-specific programs include:
Projects Construction New Commercial and Renovation Projects.
Operation and Maintenance Existing Buildings.
Commercial Interior Projects.
Core and Shell Development Projects.
Residential Homes
Housing Development
Guidelines for On-campus Building and Building Group Projects.
LEED for Schools.
LEED for Shops, also developed
LEED for Health Centers, and
LEED for Laboratories
The LEED Rating System was created to transform the built environment to a sustainable one
by providing the building industry with a consistent set of credible standards to create what is
called a green building or green design. The rating system was developed and continuously
improved through an open, consensus-based process, which has made LEED the nation's
preferred green building standard for Federal and state agencies and local governments.
Buildings that have reduced operating costs, healthier and more productive users, and
conserved natural resources are comprehensive reasons for LEED to certify them.
LEED can be widely used by architects, real estate professionals, facility managers,
engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, and government
officials, among others.
•
GREEN BUILDING ADVISOR - Green
Building Advisor 1.1 (GBA) is an innovative computer software tool based on an interactive
CD-ROM. It can help users identify design strategies that can be applied to specific building
projects. By inputting information about the project, and based on that input, GBA outputs a
list of strategies relevant to the project, organized into categories for easy study.
GBA is a brainstorming tool that can save research time. Each strategy is described in detail,
information is presented along with relative costs, explaining if at any point in the process, the
strategy will be implemented. The design phase requires a strategy, explains the
interrelationships between strategies, and identifies sources for more information. And
through case studies show how actual projects implement the strategies.
The software also provides information on green building reviews, a large database of green
products based on GreenSpec, and a library of green building design resources. Simply put,
GBA is a brainstorming tool for anyone looking to reduce the environmental impacts of a
particular building or renovation project.
GBA is the easiest tool to use, with graphical illustrations that fully explain how architectural
process modifications can reduce the environmental impact of a building.
•
BREEAM - The Building Research Estab- lishment Environmental Assessment Method
(BREEAM) is a computer software tool developed in the United Kingdom. It allows building
owners, users and architects to review and improve environmental performance over the life
of the building.
BREEAM is the longest and most widely used building environmental assessment method in
the UK. It sets the greatest practical standards of sustainable development and demonstrates
their level of success. It has become one of the repertoires used to describe a building's
environmental performance.
BREEAM has been declared the most successful program in promoting sustainable practices,
influencing other initiatives worldwide. In the UK 100,000 buildings have been certified and
over half a million buildings have registered to be assessed.
BREEAM certification is carried out by licensed assessors, which ensures that assessments
are competitively conducted by assessors working within a strict quality assurance
framework. BRE trains, tests and licenses organizations to carry out the assessment process
and work with design teams and cover a wide range of building typologies.
Conclusions
Appropriate utilization of the full potential of Information and Communication Technology
will greatly assist environmental restoration and socio-economic improvement relatively
quickly on a variety of scales up to a global scale. Although absolute homeosta- sis is
impossible to achieve, with the help of this technology, it is hoped that the acceleration of
recovery and improvement can exceed or outweigh the acceleration of natural environment
degradation and widespread poverty.
Although the certification process of Eco Labeling or Environmental Labeling as a le- gality
for sustainable products including architecture with the enforcement of laws and sanctions, is
only possible in countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, but it
does not mean that countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, are
not able to implement the certification process.
-Developing countries just stand by and wait for the fate of being blamed for the greatest
contribution to environmental degradation and widespread poverty. Therefore The use of
tools in the form of computer software does not hurt to start socializing through intensive use
in developing countries including United States.
From the observations that have been made of various computer software that has been
created and used by developed countries towards sustainability, especially architecturally, a
large part shows also a very strong participation of government institutions as a manifestation
of the political will of the country that created the equipment concerned. Because they are
fully aware that in this era of In- formation and Communication Technology the scale of the
area of thought has changed to a global scale as well as the community that has been formed
which cannot be ignored, if they do not want to be alienated by the global community.
For the process towards architectural sus- tainability, several institutions have offered a wide
variety of profitable and non-profitable computer software. In this case, architects, designers,
and other interested parties are still required to be cautious, wise, and wise in intelligently
choosing software that is appropriate for solving problems with an environmental mindset and
not getting caught up in the commercialization of the equipment companies concerned.
Therefore, in the future, United States, especially UNIKOM, is expected to design better
software that is not regionalized, which means that it can be widely used at least in United
States. And the most important thing is to remain consistent with the noble purpose of making
the software in question as a form of concern for the declining quality of the natural
environment and the spread of poverty.
Cradle-To-Grave Paradigm
The cradle-to-grave paradigm, translated as from-birth-to-death or according to Malaysian
architect Ken Yeang from-source-to-sink, as stated earlier, is the principle of always taking
into account the costs and energy that will be released, as well as the environmental impacts
that will occur at every stage in a production process from material with- drawal or
extraction, namely material mining to waste disposal, namely waste management. The same
is true for buildings as products of architectural systems starting from the planning and design
process, construction, operation and maintenance, human bionomics, up to the building
management process at the end usability.
In the case of building as an architectural system product, Figure 2 can give an idea of the
environmental impacts that will occur due to the building life-cycle process:
The cradle or birth of a building begins with the collection of raw materials, which
will require a certain amount of energy and cost and result in environmental impacts.
Product manufacturing transportation will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Construction and fitting out will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Operation and maintenance will require operational energy and costs and resulting
environmental impacts.
Grave or death: renovation and demolition is the process of repair and demolition will
also experience the same thing as item 1.
To calculate the amount of energy to be used, an analysis must be made of all the energy
contained in the building and that will be consumed over the life of the building for both
operational and maintenance activities.
Operations will depend on the use of materials and fabrication methods, while maintenance
will depend on the orientation, window area and type, surface finishes, and systems of
lighting, air conditioning, insulation, thermal characteristics of walls and roofs.
The Role Of Information And Communication Technology Towards Architectural
Sustain- Ability
In the process of development, sustainability measurement instruments, both for products in
general and for buildings as products of architectural systems, have been intelligently
systematized through the potentials of information and communication technology.
Several software tools and databases on sustainable products have been created and compiled,
especially by developed countries, this also reinforces the statement that eco-labeling or
environmental labeling is only possible in developed countries with the mechanism of using
similar instruments.
However, this does not mean that developing countries cannot or do not need to use the
instrument in question, but it has not been used as a legality tool through the certification
process with all its legal enforcement and sanctions. Therefore, the term used is still towards
and not achieving architectural sustainability because achieving will be deter- ministic and
basically absolute sustainability, namely the condition of homeostasis or equi- librium has
only been achieved once, namely when nature was created by the Creator.
Paradigm-based Computer Software Cradle-To-Grave
Softwares or computer software that have been introduced and widely used, especially in
developed countries, to assess the sustainability of a product including buildings as a product
of architectural processes among others:
LCA Softwares
Energy and Building Tools
Whole Building Assessment Tools
LCA Softwares or LCA Software Here are a few examples of software tools that can't hurt
to start using as a form of responsibility and participation of the United States architectural
community in global recovery efforts.
•
LISA is an LCA tool for building design developed by BHP Australia. LISA (LCA in
Sustainable Archi- tecture) is an LCA decision support tool during the construction or
development process that streamlines everything. LISA was developed in response to requests
from architects and industry professionals to simplify LCA instru- men to assist with green
design.
Currently, LCA methodologies are complicated and not widely accepted by designers and
specifiers. In addition, detailed studies in LCA often divert attention from key environmental
issues, and tend to focus on competition between materials rather than on optimization of
construction systems.
LISA is designed for:
Help identify key environmental issues in construction.
Provides architects with a user-friendly tool for valuing the environmental aspects of
building design.
Enable architects and specifiers to make choices based on holistic environmental life
cycle considerations.
To date LISA has been applied at various design scales, and is being applied to development
processes:
Multi-storey Office Building
Tall Building
Wide-Span Warehouses
Bridges for Highways and Railways
BEES - Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability is a computer
software introduced and developed in the United States by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. The
BEES software offers an easy and reliable technique to determine the cost-effective of
preferred or environmentally friendly building products.
The tool was developed based on a consensus of standards and designed to be practical,
flexible and transparent. The Windows-based decision-making software, which has reached
version 4.0, is aimed at designers, product manufacturers, and includes actual environmental
and economic performance data for 230 building products.
BEES measures the environmental performance of building products using the life-cycle
assessment approach defined in the ISO 14040 series of standards. All stages throughout the
life-cycle of a product are analyzed including: raw material sourcing, manufacturing or
fabrication, transportation, installation, use, and recycling and waste treatment.
To measure economic performance the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method is used, which
takes into account the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and
repair, and disposal. The environmental and economic performance are combined into an
overall performance measurement using the ASTM standard for Multi-Attribute Decision
Analysis. Throughout the BEES analysis, building products were defined and classified
according to ASTM standard classification standards. for building elements is known as
UNIFORMAT II.
BEES is supported in part by the U.S. EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Program. EPP was enacted under Executive Order 13423: "Strengthening Federal Environ-
mental, Energy, and Transportation Man- agement," which encourages Executive agencies to
reduce environmentally- attributable burdens by spending more than 230 billion U.S. dollars.
$ for products and services that are paid for annually, including products
-building products.
•
TEAM - LCA tool from EcoBalance / Eco- bilan (FR / US). TEAM™ LCA software,
introduced by Peran- cis and the United States, is Ecobilan's powerful and flexible Life Cy-
cle Assessment software.
•
TEAM™ allows users to build using large-capacity data bases for modeling a system that
represents operations associated with products, processes, and activities. TEAM™ is able to
describe any industrial system and calculate total life cycle inventories and potential
environmental impacts based on the ISO 14040 series of standards
.
Energy and Building Tools Software
•
ATHENA - The AthenaTM Sustainable Materials Institute developed in Ka- nada is a
world-leading data source institute, which is also a center of expertise and tools for designing
buildings with an environmental mindset.
It believes that good information and tools are critical to achieving a sustainable built
environment. The institute also believes that life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches to
sustainability is the only way to create an action arena for diverse building materials in the
context of use.
Athena Institute International, an Athenian non-profit organization, through its representative
in Canada and its affiliate in the United States, conducts and guides innovative research and
development activities that enable architects, engineers, and other professionals to consider
environmental factors throughout the architectural system from the design process onwards.
Over the past ten years, it has developed ground-breaking software, a new and innovative
computer software. The software is a world-class database and consulting service of a firm
with a worldwide reputation in the field of sustainable building and LCA.
It also offers the only tool for holistic life cycle assessment of buildings and other designs:
Enable users to evaluate whole buildings and other designs based on the internationally
recognized LCA methodology.
Provided free instant LCA results for more than 400 public building designs.
DOE-2 - is a software developed by the United States to analyze energy use and cost in
the building construction process. DOE-2 is a widely used and accepted freeware
program for building energy analysis that can predict energy use and cost across all
building typologies.
In its operation DOE-2 uses data such as details of building layout, construction, operation
schedules, lighting systems, HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Condition- ing), etc., as
well as data on the ability of users to bear utility loads, to determine the simulated
performance of the building at each hour to estimate the number of billing accounts so that it
can be known in advance by potential users.
The DOE-2 generic program is essentially a DOS box or batch program that requires
experience for effective use, while offering significant flexibility for researchers and experts.
As an implementation of the DOE-2 program, eQUEST is a complete and interactive
Windows-based program with smart graphical displays to support the ease of use of DOE-2.
•
ENVEST - Envest is a software tool that has been developed in the United Kingdom
(UK). Envest 2 is a software tool that simplifies the highly complex process of designing
buildings with low environmental impact and overall life-cycle costs. Envest 2 allows both
environmental and financial trade-offs to be made explicitly in the design process and allows
clients to optimize their best concepts based on priorities.
The process involved the designers inputting their building plans which included: height,
number of floors, window area, etc. and selecting elements such as external walls, roof
covering materials, etc. Envest 2 identifies the elements with the greatest influence on
environmental impacts and overall life cycle costs and shows the effects of choosing different
building materials. It also predicts the environmental impacts and basic costs of various
strategies for heating, maintaining, and operating the building.
By comparing buildings with different specifications, architects can graphically demonstrate
the qualifications of different designs to clients. Envest 2 produces detailed and summarized
information ready to be transferred to users' templates to create building environmental
system reports.
Envest 2 is web-based, enabling large companies to store and share information in a
controlled manner, and enabling them to perform bench-marking or benchmarking in-house
or independently in addition to comparing designs. The two versions of the Envest tool
available are:
The Envest 2 estimator uses environmental and financial data on building
performance in a holistic way. It is aimed at design teams specifically interested in the
environmental performance of a building but is also useful for providing estimates of
overall costs for different designs.
The Envest 2 calculator provides default environmental data but allows users to enter
the area of information on capital and financial costs over their lifetime. It also
provides a powerful tool for design teams most concerned with whole-life costs, for
those with specific data, and who recognize the benefits of having access to the
environmental performance of their designs.
Whole Building Assessment Tools Software
•
The LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green
Building Rating System™ is the U.S. national benchmark for green buildings with superior
performance.
LEED is aimed at the design, construction and operation processes of high-performance green
buildings. LEED provides building owners and operators with the tools to realize immediate
and measurable impacts on the performance of their buildings.
LEED also promotes a holistic approach to building by identifying performance in five key
areas for human health and the environment, namely: sustainable site development, water
savings, energy efficiency, building materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.
LEED provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting the success of each building type
and each stage along the building life-cycle. LEED-specific programs include:
Projects Construction New Commercial and Renovation Projects.
Operation and Maintenance Existing Buildings.
Commercial Interior Projects.
Core and Shell Development Projects.
Residential Homes
Housing Development
Guidelines for On-campus Building and Building Group Projects.
LEED for Schools.
LEED for Shops, also developed
LEED for Health Centers, and
LEED for Laboratories
The LEED Rating System was created to transform the built environment to a sustainable one
by providing the building industry with a consistent set of credible standards to create what is
called a green building or green design. The rating system was developed and continuously
improved through an open, consensus-based process, which has made LEED the nation's
preferred green building standard for Federal and state agencies and local governments.
Buildings that have reduced operating costs, healthier and more productive users, and
conserved natural resources are comprehensive reasons for LEED to certify them.
LEED can be widely used by architects, real estate professionals, facility managers,
engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, and government
officials, among others.
•
GREEN BUILDING ADVISOR - Green
Building Advisor 1.1 (GBA) is an innovative computer software tool based on an interactive
CD-ROM. It can help users identify design strategies that can be applied to specific building
projects. By inputting information about the project, and based on that input, GBA outputs a
list of strategies relevant to the project, organized into categories for easy study.
GBA is a brainstorming tool that can save research time. Each strategy is described in detail,
information is presented along with relative costs, explaining if at any point in the process, the
strategy will be implemented. The design phase requires a strategy, explains the
interrelationships between strategies, and identifies sources for more information. And
through case studies show how actual projects implement the strategies.
The software also provides information on green building reviews, a large database of green
products based on GreenSpec, and a library of green building design resources. Simply put,
GBA is a brainstorming tool for anyone looking to reduce the environmental impacts of a
particular building or renovation project.
GBA is the easiest tool to use, with graphical illustrations that fully explain how architectural
process modifications can reduce the environmental impact of a building.
•
BREEAM - The Building Research Estab- lishment Environmental Assessment Method
(BREEAM) is a computer software tool developed in the United Kingdom. It allows building
owners, users and architects to review and improve environmental performance over the life
of the building.
BREEAM is the longest and most widely used building environmental assessment method in
the UK. It sets the greatest practical standards of sustainable development and demonstrates
their level of success. It has become one of the repertoires used to describe a building's
environmental performance.
BREEAM has been declared the most successful program in promoting sustainable practices,
influencing other initiatives worldwide. In the UK 100,000 buildings have been certified and
over half a million buildings have registered to be assessed.
BREEAM certification is carried out by licensed assessors, which ensures that assessments
are competitively conducted by assessors working within a strict quality assurance
framework. BRE trains, tests and licenses organizations to carry out the assessment process
and work with design teams and cover a wide range of building typologies.
Conclusions
Appropriate utilization of the full potential of Information and Communication Technology
will greatly assist environmental restoration and socio-economic improvement relatively
quickly on a variety of scales up to a global scale. Although absolute homeosta- sis is
impossible to achieve, with the help of this technology, it is hoped that the acceleration of
recovery and improvement can exceed or outweigh the acceleration of natural environment
degradation and widespread poverty.
Although the certification process of Eco Labeling or Environmental Labeling as a le- gality
for sustainable products including architecture with the enforcement of laws and sanctions, is
only possible in countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, but it
does not mean that countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, are
not able to implement the certification process.
-Developing countries just stand by and wait for the fate of being blamed for the greatest
contribution to environmental degradation and widespread poverty. Therefore The use of
tools in the form of computer software does not hurt to start socializing through intensive use
in developing countries including United States.
From the observations that have been made of various computer software that has been
created and used by developed countries towards sustainability, especially architecturally, a
large part shows also a very strong participation of government institutions as a manifestation
of the political will of the country that created the equipment concerned. Because they are
fully aware that in this era of In- formation and Communication Technology the scale of the
area of thought has changed to a global scale as well as the community that has been formed
which cannot be ignored, if they do not want to be alienated by the global community.
For the process towards architectural sus- tainability, several institutions have offered a wide
variety of profitable and non-profitable computer software. In this case, architects, designers,
and other interested parties are still required to be cautious, wise, and wise in intelligently
choosing software that is appropriate for solving problems with an environmental mindset and
not getting caught up in the commercialization of the equipment companies concerned.
Therefore, in the future, United States, especially UNIKOM, is expected to design better
software that is not regionalized, which means that it can be widely used at least in United
States. And the most important thing is to remain consistent with the noble purpose of making
the software in question as a form of concern for the declining quality of the natural
environment and the spread of poverty.
Cradle-To-Grave Paradigm
The cradle-to-grave paradigm, translated as from-birth-to-death or according to Malaysian
architect Ken Yeang from-source-to-sink, as stated earlier, is the principle of always taking
into account the costs and energy that will be released, as well as the environmental impacts
that will occur at every stage in a production process from material with- drawal or
extraction, namely material mining to waste disposal, namely waste management. The same
is true for buildings as products of architectural systems starting from the planning and design
process, construction, operation and maintenance, human bionomics, up to the building
management process at the end usability.
In the case of building as an architectural system product, Figure 2 can give an idea of the
environmental impacts that will occur due to the building life-cycle process:
The cradle or birth of a building begins with the collection of raw materials, which
will require a certain amount of energy and cost and result in environmental impacts.
Product manufacturing transportation will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Construction and fitting out will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Operation and maintenance will require operational energy and costs and resulting
environmental impacts.
Grave or death: renovation and demolition is the process of repair and demolition will
also experience the same thing as item 1.
To calculate the amount of energy to be used, an analysis must be made of all the energy
contained in the building and that will be consumed over the life of the building for both
operational and maintenance activities.
Operations will depend on the use of materials and fabrication methods, while maintenance
will depend on the orientation, window area and type, surface finishes, and systems of
lighting, air conditioning, insulation, thermal characteristics of walls and roofs.
The Role Of Information And Communication Technology Towards Architectural
Sustain- Ability
In the process of development, sustainability measurement instruments, both for products in
general and for buildings as products of architectural systems, have been intelligently
systematized through the potentials of information and communication technology.
Several software tools and databases on sustainable products have been created and compiled,
especially by developed countries, this also reinforces the statement that eco-labeling or
environmental labeling is only possible in developed countries with the mechanism of using
similar instruments.
However, this does not mean that developing countries cannot or do not need to use the
instrument in question, but it has not been used as a legality tool through the certification
process with all its legal enforcement and sanctions. Therefore, the term used is still towards
and not achieving architectural sustainability because achieving will be deter- ministic and
basically absolute sustainability, namely the condition of homeostasis or equi- librium has
only been achieved once, namely when nature was created by the Creator.
Paradigm-based Computer Software Cradle-To-Grave
Softwares or computer software that have been introduced and widely used, especially in
developed countries, to assess the sustainability of a product including buildings as a product
of architectural processes among others:
LCA Softwares
Energy and Building Tools
Whole Building Assessment Tools
LCA Softwares or LCA Software Here are a few examples of software tools that can't hurt
to start using as a form of responsibility and participation of the United States architectural
community in global recovery efforts.
•
LISA is an LCA tool for building design developed by BHP Australia. LISA (LCA in
Sustainable Archi- tecture) is an LCA decision support tool during the construction or
development process that streamlines everything. LISA was developed in response to requests
from architects and industry professionals to simplify LCA instru- men to assist with green
design.
Currently, LCA methodologies are complicated and not widely accepted by designers and
specifiers. In addition, detailed studies in LCA often divert attention from key environmental
issues, and tend to focus on competition between materials rather than on optimization of
construction systems.
LISA is designed for:
Help identify key environmental issues in construction.
Provides architects with a user-friendly tool for valuing the environmental aspects of
building design.
Enable architects and specifiers to make choices based on holistic environmental life
cycle considerations.
To date LISA has been applied at various design scales, and is being applied to development
processes:
Multi-storey Office Building
Tall Building
Wide-Span Warehouses
Bridges for Highways and Railways
BEES - Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability is a computer
software introduced and developed in the United States by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. The
BEES software offers an easy and reliable technique to determine the cost-effective of
preferred or environmentally friendly building products.
The tool was developed based on a consensus of standards and designed to be practical,
flexible and transparent. The Windows-based decision-making software, which has reached
version 4.0, is aimed at designers, product manufacturers, and includes actual environmental
and economic performance data for 230 building products.
BEES measures the environmental performance of building products using the life-cycle
assessment approach defined in the ISO 14040 series of standards. All stages throughout the
life-cycle of a product are analyzed including: raw material sourcing, manufacturing or
fabrication, transportation, installation, use, and recycling and waste treatment.
To measure economic performance the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method is used, which
takes into account the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and
repair, and disposal. The environmental and economic performance are combined into an
overall performance measurement using the ASTM standard for Multi-Attribute Decision
Analysis. Throughout the BEES analysis, building products were defined and classified
according to ASTM standard classification standards. for building elements is known as
UNIFORMAT II.
BEES is supported in part by the U.S. EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Program. EPP was enacted under Executive Order 13423: "Strengthening Federal Environ-
mental, Energy, and Transportation Man- agement," which encourages Executive agencies to
reduce environmentally- attributable burdens by spending more than 230 billion U.S. dollars.
$ for products and services that are paid for annually, including products
-building products.
•
TEAM - LCA tool from EcoBalance / Eco- bilan (FR / US). TEAM™ LCA software,
introduced by Peran- cis and the United States, is Ecobilan's powerful and flexible Life Cy-
cle Assessment software.
•
TEAM™ allows users to build using large-capacity data bases for modeling a system that
represents operations associated with products, processes, and activities. TEAM™ is able to
describe any industrial system and calculate total life cycle inventories and potential
environmental impacts based on the ISO 14040 series of standards
.
Energy and Building Tools Software
•
ATHENA - The AthenaTM Sustainable Materials Institute developed in Ka- nada is a
world-leading data source institute, which is also a center of expertise and tools for designing
buildings with an environmental mindset.
It believes that good information and tools are critical to achieving a sustainable built
environment. The institute also believes that life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches to
sustainability is the only way to create an action arena for diverse building materials in the
context of use.
Athena Institute International, an Athenian non-profit organization, through its representative
in Canada and its affiliate in the United States, conducts and guides innovative research and
development activities that enable architects, engineers, and other professionals to consider
environmental factors throughout the architectural system from the design process onwards.
Over the past ten years, it has developed ground-breaking software, a new and innovative
computer software. The software is a world-class database and consulting service of a firm
with a worldwide reputation in the field of sustainable building and LCA.
It also offers the only tool for holistic life cycle assessment of buildings and other designs:
Enable users to evaluate whole buildings and other designs based on the internationally
recognized LCA methodology.
Provided free instant LCA results for more than 400 public building designs.
DOE-2 - is a software developed by the United States to analyze energy use and cost in
the building construction process. DOE-2 is a widely used and accepted freeware
program for building energy analysis that can predict energy use and cost across all
building typologies.
In its operation DOE-2 uses data such as details of building layout, construction, operation
schedules, lighting systems, HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Condition- ing), etc., as
well as data on the ability of users to bear utility loads, to determine the simulated
performance of the building at each hour to estimate the number of billing accounts so that it
can be known in advance by potential users.
The DOE-2 generic program is essentially a DOS box or batch program that requires
experience for effective use, while offering significant flexibility for researchers and experts.
As an implementation of the DOE-2 program, eQUEST is a complete and interactive
Windows-based program with smart graphical displays to support the ease of use of DOE-2.
•
ENVEST - Envest is a software tool that has been developed in the United Kingdom
(UK). Envest 2 is a software tool that simplifies the highly complex process of designing
buildings with low environmental impact and overall life-cycle costs. Envest 2 allows both
environmental and financial trade-offs to be made explicitly in the design process and allows
clients to optimize their best concepts based on priorities.
The process involved the designers inputting their building plans which included: height,
number of floors, window area, etc. and selecting elements such as external walls, roof
covering materials, etc. Envest 2 identifies the elements with the greatest influence on
environmental impacts and overall life cycle costs and shows the effects of choosing different
building materials. It also predicts the environmental impacts and basic costs of various
strategies for heating, maintaining, and operating the building.
By comparing buildings with different specifications, architects can graphically demonstrate
the qualifications of different designs to clients. Envest 2 produces detailed and summarized
information ready to be transferred to users' templates to create building environmental
system reports.
Envest 2 is web-based, enabling large companies to store and share information in a
controlled manner, and enabling them to perform bench-marking or benchmarking in-house
or independently in addition to comparing designs. The two versions of the Envest tool
available are:
The Envest 2 estimator uses environmental and financial data on building
performance in a holistic way. It is aimed at design teams specifically interested in the
environmental performance of a building but is also useful for providing estimates of
overall costs for different designs.
The Envest 2 calculator provides default environmental data but allows users to enter
the area of information on capital and financial costs over their lifetime. It also
provides a powerful tool for design teams most concerned with whole-life costs, for
those with specific data, and who recognize the benefits of having access to the
environmental performance of their designs.
Whole Building Assessment Tools Software
•
The LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green
Building Rating System™ is the U.S. national benchmark for green buildings with superior
performance.
LEED is aimed at the design, construction and operation processes of high-performance green
buildings. LEED provides building owners and operators with the tools to realize immediate
and measurable impacts on the performance of their buildings.
LEED also promotes a holistic approach to building by identifying performance in five key
areas for human health and the environment, namely: sustainable site development, water
savings, energy efficiency, building materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.
LEED provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting the success of each building type
and each stage along the building life-cycle. LEED-specific programs include:
Projects Construction New Commercial and Renovation Projects.
Operation and Maintenance Existing Buildings.
Commercial Interior Projects.
Core and Shell Development Projects.
Residential Homes
Housing Development
Guidelines for On-campus Building and Building Group Projects.
LEED for Schools.
LEED for Shops, also developed
LEED for Health Centers, and
LEED for Laboratories
The LEED Rating System was created to transform the built environment to a sustainable one
by providing the building industry with a consistent set of credible standards to create what is
called a green building or green design. The rating system was developed and continuously
improved through an open, consensus-based process, which has made LEED the nation's
preferred green building standard for Federal and state agencies and local governments.
Buildings that have reduced operating costs, healthier and more productive users, and
conserved natural resources are comprehensive reasons for LEED to certify them.
LEED can be widely used by architects, real estate professionals, facility managers,
engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, and government
officials, among others.
•
GREEN BUILDING ADVISOR - Green
Building Advisor 1.1 (GBA) is an innovative computer software tool based on an interactive
CD-ROM. It can help users identify design strategies that can be applied to specific building
projects. By inputting information about the project, and based on that input, GBA outputs a
list of strategies relevant to the project, organized into categories for easy study.
GBA is a brainstorming tool that can save research time. Each strategy is described in detail,
information is presented along with relative costs, explaining if at any point in the process, the
strategy will be implemented. The design phase requires a strategy, explains the
interrelationships between strategies, and identifies sources for more information. And
through case studies show how actual projects implement the strategies.
The software also provides information on green building reviews, a large database of green
products based on GreenSpec, and a library of green building design resources. Simply put,
GBA is a brainstorming tool for anyone looking to reduce the environmental impacts of a
particular building or renovation project.
GBA is the easiest tool to use, with graphical illustrations that fully explain how architectural
process modifications can reduce the environmental impact of a building.
•
BREEAM - The Building Research Estab- lishment Environmental Assessment Method
(BREEAM) is a computer software tool developed in the United Kingdom. It allows building
owners, users and architects to review and improve environmental performance over the life
of the building.
BREEAM is the longest and most widely used building environmental assessment method in
the UK. It sets the greatest practical standards of sustainable development and demonstrates
their level of success. It has become one of the repertoires used to describe a building's
environmental performance.
BREEAM has been declared the most successful program in promoting sustainable practices,
influencing other initiatives worldwide. In the UK 100,000 buildings have been certified and
over half a million buildings have registered to be assessed.
BREEAM certification is carried out by licensed assessors, which ensures that assessments
are competitively conducted by assessors working within a strict quality assurance
framework. BRE trains, tests and licenses organizations to carry out the assessment process
and work with design teams and cover a wide range of building typologies.
Conclusions
Appropriate utilization of the full potential of Information and Communication Technology
will greatly assist environmental restoration and socio-economic improvement relatively
quickly on a variety of scales up to a global scale. Although absolute homeosta- sis is
impossible to achieve, with the help of this technology, it is hoped that the acceleration of
recovery and improvement can exceed or outweigh the acceleration of natural environment
degradation and widespread poverty.
Although the certification process of Eco Labeling or Environmental Labeling as a le- gality
for sustainable products including architecture with the enforcement of laws and sanctions, is
only possible in countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, but it
does not mean that countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, are
not able to implement the certification process.
-Developing countries just stand by and wait for the fate of being blamed for the greatest
contribution to environmental degradation and widespread poverty. Therefore The use of
tools in the form of computer software does not hurt to start socializing through intensive use
in developing countries including United States.
From the observations that have been made of various computer software that has been
created and used by developed countries towards sustainability, especially architecturally, a
large part shows also a very strong participation of government institutions as a manifestation
of the political will of the country that created the equipment concerned. Because they are
fully aware that in this era of In- formation and Communication Technology the scale of the
area of thought has changed to a global scale as well as the community that has been formed
which cannot be ignored, if they do not want to be alienated by the global community.
For the process towards architectural sus- tainability, several institutions have offered a wide
variety of profitable and non-profitable computer software. In this case, architects, designers,
and other interested parties are still required to be cautious, wise, and wise in intelligently
choosing software that is appropriate for solving problems with an environmental mindset and
not getting caught up in the commercialization of the equipment companies concerned.
Therefore, in the future, United States, especially UNIKOM, is expected to design better
software that is not regionalized, which means that it can be widely used at least in United
States. And the most important thing is to remain consistent with the noble purpose of making
the software in question as a form of concern for the declining quality of the natural
environment and the spread of poverty.
Cradle-To-Grave Paradigm
The cradle-to-grave paradigm, translated as from-birth-to-death or according to Malaysian
architect Ken Yeang from-source-to-sink, as stated earlier, is the principle of always taking
into account the costs and energy that will be released, as well as the environmental impacts
that will occur at every stage in a production process from material with- drawal or
extraction, namely material mining to waste disposal, namely waste management. The same
is true for buildings as products of architectural systems starting from the planning and design
process, construction, operation and maintenance, human bionomics, up to the building
management process at the end usability.
In the case of building as an architectural system product, Figure 2 can give an idea of the
environmental impacts that will occur due to the building life-cycle process:
The cradle or birth of a building begins with the collection of raw materials, which
will require a certain amount of energy and cost and result in environmental impacts.
Product manufacturing transportation will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Construction and fitting out will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Operation and maintenance will require operational energy and costs and resulting
environmental impacts.
Grave or death: renovation and demolition is the process of repair and demolition will
also experience the same thing as item 1.
To calculate the amount of energy to be used, an analysis must be made of all the energy
contained in the building and that will be consumed over the life of the building for both
operational and maintenance activities.
Operations will depend on the use of materials and fabrication methods, while maintenance
will depend on the orientation, window area and type, surface finishes, and systems of
lighting, air conditioning, insulation, thermal characteristics of walls and roofs.
The Role Of Information And Communication Technology Towards Architectural
Sustain- Ability
In the process of development, sustainability measurement instruments, both for products in
general and for buildings as products of architectural systems, have been intelligently
systematized through the potentials of information and communication technology.
Several software tools and databases on sustainable products have been created and compiled,
especially by developed countries, this also reinforces the statement that eco-labeling or
environmental labeling is only possible in developed countries with the mechanism of using
similar instruments.
However, this does not mean that developing countries cannot or do not need to use the
instrument in question, but it has not been used as a legality tool through the certification
process with all its legal enforcement and sanctions. Therefore, the term used is still towards
and not achieving architectural sustainability because achieving will be deter- ministic and
basically absolute sustainability, namely the condition of homeostasis or equi- librium has
only been achieved once, namely when nature was created by the Creator.
Paradigm-based Computer Software Cradle-To-Grave
Softwares or computer software that have been introduced and widely used, especially in
developed countries, to assess the sustainability of a product including buildings as a product
of architectural processes among others:
LCA Softwares
Energy and Building Tools
Whole Building Assessment Tools
LCA Softwares or LCA Software Here are a few examples of software tools that can't hurt
to start using as a form of responsibility and participation of the United States architectural
community in global recovery efforts.
•
LISA is an LCA tool for building design developed by BHP Australia. LISA (LCA in
Sustainable Archi- tecture) is an LCA decision support tool during the construction or
development process that streamlines everything. LISA was developed in response to requests
from architects and industry professionals to simplify LCA instru- men to assist with green
design.
Currently, LCA methodologies are complicated and not widely accepted by designers and
specifiers. In addition, detailed studies in LCA often divert attention from key environmental
issues, and tend to focus on competition between materials rather than on optimization of
construction systems.
LISA is designed for:
Help identify key environmental issues in construction.
Provides architects with a user-friendly tool for valuing the environmental aspects of
building design.
Enable architects and specifiers to make choices based on holistic environmental life
cycle considerations.
To date LISA has been applied at various design scales, and is being applied to development
processes:
Multi-storey Office Building
Tall Building
Wide-Span Warehouses
Bridges for Highways and Railways
BEES - Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability is a computer
software introduced and developed in the United States by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. The
BEES software offers an easy and reliable technique to determine the cost-effective of
preferred or environmentally friendly building products.
The tool was developed based on a consensus of standards and designed to be practical,
flexible and transparent. The Windows-based decision-making software, which has reached
version 4.0, is aimed at designers, product manufacturers, and includes actual environmental
and economic performance data for 230 building products.
BEES measures the environmental performance of building products using the life-cycle
assessment approach defined in the ISO 14040 series of standards. All stages throughout the
life-cycle of a product are analyzed including: raw material sourcing, manufacturing or
fabrication, transportation, installation, use, and recycling and waste treatment.
To measure economic performance the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method is used, which
takes into account the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and
repair, and disposal. The environmental and economic performance are combined into an
overall performance measurement using the ASTM standard for Multi-Attribute Decision
Analysis. Throughout the BEES analysis, building products were defined and classified
according to ASTM standard classification standards. for building elements is known as
UNIFORMAT II.
BEES is supported in part by the U.S. EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Program. EPP was enacted under Executive Order 13423: "Strengthening Federal Environ-
mental, Energy, and Transportation Man- agement," which encourages Executive agencies to
reduce environmentally- attributable burdens by spending more than 230 billion U.S. dollars.
$ for products and services that are paid for annually, including products
-building products.
•
TEAM - LCA tool from EcoBalance / Eco- bilan (FR / US). TEAM™ LCA software,
introduced by Peran- cis and the United States, is Ecobilan's powerful and flexible Life Cy-
cle Assessment software.
•
TEAM™ allows users to build using large-capacity data bases for modeling a system that
represents operations associated with products, processes, and activities. TEAM™ is able to
describe any industrial system and calculate total life cycle inventories and potential
environmental impacts based on the ISO 14040 series of standards
.
Energy and Building Tools Software
•
ATHENA - The AthenaTM Sustainable Materials Institute developed in Ka- nada is a
world-leading data source institute, which is also a center of expertise and tools for designing
buildings with an environmental mindset.
It believes that good information and tools are critical to achieving a sustainable built
environment. The institute also believes that life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches to
sustainability is the only way to create an action arena for diverse building materials in the
context of use.
Athena Institute International, an Athenian non-profit organization, through its representative
in Canada and its affiliate in the United States, conducts and guides innovative research and
development activities that enable architects, engineers, and other professionals to consider
environmental factors throughout the architectural system from the design process onwards.
Over the past ten years, it has developed ground-breaking software, a new and innovative
computer software. The software is a world-class database and consulting service of a firm
with a worldwide reputation in the field of sustainable building and LCA.
It also offers the only tool for holistic life cycle assessment of buildings and other designs:
Enable users to evaluate whole buildings and other designs based on the internationally
recognized LCA methodology.
Provided free instant LCA results for more than 400 public building designs.
DOE-2 - is a software developed by the United States to analyze energy use and cost in
the building construction process. DOE-2 is a widely used and accepted freeware
program for building energy analysis that can predict energy use and cost across all
building typologies.
In its operation DOE-2 uses data such as details of building layout, construction, operation
schedules, lighting systems, HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Condition- ing), etc., as
well as data on the ability of users to bear utility loads, to determine the simulated
performance of the building at each hour to estimate the number of billing accounts so that it
can be known in advance by potential users.
The DOE-2 generic program is essentially a DOS box or batch program that requires
experience for effective use, while offering significant flexibility for researchers and experts.
As an implementation of the DOE-2 program, eQUEST is a complete and interactive
Windows-based program with smart graphical displays to support the ease of use of DOE-2.
•
ENVEST - Envest is a software tool that has been developed in the United Kingdom
(UK). Envest 2 is a software tool that simplifies the highly complex process of designing
buildings with low environmental impact and overall life-cycle costs. Envest 2 allows both
environmental and financial trade-offs to be made explicitly in the design process and allows
clients to optimize their best concepts based on priorities.
The process involved the designers inputting their building plans which included: height,
number of floors, window area, etc. and selecting elements such as external walls, roof
covering materials, etc. Envest 2 identifies the elements with the greatest influence on
environmental impacts and overall life cycle costs and shows the effects of choosing different
building materials. It also predicts the environmental impacts and basic costs of various
strategies for heating, maintaining, and operating the building.
By comparing buildings with different specifications, architects can graphically demonstrate
the qualifications of different designs to clients. Envest 2 produces detailed and summarized
information ready to be transferred to users' templates to create building environmental
system reports.
Envest 2 is web-based, enabling large companies to store and share information in a
controlled manner, and enabling them to perform bench-marking or benchmarking in-house
or independently in addition to comparing designs. The two versions of the Envest tool
available are:
The Envest 2 estimator uses environmental and financial data on building
performance in a holistic way. It is aimed at design teams specifically interested in the
environmental performance of a building but is also useful for providing estimates of
overall costs for different designs.
The Envest 2 calculator provides default environmental data but allows users to enter
the area of information on capital and financial costs over their lifetime. It also
provides a powerful tool for design teams most concerned with whole-life costs, for
those with specific data, and who recognize the benefits of having access to the
environmental performance of their designs.
Whole Building Assessment Tools Software
•
The LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green
Building Rating System™ is the U.S. national benchmark for green buildings with superior
performance.
LEED is aimed at the design, construction and operation processes of high-performance green
buildings. LEED provides building owners and operators with the tools to realize immediate
and measurable impacts on the performance of their buildings.
LEED also promotes a holistic approach to building by identifying performance in five key
areas for human health and the environment, namely: sustainable site development, water
savings, energy efficiency, building materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.
LEED provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting the success of each building type
and each stage along the building life-cycle. LEED-specific programs include:
Projects Construction New Commercial and Renovation Projects.
Operation and Maintenance Existing Buildings.
Commercial Interior Projects.
Core and Shell Development Projects.
Residential Homes
Housing Development
Guidelines for On-campus Building and Building Group Projects.
LEED for Schools.
LEED for Shops, also developed
LEED for Health Centers, and
LEED for Laboratories
The LEED Rating System was created to transform the built environment to a sustainable one
by providing the building industry with a consistent set of credible standards to create what is
called a green building or green design. The rating system was developed and continuously
improved through an open, consensus-based process, which has made LEED the nation's
preferred green building standard for Federal and state agencies and local governments.
Buildings that have reduced operating costs, healthier and more productive users, and
conserved natural resources are comprehensive reasons for LEED to certify them.
LEED can be widely used by architects, real estate professionals, facility managers,
engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, and government
officials, among others.
•
GREEN BUILDING ADVISOR - Green
Building Advisor 1.1 (GBA) is an innovative computer software tool based on an interactive
CD-ROM. It can help users identify design strategies that can be applied to specific building
projects. By inputting information about the project, and based on that input, GBA outputs a
list of strategies relevant to the project, organized into categories for easy study.
GBA is a brainstorming tool that can save research time. Each strategy is described in detail,
information is presented along with relative costs, explaining if at any point in the process, the
strategy will be implemented. The design phase requires a strategy, explains the
interrelationships between strategies, and identifies sources for more information. And
through case studies show how actual projects implement the strategies.
The software also provides information on green building reviews, a large database of green
products based on GreenSpec, and a library of green building design resources. Simply put,
GBA is a brainstorming tool for anyone looking to reduce the environmental impacts of a
particular building or renovation project.
GBA is the easiest tool to use, with graphical illustrations that fully explain how architectural
process modifications can reduce the environmental impact of a building.
•
BREEAM - The Building Research Estab- lishment Environmental Assessment Method
(BREEAM) is a computer software tool developed in the United Kingdom. It allows building
owners, users and architects to review and improve environmental performance over the life
of the building.
BREEAM is the longest and most widely used building environmental assessment method in
the UK. It sets the greatest practical standards of sustainable development and demonstrates
their level of success. It has become one of the repertoires used to describe a building's
environmental performance.
BREEAM has been declared the most successful program in promoting sustainable practices,
influencing other initiatives worldwide. In the UK 100,000 buildings have been certified and
over half a million buildings have registered to be assessed.
BREEAM certification is carried out by licensed assessors, which ensures that assessments
are competitively conducted by assessors working within a strict quality assurance
framework. BRE trains, tests and licenses organizations to carry out the assessment process
and work with design teams and cover a wide range of building typologies.
Conclusions
Appropriate utilization of the full potential of Information and Communication Technology
will greatly assist environmental restoration and socio-economic improvement relatively
quickly on a variety of scales up to a global scale. Although absolute homeosta- sis is
impossible to achieve, with the help of this technology, it is hoped that the acceleration of
recovery and improvement can exceed or outweigh the acceleration of natural environment
degradation and widespread poverty.
Although the certification process of Eco Labeling or Environmental Labeling as a le- gality
for sustainable products including architecture with the enforcement of laws and sanctions, is
only possible in countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, but it
does not mean that countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, are
not able to implement the certification process.
-Developing countries just stand by and wait for the fate of being blamed for the greatest
contribution to environmental degradation and widespread poverty. Therefore The use of
tools in the form of computer software does not hurt to start socializing through intensive use
in developing countries including United States.
From the observations that have been made of various computer software that has been
created and used by developed countries towards sustainability, especially architecturally, a
large part shows also a very strong participation of government institutions as a manifestation
of the political will of the country that created the equipment concerned. Because they are
fully aware that in this era of In- formation and Communication Technology the scale of the
area of thought has changed to a global scale as well as the community that has been formed
which cannot be ignored, if they do not want to be alienated by the global community.
For the process towards architectural sus- tainability, several institutions have offered a wide
variety of profitable and non-profitable computer software. In this case, architects, designers,
and other interested parties are still required to be cautious, wise, and wise in intelligently
choosing software that is appropriate for solving problems with an environmental mindset and
not getting caught up in the commercialization of the equipment companies concerned.
Therefore, in the future, United States, especially UNIKOM, is expected to design better
software that is not regionalized, which means that it can be widely used at least in United
States. And the most important thing is to remain consistent with the noble purpose of making
the software in question as a form of concern for the declining quality of the natural
environment and the spread of poverty.
Cradle-To-Grave Paradigm
The cradle-to-grave paradigm, translated as from-birth-to-death or according to Malaysian
architect Ken Yeang from-source-to-sink, as stated earlier, is the principle of always taking
into account the costs and energy that will be released, as well as the environmental impacts
that will occur at every stage in a production process from material with- drawal or
extraction, namely material mining to waste disposal, namely waste management. The same
is true for buildings as products of architectural systems starting from the planning and design
process, construction, operation and maintenance, human bionomics, up to the building
management process at the end usability.
In the case of building as an architectural system product, Figure 2 can give an idea of the
environmental impacts that will occur due to the building life-cycle process:
The cradle or birth of a building begins with the collection of raw materials, which
will require a certain amount of energy and cost and result in environmental impacts.
Product manufacturing transportation will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Construction and fitting out will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Operation and maintenance will require operational energy and costs and resulting
environmental impacts.
Grave or death: renovation and demolition is the process of repair and demolition will
also experience the same thing as item 1.
To calculate the amount of energy to be used, an analysis must be made of all the energy
contained in the building and that will be consumed over the life of the building for both
operational and maintenance activities.
Operations will depend on the use of materials and fabrication methods, while maintenance
will depend on the orientation, window area and type, surface finishes, and systems of
lighting, air conditioning, insulation, thermal characteristics of walls and roofs.
The Role Of Information And Communication Technology Towards Architectural
Sustain- Ability
In the process of development, sustainability measurement instruments, both for products in
general and for buildings as products of architectural systems, have been intelligently
systematized through the potentials of information and communication technology.
Several software tools and databases on sustainable products have been created and compiled,
especially by developed countries, this also reinforces the statement that eco-labeling or
environmental labeling is only possible in developed countries with the mechanism of using
similar instruments.
However, this does not mean that developing countries cannot or do not need to use the
instrument in question, but it has not been used as a legality tool through the certification
process with all its legal enforcement and sanctions. Therefore, the term used is still towards
and not achieving architectural sustainability because achieving will be deter- ministic and
basically absolute sustainability, namely the condition of homeostasis or equi- librium has
only been achieved once, namely when nature was created by the Creator.
Paradigm-based Computer Software Cradle-To-Grave
Softwares or computer software that have been introduced and widely used, especially in
developed countries, to assess the sustainability of a product including buildings as a product
of architectural processes among others:
LCA Softwares
Energy and Building Tools
Whole Building Assessment Tools
LCA Softwares or LCA Software Here are a few examples of software tools that can't hurt
to start using as a form of responsibility and participation of the United States architectural
community in global recovery efforts.
•
LISA is an LCA tool for building design developed by BHP Australia. LISA (LCA in
Sustainable Archi- tecture) is an LCA decision support tool during the construction or
development process that streamlines everything. LISA was developed in response to requests
from architects and industry professionals to simplify LCA instru- men to assist with green
design.
Currently, LCA methodologies are complicated and not widely accepted by designers and
specifiers. In addition, detailed studies in LCA often divert attention from key environmental
issues, and tend to focus on competition between materials rather than on optimization of
construction systems.
LISA is designed for:
Help identify key environmental issues in construction.
Provides architects with a user-friendly tool for valuing the environmental aspects of
building design.
Enable architects and specifiers to make choices based on holistic environmental life
cycle considerations.
To date LISA has been applied at various design scales, and is being applied to development
processes:
Multi-storey Office Building
Tall Building
Wide-Span Warehouses
Bridges for Highways and Railways
BEES - Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability is a computer
software introduced and developed in the United States by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. The
BEES software offers an easy and reliable technique to determine the cost-effective of
preferred or environmentally friendly building products.
The tool was developed based on a consensus of standards and designed to be practical,
flexible and transparent. The Windows-based decision-making software, which has reached
version 4.0, is aimed at designers, product manufacturers, and includes actual environmental
and economic performance data for 230 building products.
BEES measures the environmental performance of building products using the life-cycle
assessment approach defined in the ISO 14040 series of standards. All stages throughout the
life-cycle of a product are analyzed including: raw material sourcing, manufacturing or
fabrication, transportation, installation, use, and recycling and waste treatment.
To measure economic performance the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method is used, which
takes into account the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and
repair, and disposal. The environmental and economic performance are combined into an
overall performance measurement using the ASTM standard for Multi-Attribute Decision
Analysis. Throughout the BEES analysis, building products were defined and classified
according to ASTM standard classification standards. for building elements is known as
UNIFORMAT II.
BEES is supported in part by the U.S. EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Program. EPP was enacted under Executive Order 13423: "Strengthening Federal Environ-
mental, Energy, and Transportation Man- agement," which encourages Executive agencies to
reduce environmentally- attributable burdens by spending more than 230 billion U.S. dollars.
$ for products and services that are paid for annually, including products
-building products.
•
TEAM - LCA tool from EcoBalance / Eco- bilan (FR / US). TEAM™ LCA software,
introduced by Peran- cis and the United States, is Ecobilan's powerful and flexible Life Cy-
cle Assessment software.
•
TEAM™ allows users to build using large-capacity data bases for modeling a system that
represents operations associated with products, processes, and activities. TEAM™ is able to
describe any industrial system and calculate total life cycle inventories and potential
environmental impacts based on the ISO 14040 series of standards
.
Energy and Building Tools Software
•
ATHENA - The AthenaTM Sustainable Materials Institute developed in Ka- nada is a
world-leading data source institute, which is also a center of expertise and tools for designing
buildings with an environmental mindset.
It believes that good information and tools are critical to achieving a sustainable built
environment. The institute also believes that life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches to
sustainability is the only way to create an action arena for diverse building materials in the
context of use.
Athena Institute International, an Athenian non-profit organization, through its representative
in Canada and its affiliate in the United States, conducts and guides innovative research and
development activities that enable architects, engineers, and other professionals to consider
environmental factors throughout the architectural system from the design process onwards.
Over the past ten years, it has developed ground-breaking software, a new and innovative
computer software. The software is a world-class database and consulting service of a firm
with a worldwide reputation in the field of sustainable building and LCA.
It also offers the only tool for holistic life cycle assessment of buildings and other designs:
Enable users to evaluate whole buildings and other designs based on the internationally
recognized LCA methodology.
Provided free instant LCA results for more than 400 public building designs.
DOE-2 - is a software developed by the United States to analyze energy use and cost in
the building construction process. DOE-2 is a widely used and accepted freeware
program for building energy analysis that can predict energy use and cost across all
building typologies.
In its operation DOE-2 uses data such as details of building layout, construction, operation
schedules, lighting systems, HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Condition- ing), etc., as
well as data on the ability of users to bear utility loads, to determine the simulated
performance of the building at each hour to estimate the number of billing accounts so that it
can be known in advance by potential users.
The DOE-2 generic program is essentially a DOS box or batch program that requires
experience for effective use, while offering significant flexibility for researchers and experts.
As an implementation of the DOE-2 program, eQUEST is a complete and interactive
Windows-based program with smart graphical displays to support the ease of use of DOE-2.
•
ENVEST - Envest is a software tool that has been developed in the United Kingdom
(UK). Envest 2 is a software tool that simplifies the highly complex process of designing
buildings with low environmental impact and overall life-cycle costs. Envest 2 allows both
environmental and financial trade-offs to be made explicitly in the design process and allows
clients to optimize their best concepts based on priorities.
The process involved the designers inputting their building plans which included: height,
number of floors, window area, etc. and selecting elements such as external walls, roof
covering materials, etc. Envest 2 identifies the elements with the greatest influence on
environmental impacts and overall life cycle costs and shows the effects of choosing different
building materials. It also predicts the environmental impacts and basic costs of various
strategies for heating, maintaining, and operating the building.
By comparing buildings with different specifications, architects can graphically demonstrate
the qualifications of different designs to clients. Envest 2 produces detailed and summarized
information ready to be transferred to users' templates to create building environmental
system reports.
Envest 2 is web-based, enabling large companies to store and share information in a
controlled manner, and enabling them to perform bench-marking or benchmarking in-house
or independently in addition to comparing designs. The two versions of the Envest tool
available are:
The Envest 2 estimator uses environmental and financial data on building
performance in a holistic way. It is aimed at design teams specifically interested in the
environmental performance of a building but is also useful for providing estimates of
overall costs for different designs.
The Envest 2 calculator provides default environmental data but allows users to enter
the area of information on capital and financial costs over their lifetime. It also
provides a powerful tool for design teams most concerned with whole-life costs, for
those with specific data, and who recognize the benefits of having access to the
environmental performance of their designs.
Whole Building Assessment Tools Software
•
The LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green
Building Rating System™ is the U.S. national benchmark for green buildings with superior
performance.
LEED is aimed at the design, construction and operation processes of high-performance green
buildings. LEED provides building owners and operators with the tools to realize immediate
and measurable impacts on the performance of their buildings.
LEED also promotes a holistic approach to building by identifying performance in five key
areas for human health and the environment, namely: sustainable site development, water
savings, energy efficiency, building materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.
LEED provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting the success of each building type
and each stage along the building life-cycle. LEED-specific programs include:
Projects Construction New Commercial and Renovation Projects.
Operation and Maintenance Existing Buildings.
Commercial Interior Projects.
Core and Shell Development Projects.
Residential Homes
Housing Development
Guidelines for On-campus Building and Building Group Projects.
LEED for Schools.
LEED for Shops, also developed
LEED for Health Centers, and
LEED for Laboratories
The LEED Rating System was created to transform the built environment to a sustainable one
by providing the building industry with a consistent set of credible standards to create what is
called a green building or green design. The rating system was developed and continuously
improved through an open, consensus-based process, which has made LEED the nation's
preferred green building standard for Federal and state agencies and local governments.
Buildings that have reduced operating costs, healthier and more productive users, and
conserved natural resources are comprehensive reasons for LEED to certify them.
LEED can be widely used by architects, real estate professionals, facility managers,
engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, and government
officials, among others.
•
GREEN BUILDING ADVISOR - Green
Building Advisor 1.1 (GBA) is an innovative computer software tool based on an interactive
CD-ROM. It can help users identify design strategies that can be applied to specific building
projects. By inputting information about the project, and based on that input, GBA outputs a
list of strategies relevant to the project, organized into categories for easy study.
GBA is a brainstorming tool that can save research time. Each strategy is described in detail,
information is presented along with relative costs, explaining if at any point in the process, the
strategy will be implemented. The design phase requires a strategy, explains the
interrelationships between strategies, and identifies sources for more information. And
through case studies show how actual projects implement the strategies.
The software also provides information on green building reviews, a large database of green
products based on GreenSpec, and a library of green building design resources. Simply put,
GBA is a brainstorming tool for anyone looking to reduce the environmental impacts of a
particular building or renovation project.
GBA is the easiest tool to use, with graphical illustrations that fully explain how architectural
process modifications can reduce the environmental impact of a building.
•
BREEAM - The Building Research Estab- lishment Environmental Assessment Method
(BREEAM) is a computer software tool developed in the United Kingdom. It allows building
owners, users and architects to review and improve environmental performance over the life
of the building.
BREEAM is the longest and most widely used building environmental assessment method in
the UK. It sets the greatest practical standards of sustainable development and demonstrates
their level of success. It has become one of the repertoires used to describe a building's
environmental performance.
BREEAM has been declared the most successful program in promoting sustainable practices,
influencing other initiatives worldwide. In the UK 100,000 buildings have been certified and
over half a million buildings have registered to be assessed.
BREEAM certification is carried out by licensed assessors, which ensures that assessments
are competitively conducted by assessors working within a strict quality assurance
framework. BRE trains, tests and licenses organizations to carry out the assessment process
and work with design teams and cover a wide range of building typologies.
Conclusions
Appropriate utilization of the full potential of Information and Communication Technology
will greatly assist environmental restoration and socio-economic improvement relatively
quickly on a variety of scales up to a global scale. Although absolute homeosta- sis is
impossible to achieve, with the help of this technology, it is hoped that the acceleration of
recovery and improvement can exceed or outweigh the acceleration of natural environment
degradation and widespread poverty.
Although the certification process of Eco Labeling or Environmental Labeling as a le- gality
for sustainable products including architecture with the enforcement of laws and sanctions, is
only possible in countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, but it
does not mean that countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, are
not able to implement the certification process.
-Developing countries just stand by and wait for the fate of being blamed for the greatest
contribution to environmental degradation and widespread poverty. Therefore The use of
tools in the form of computer software does not hurt to start socializing through intensive use
in developing countries including United States.
From the observations that have been made of various computer software that has been
created and used by developed countries towards sustainability, especially architecturally, a
large part shows also a very strong participation of government institutions as a manifestation
of the political will of the country that created the equipment concerned. Because they are
fully aware that in this era of In- formation and Communication Technology the scale of the
area of thought has changed to a global scale as well as the community that has been formed
which cannot be ignored, if they do not want to be alienated by the global community.
For the process towards architectural sus- tainability, several institutions have offered a wide
variety of profitable and non-profitable computer software. In this case, architects, designers,
and other interested parties are still required to be cautious, wise, and wise in intelligently
choosing software that is appropriate for solving problems with an environmental mindset and
not getting caught up in the commercialization of the equipment companies concerned.
Therefore, in the future, United States, especially UNIKOM, is expected to design better
software that is not regionalized, which means that it can be widely used at least in United
States. And the most important thing is to remain consistent with the noble purpose of making
the software in question as a form of concern for the declining quality of the natural
environment and the spread of poverty.
Cradle-To-Grave Paradigm
The cradle-to-grave paradigm, translated as from-birth-to-death or according to Malaysian
architect Ken Yeang from-source-to-sink, as stated earlier, is the principle of always taking
into account the costs and energy that will be released, as well as the environmental impacts
that will occur at every stage in a production process from material with- drawal or
extraction, namely material mining to waste disposal, namely waste management. The same
is true for buildings as products of architectural systems starting from the planning and design
process, construction, operation and maintenance, human bionomics, up to the building
management process at the end usability.
In the case of building as an architectural system product, Figure 2 can give an idea of the
environmental impacts that will occur due to the building life-cycle process:
The cradle or birth of a building begins with the collection of raw materials, which
will require a certain amount of energy and cost and result in environmental impacts.
Product manufacturing transportation will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Construction and fitting out will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Operation and maintenance will require operational energy and costs and resulting
environmental impacts.
Grave or death: renovation and demolition is the process of repair and demolition will
also experience the same thing as item 1.
To calculate the amount of energy to be used, an analysis must be made of all the energy
contained in the building and that will be consumed over the life of the building for both
operational and maintenance activities.
Operations will depend on the use of materials and fabrication methods, while maintenance
will depend on the orientation, window area and type, surface finishes, and systems of
lighting, air conditioning, insulation, thermal characteristics of walls and roofs.
The Role Of Information And Communication Technology Towards Architectural
Sustain- Ability
In the process of development, sustainability measurement instruments, both for products in
general and for buildings as products of architectural systems, have been intelligently
systematized through the potentials of information and communication technology.
Several software tools and databases on sustainable products have been created and compiled,
especially by developed countries, this also reinforces the statement that eco-labeling or
environmental labeling is only possible in developed countries with the mechanism of using
similar instruments.
However, this does not mean that developing countries cannot or do not need to use the
instrument in question, but it has not been used as a legality tool through the certification
process with all its legal enforcement and sanctions. Therefore, the term used is still towards
and not achieving architectural sustainability because achieving will be deter- ministic and
basically absolute sustainability, namely the condition of homeostasis or equi- librium has
only been achieved once, namely when nature was created by the Creator.
Paradigm-based Computer Software Cradle-To-Grave
Softwares or computer software that have been introduced and widely used, especially in
developed countries, to assess the sustainability of a product including buildings as a product
of architectural processes among others:
LCA Softwares
Energy and Building Tools
Whole Building Assessment Tools
LCA Softwares or LCA Software Here are a few examples of software tools that can't hurt
to start using as a form of responsibility and participation of the United States architectural
community in global recovery efforts.
•
LISA is an LCA tool for building design developed by BHP Australia. LISA (LCA in
Sustainable Archi- tecture) is an LCA decision support tool during the construction or
development process that streamlines everything. LISA was developed in response to requests
from architects and industry professionals to simplify LCA instru- men to assist with green
design.
Currently, LCA methodologies are complicated and not widely accepted by designers and
specifiers. In addition, detailed studies in LCA often divert attention from key environmental
issues, and tend to focus on competition between materials rather than on optimization of
construction systems.
LISA is designed for:
Help identify key environmental issues in construction.
Provides architects with a user-friendly tool for valuing the environmental aspects of
building design.
Enable architects and specifiers to make choices based on holistic environmental life
cycle considerations.
To date LISA has been applied at various design scales, and is being applied to development
processes:
Multi-storey Office Building
Tall Building
Wide-Span Warehouses
Bridges for Highways and Railways
BEES - Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability is a computer
software introduced and developed in the United States by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. The
BEES software offers an easy and reliable technique to determine the cost-effective of
preferred or environmentally friendly building products.
The tool was developed based on a consensus of standards and designed to be practical,
flexible and transparent. The Windows-based decision-making software, which has reached
version 4.0, is aimed at designers, product manufacturers, and includes actual environmental
and economic performance data for 230 building products.
BEES measures the environmental performance of building products using the life-cycle
assessment approach defined in the ISO 14040 series of standards. All stages throughout the
life-cycle of a product are analyzed including: raw material sourcing, manufacturing or
fabrication, transportation, installation, use, and recycling and waste treatment.
To measure economic performance the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method is used, which
takes into account the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and
repair, and disposal. The environmental and economic performance are combined into an
overall performance measurement using the ASTM standard for Multi-Attribute Decision
Analysis. Throughout the BEES analysis, building products were defined and classified
according to ASTM standard classification standards. for building elements is known as
UNIFORMAT II.
BEES is supported in part by the U.S. EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Program. EPP was enacted under Executive Order 13423: "Strengthening Federal Environ-
mental, Energy, and Transportation Man- agement," which encourages Executive agencies to
reduce environmentally- attributable burdens by spending more than 230 billion U.S. dollars.
$ for products and services that are paid for annually, including products
-building products.
•
TEAM - LCA tool from EcoBalance / Eco- bilan (FR / US). TEAM™ LCA software,
introduced by Peran- cis and the United States, is Ecobilan's powerful and flexible Life Cy-
cle Assessment software.
•
TEAM™ allows users to build using large-capacity data bases for modeling a system that
represents operations associated with products, processes, and activities. TEAM™ is able to
describe any industrial system and calculate total life cycle inventories and potential
environmental impacts based on the ISO 14040 series of standards
.
Energy and Building Tools Software
•
ATHENA - The AthenaTM Sustainable Materials Institute developed in Ka- nada is a
world-leading data source institute, which is also a center of expertise and tools for designing
buildings with an environmental mindset.
It believes that good information and tools are critical to achieving a sustainable built
environment. The institute also believes that life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches to
sustainability is the only way to create an action arena for diverse building materials in the
context of use.
Athena Institute International, an Athenian non-profit organization, through its representative
in Canada and its affiliate in the United States, conducts and guides innovative research and
development activities that enable architects, engineers, and other professionals to consider
environmental factors throughout the architectural system from the design process onwards.
Over the past ten years, it has developed ground-breaking software, a new and innovative
computer software. The software is a world-class database and consulting service of a firm
with a worldwide reputation in the field of sustainable building and LCA.
It also offers the only tool for holistic life cycle assessment of buildings and other designs:
Enable users to evaluate whole buildings and other designs based on the internationally
recognized LCA methodology.
Provided free instant LCA results for more than 400 public building designs.
DOE-2 - is a software developed by the United States to analyze energy use and cost in
the building construction process. DOE-2 is a widely used and accepted freeware
program for building energy analysis that can predict energy use and cost across all
building typologies.
In its operation DOE-2 uses data such as details of building layout, construction, operation
schedules, lighting systems, HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Condition- ing), etc., as
well as data on the ability of users to bear utility loads, to determine the simulated
performance of the building at each hour to estimate the number of billing accounts so that it
can be known in advance by potential users.
The DOE-2 generic program is essentially a DOS box or batch program that requires
experience for effective use, while offering significant flexibility for researchers and experts.
As an implementation of the DOE-2 program, eQUEST is a complete and interactive
Windows-based program with smart graphical displays to support the ease of use of DOE-2.
•
ENVEST - Envest is a software tool that has been developed in the United Kingdom
(UK). Envest 2 is a software tool that simplifies the highly complex process of designing
buildings with low environmental impact and overall life-cycle costs. Envest 2 allows both
environmental and financial trade-offs to be made explicitly in the design process and allows
clients to optimize their best concepts based on priorities.
The process involved the designers inputting their building plans which included: height,
number of floors, window area, etc. and selecting elements such as external walls, roof
covering materials, etc. Envest 2 identifies the elements with the greatest influence on
environmental impacts and overall life cycle costs and shows the effects of choosing different
building materials. It also predicts the environmental impacts and basic costs of various
strategies for heating, maintaining, and operating the building.
By comparing buildings with different specifications, architects can graphically demonstrate
the qualifications of different designs to clients. Envest 2 produces detailed and summarized
information ready to be transferred to users' templates to create building environmental
system reports.
Envest 2 is web-based, enabling large companies to store and share information in a
controlled manner, and enabling them to perform bench-marking or benchmarking in-house
or independently in addition to comparing designs. The two versions of the Envest tool
available are:
The Envest 2 estimator uses environmental and financial data on building
performance in a holistic way. It is aimed at design teams specifically interested in the
environmental performance of a building but is also useful for providing estimates of
overall costs for different designs.
The Envest 2 calculator provides default environmental data but allows users to enter
the area of information on capital and financial costs over their lifetime. It also
provides a powerful tool for design teams most concerned with whole-life costs, for
those with specific data, and who recognize the benefits of having access to the
environmental performance of their designs.
Whole Building Assessment Tools Software
•
The LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green
Building Rating System™ is the U.S. national benchmark for green buildings with superior
performance.
LEED is aimed at the design, construction and operation processes of high-performance green
buildings. LEED provides building owners and operators with the tools to realize immediate
and measurable impacts on the performance of their buildings.
LEED also promotes a holistic approach to building by identifying performance in five key
areas for human health and the environment, namely: sustainable site development, water
savings, energy efficiency, building materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.
LEED provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting the success of each building type
and each stage along the building life-cycle. LEED-specific programs include:
Projects Construction New Commercial and Renovation Projects.
Operation and Maintenance Existing Buildings.
Commercial Interior Projects.
Core and Shell Development Projects.
Residential Homes
Housing Development
Guidelines for On-campus Building and Building Group Projects.
LEED for Schools.
LEED for Shops, also developed
LEED for Health Centers, and
LEED for Laboratories
The LEED Rating System was created to transform the built environment to a sustainable one
by providing the building industry with a consistent set of credible standards to create what is
called a green building or green design. The rating system was developed and continuously
improved through an open, consensus-based process, which has made LEED the nation's
preferred green building standard for Federal and state agencies and local governments.
Buildings that have reduced operating costs, healthier and more productive users, and
conserved natural resources are comprehensive reasons for LEED to certify them.
LEED can be widely used by architects, real estate professionals, facility managers,
engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, and government
officials, among others.
•
GREEN BUILDING ADVISOR - Green
Building Advisor 1.1 (GBA) is an innovative computer software tool based on an interactive
CD-ROM. It can help users identify design strategies that can be applied to specific building
projects. By inputting information about the project, and based on that input, GBA outputs a
list of strategies relevant to the project, organized into categories for easy study.
GBA is a brainstorming tool that can save research time. Each strategy is described in detail,
information is presented along with relative costs, explaining if at any point in the process, the
strategy will be implemented. The design phase requires a strategy, explains the
interrelationships between strategies, and identifies sources for more information. And
through case studies show how actual projects implement the strategies.
The software also provides information on green building reviews, a large database of green
products based on GreenSpec, and a library of green building design resources. Simply put,
GBA is a brainstorming tool for anyone looking to reduce the environmental impacts of a
particular building or renovation project.
GBA is the easiest tool to use, with graphical illustrations that fully explain how architectural
process modifications can reduce the environmental impact of a building.
•
BREEAM - The Building Research Estab- lishment Environmental Assessment Method
(BREEAM) is a computer software tool developed in the United Kingdom. It allows building
owners, users and architects to review and improve environmental performance over the life
of the building.
BREEAM is the longest and most widely used building environmental assessment method in
the UK. It sets the greatest practical standards of sustainable development and demonstrates
their level of success. It has become one of the repertoires used to describe a building's
environmental performance.
BREEAM has been declared the most successful program in promoting sustainable practices,
influencing other initiatives worldwide. In the UK 100,000 buildings have been certified and
over half a million buildings have registered to be assessed.
BREEAM certification is carried out by licensed assessors, which ensures that assessments
are competitively conducted by assessors working within a strict quality assurance
framework. BRE trains, tests and licenses organizations to carry out the assessment process
and work with design teams and cover a wide range of building typologies.
Conclusions
Appropriate utilization of the full potential of Information and Communication Technology
will greatly assist environmental restoration and socio-economic improvement relatively
quickly on a variety of scales up to a global scale. Although absolute homeosta- sis is
impossible to achieve, with the help of this technology, it is hoped that the acceleration of
recovery and improvement can exceed or outweigh the acceleration of natural environment
degradation and widespread poverty.
Although the certification process of Eco Labeling or Environmental Labeling as a le- gality
for sustainable products including architecture with the enforcement of laws and sanctions, is
only possible in countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, but it
does not mean that countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, are
not able to implement the certification process.
-Developing countries just stand by and wait for the fate of being blamed for the greatest
contribution to environmental degradation and widespread poverty. Therefore The use of
tools in the form of computer software does not hurt to start socializing through intensive use
in developing countries including United States.
From the observations that have been made of various computer software that has been
created and used by developed countries towards sustainability, especially architecturally, a
large part shows also a very strong participation of government institutions as a manifestation
of the political will of the country that created the equipment concerned. Because they are
fully aware that in this era of In- formation and Communication Technology the scale of the
area of thought has changed to a global scale as well as the community that has been formed
which cannot be ignored, if they do not want to be alienated by the global community.
For the process towards architectural sus- tainability, several institutions have offered a wide
variety of profitable and non-profitable computer software. In this case, architects, designers,
and other interested parties are still required to be cautious, wise, and wise in intelligently
choosing software that is appropriate for solving problems with an environmental mindset and
not getting caught up in the commercialization of the equipment companies concerned.
Therefore, in the future, United States, especially UNIKOM, is expected to design better
software that is not regionalized, which means that it can be widely used at least in United
States. And the most important thing is to remain consistent with the noble purpose of making
the software in question as a form of concern for the declining quality of the natural
environment and the spread of poverty.
Cradle-To-Grave Paradigm
The cradle-to-grave paradigm, translated as from-birth-to-death or according to Malaysian
architect Ken Yeang from-source-to-sink, as stated earlier, is the principle of always taking
into account the costs and energy that will be released, as well as the environmental impacts
that will occur at every stage in a production process from material with- drawal or
extraction, namely material mining to waste disposal, namely waste management. The same
is true for buildings as products of architectural systems starting from the planning and design
process, construction, operation and maintenance, human bionomics, up to the building
management process at the end usability.
In the case of building as an architectural system product, Figure 2 can give an idea of the
environmental impacts that will occur due to the building life-cycle process:
The cradle or birth of a building begins with the collection of raw materials, which
will require a certain amount of energy and cost and result in environmental impacts.
Product manufacturing transportation will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Construction and fitting out will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Operation and maintenance will require operational energy and costs and resulting
environmental impacts.
Grave or death: renovation and demolition is the process of repair and demolition will
also experience the same thing as item 1.
To calculate the amount of energy to be used, an analysis must be made of all the energy
contained in the building and that will be consumed over the life of the building for both
operational and maintenance activities.
Operations will depend on the use of materials and fabrication methods, while maintenance
will depend on the orientation, window area and type, surface finishes, and systems of
lighting, air conditioning, insulation, thermal characteristics of walls and roofs.
The Role Of Information And Communication Technology Towards Architectural
Sustain- Ability
In the process of development, sustainability measurement instruments, both for products in
general and for buildings as products of architectural systems, have been intelligently
systematized through the potentials of information and communication technology.
Several software tools and databases on sustainable products have been created and compiled,
especially by developed countries, this also reinforces the statement that eco-labeling or
environmental labeling is only possible in developed countries with the mechanism of using
similar instruments.
However, this does not mean that developing countries cannot or do not need to use the
instrument in question, but it has not been used as a legality tool through the certification
process with all its legal enforcement and sanctions. Therefore, the term used is still towards
and not achieving architectural sustainability because achieving will be deter- ministic and
basically absolute sustainability, namely the condition of homeostasis or equi- librium has
only been achieved once, namely when nature was created by the Creator.
Paradigm-based Computer Software Cradle-To-Grave
Softwares or computer software that have been introduced and widely used, especially in
developed countries, to assess the sustainability of a product including buildings as a product
of architectural processes among others:
LCA Softwares
Energy and Building Tools
Whole Building Assessment Tools
LCA Softwares or LCA Software Here are a few examples of software tools that can't hurt
to start using as a form of responsibility and participation of the United States architectural
community in global recovery efforts.
•
LISA is an LCA tool for building design developed by BHP Australia. LISA (LCA in
Sustainable Archi- tecture) is an LCA decision support tool during the construction or
development process that streamlines everything. LISA was developed in response to requests
from architects and industry professionals to simplify LCA instru- men to assist with green
design.
Currently, LCA methodologies are complicated and not widely accepted by designers and
specifiers. In addition, detailed studies in LCA often divert attention from key environmental
issues, and tend to focus on competition between materials rather than on optimization of
construction systems.
LISA is designed for:
Help identify key environmental issues in construction.
Provides architects with a user-friendly tool for valuing the environmental aspects of
building design.
Enable architects and specifiers to make choices based on holistic environmental life
cycle considerations.
To date LISA has been applied at various design scales, and is being applied to development
processes:
Multi-storey Office Building
Tall Building
Wide-Span Warehouses
Bridges for Highways and Railways
BEES - Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability is a computer
software introduced and developed in the United States by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. The
BEES software offers an easy and reliable technique to determine the cost-effective of
preferred or environmentally friendly building products.
The tool was developed based on a consensus of standards and designed to be practical,
flexible and transparent. The Windows-based decision-making software, which has reached
version 4.0, is aimed at designers, product manufacturers, and includes actual environmental
and economic performance data for 230 building products.
BEES measures the environmental performance of building products using the life-cycle
assessment approach defined in the ISO 14040 series of standards. All stages throughout the
life-cycle of a product are analyzed including: raw material sourcing, manufacturing or
fabrication, transportation, installation, use, and recycling and waste treatment.
To measure economic performance the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method is used, which
takes into account the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and
repair, and disposal. The environmental and economic performance are combined into an
overall performance measurement using the ASTM standard for Multi-Attribute Decision
Analysis. Throughout the BEES analysis, building products were defined and classified
according to ASTM standard classification standards. for building elements is known as
UNIFORMAT II.
BEES is supported in part by the U.S. EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Program. EPP was enacted under Executive Order 13423: "Strengthening Federal Environ-
mental, Energy, and Transportation Man- agement," which encourages Executive agencies to
reduce environmentally- attributable burdens by spending more than 230 billion U.S. dollars.
$ for products and services that are paid for annually, including products
-building products.
•
TEAM - LCA tool from EcoBalance / Eco- bilan (FR / US). TEAM™ LCA software,
introduced by Peran- cis and the United States, is Ecobilan's powerful and flexible Life Cy-
cle Assessment software.
•
TEAM™ allows users to build using large-capacity data bases for modeling a system that
represents operations associated with products, processes, and activities. TEAM™ is able to
describe any industrial system and calculate total life cycle inventories and potential
environmental impacts based on the ISO 14040 series of standards
.
Energy and Building Tools Software
•
ATHENA - The AthenaTM Sustainable Materials Institute developed in Ka- nada is a
world-leading data source institute, which is also a center of expertise and tools for designing
buildings with an environmental mindset.
It believes that good information and tools are critical to achieving a sustainable built
environment. The institute also believes that life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches to
sustainability is the only way to create an action arena for diverse building materials in the
context of use.
Athena Institute International, an Athenian non-profit organization, through its representative
in Canada and its affiliate in the United States, conducts and guides innovative research and
development activities that enable architects, engineers, and other professionals to consider
environmental factors throughout the architectural system from the design process onwards.
Over the past ten years, it has developed ground-breaking software, a new and innovative
computer software. The software is a world-class database and consulting service of a firm
with a worldwide reputation in the field of sustainable building and LCA.
It also offers the only tool for holistic life cycle assessment of buildings and other designs:
Enable users to evaluate whole buildings and other designs based on the internationally
recognized LCA methodology.
Provided free instant LCA results for more than 400 public building designs.
DOE-2 - is a software developed by the United States to analyze energy use and cost in
the building construction process. DOE-2 is a widely used and accepted freeware
program for building energy analysis that can predict energy use and cost across all
building typologies.
In its operation DOE-2 uses data such as details of building layout, construction, operation
schedules, lighting systems, HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Condition- ing), etc., as
well as data on the ability of users to bear utility loads, to determine the simulated
performance of the building at each hour to estimate the number of billing accounts so that it
can be known in advance by potential users.
The DOE-2 generic program is essentially a DOS box or batch program that requires
experience for effective use, while offering significant flexibility for researchers and experts.
As an implementation of the DOE-2 program, eQUEST is a complete and interactive
Windows-based program with smart graphical displays to support the ease of use of DOE-2.
•
ENVEST - Envest is a software tool that has been developed in the United Kingdom
(UK). Envest 2 is a software tool that simplifies the highly complex process of designing
buildings with low environmental impact and overall life-cycle costs. Envest 2 allows both
environmental and financial trade-offs to be made explicitly in the design process and allows
clients to optimize their best concepts based on priorities.
The process involved the designers inputting their building plans which included: height,
number of floors, window area, etc. and selecting elements such as external walls, roof
covering materials, etc. Envest 2 identifies the elements with the greatest influence on
environmental impacts and overall life cycle costs and shows the effects of choosing different
building materials. It also predicts the environmental impacts and basic costs of various
strategies for heating, maintaining, and operating the building.
By comparing buildings with different specifications, architects can graphically demonstrate
the qualifications of different designs to clients. Envest 2 produces detailed and summarized
information ready to be transferred to users' templates to create building environmental
system reports.
Envest 2 is web-based, enabling large companies to store and share information in a
controlled manner, and enabling them to perform bench-marking or benchmarking in-house
or independently in addition to comparing designs. The two versions of the Envest tool
available are:
The Envest 2 estimator uses environmental and financial data on building
performance in a holistic way. It is aimed at design teams specifically interested in the
environmental performance of a building but is also useful for providing estimates of
overall costs for different designs.
The Envest 2 calculator provides default environmental data but allows users to enter
the area of information on capital and financial costs over their lifetime. It also
provides a powerful tool for design teams most concerned with whole-life costs, for
those with specific data, and who recognize the benefits of having access to the
environmental performance of their designs.
Whole Building Assessment Tools Software
•
The LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green
Building Rating System™ is the U.S. national benchmark for green buildings with superior
performance.
LEED is aimed at the design, construction and operation processes of high-performance green
buildings. LEED provides building owners and operators with the tools to realize immediate
and measurable impacts on the performance of their buildings.
LEED also promotes a holistic approach to building by identifying performance in five key
areas for human health and the environment, namely: sustainable site development, water
savings, energy efficiency, building materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.
LEED provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting the success of each building type
and each stage along the building life-cycle. LEED-specific programs include:
Projects Construction New Commercial and Renovation Projects.
Operation and Maintenance Existing Buildings.
Commercial Interior Projects.
Core and Shell Development Projects.
Residential Homes
Housing Development
Guidelines for On-campus Building and Building Group Projects.
LEED for Schools.
LEED for Shops, also developed
LEED for Health Centers, and
LEED for Laboratories
The LEED Rating System was created to transform the built environment to a sustainable one
by providing the building industry with a consistent set of credible standards to create what is
called a green building or green design. The rating system was developed and continuously
improved through an open, consensus-based process, which has made LEED the nation's
preferred green building standard for Federal and state agencies and local governments.
Buildings that have reduced operating costs, healthier and more productive users, and
conserved natural resources are comprehensive reasons for LEED to certify them.
LEED can be widely used by architects, real estate professionals, facility managers,
engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, and government
officials, among others.
•
GREEN BUILDING ADVISOR - Green
Building Advisor 1.1 (GBA) is an innovative computer software tool based on an interactive
CD-ROM. It can help users identify design strategies that can be applied to specific building
projects. By inputting information about the project, and based on that input, GBA outputs a
list of strategies relevant to the project, organized into categories for easy study.
GBA is a brainstorming tool that can save research time. Each strategy is described in detail,
information is presented along with relative costs, explaining if at any point in the process, the
strategy will be implemented. The design phase requires a strategy, explains the
interrelationships between strategies, and identifies sources for more information. And
through case studies show how actual projects implement the strategies.
The software also provides information on green building reviews, a large database of green
products based on GreenSpec, and a library of green building design resources. Simply put,
GBA is a brainstorming tool for anyone looking to reduce the environmental impacts of a
particular building or renovation project.
GBA is the easiest tool to use, with graphical illustrations that fully explain how architectural
process modifications can reduce the environmental impact of a building.
•
BREEAM - The Building Research Estab- lishment Environmental Assessment Method
(BREEAM) is a computer software tool developed in the United Kingdom. It allows building
owners, users and architects to review and improve environmental performance over the life
of the building.
BREEAM is the longest and most widely used building environmental assessment method in
the UK. It sets the greatest practical standards of sustainable development and demonstrates
their level of success. It has become one of the repertoires used to describe a building's
environmental performance.
BREEAM has been declared the most successful program in promoting sustainable practices,
influencing other initiatives worldwide. In the UK 100,000 buildings have been certified and
over half a million buildings have registered to be assessed.
BREEAM certification is carried out by licensed assessors, which ensures that assessments
are competitively conducted by assessors working within a strict quality assurance
framework. BRE trains, tests and licenses organizations to carry out the assessment process
and work with design teams and cover a wide range of building typologies.
Conclusions
Appropriate utilization of the full potential of Information and Communication Technology
will greatly assist environmental restoration and socio-economic improvement relatively
quickly on a variety of scales up to a global scale. Although absolute homeosta- sis is
impossible to achieve, with the help of this technology, it is hoped that the acceleration of
recovery and improvement can exceed or outweigh the acceleration of natural environment
degradation and widespread poverty.
Although the certification process of Eco Labeling or Environmental Labeling as a le- gality
for sustainable products including architecture with the enforcement of laws and sanctions, is
only possible in countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, but it
does not mean that countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, are
not able to implement the certification process.
-Developing countries just stand by and wait for the fate of being blamed for the greatest
contribution to environmental degradation and widespread poverty. Therefore The use of
tools in the form of computer software does not hurt to start socializing through intensive use
in developing countries including United States.
From the observations that have been made of various computer software that has been
created and used by developed countries towards sustainability, especially architecturally, a
large part shows also a very strong participation of government institutions as a manifestation
of the political will of the country that created the equipment concerned. Because they are
fully aware that in this era of In- formation and Communication Technology the scale of the
area of thought has changed to a global scale as well as the community that has been formed
which cannot be ignored, if they do not want to be alienated by the global community.
For the process towards architectural sus- tainability, several institutions have offered a wide
variety of profitable and non-profitable computer software. In this case, architects, designers,
and other interested parties are still required to be cautious, wise, and wise in intelligently
choosing software that is appropriate for solving problems with an environmental mindset and
not getting caught up in the commercialization of the equipment companies concerned.
Therefore, in the future, United States, especially UNIKOM, is expected to design better
software that is not regionalized, which means that it can be widely used at least in United
States. And the most important thing is to remain consistent with the noble purpose of making
the software in question as a form of concern for the declining quality of the natural
environment and the spread of poverty.
Cradle-To-Grave Paradigm
The cradle-to-grave paradigm, translated as from-birth-to-death or according to Malaysian
architect Ken Yeang from-source-to-sink, as stated earlier, is the principle of always taking
into account the costs and energy that will be released, as well as the environmental impacts
that will occur at every stage in a production process from material with- drawal or
extraction, namely material mining to waste disposal, namely waste management. The same
is true for buildings as products of architectural systems starting from the planning and design
process, construction, operation and maintenance, human bionomics, up to the building
management process at the end usability.
In the case of building as an architectural system product, Figure 2 can give an idea of the
environmental impacts that will occur due to the building life-cycle process:
The cradle or birth of a building begins with the collection of raw materials, which
will require a certain amount of energy and cost and result in environmental impacts.
Product manufacturing transportation will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Construction and fitting out will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Operation and maintenance will require operational energy and costs and resulting
environmental impacts.
Grave or death: renovation and demolition is the process of repair and demolition will
also experience the same thing as item 1.
To calculate the amount of energy to be used, an analysis must be made of all the energy
contained in the building and that will be consumed over the life of the building for both
operational and maintenance activities.
Operations will depend on the use of materials and fabrication methods, while maintenance
will depend on the orientation, window area and type, surface finishes, and systems of
lighting, air conditioning, insulation, thermal characteristics of walls and roofs.
The Role Of Information And Communication Technology Towards Architectural
Sustain- Ability
In the process of development, sustainability measurement instruments, both for products in
general and for buildings as products of architectural systems, have been intelligently
systematized through the potentials of information and communication technology.
Several software tools and databases on sustainable products have been created and compiled,
especially by developed countries, this also reinforces the statement that eco-labeling or
environmental labeling is only possible in developed countries with the mechanism of using
similar instruments.
However, this does not mean that developing countries cannot or do not need to use the
instrument in question, but it has not been used as a legality tool through the certification
process with all its legal enforcement and sanctions. Therefore, the term used is still towards
and not achieving architectural sustainability because achieving will be deter- ministic and
basically absolute sustainability, namely the condition of homeostasis or equi- librium has
only been achieved once, namely when nature was created by the Creator.
Paradigm-based Computer Software Cradle-To-Grave
Softwares or computer software that have been introduced and widely used, especially in
developed countries, to assess the sustainability of a product including buildings as a product
of architectural processes among others:
LCA Softwares
Energy and Building Tools
Whole Building Assessment Tools
LCA Softwares or LCA Software Here are a few examples of software tools that can't hurt
to start using as a form of responsibility and participation of the United States architectural
community in global recovery efforts.
•
LISA is an LCA tool for building design developed by BHP Australia. LISA (LCA in
Sustainable Archi- tecture) is an LCA decision support tool during the construction or
development process that streamlines everything. LISA was developed in response to requests
from architects and industry professionals to simplify LCA instru- men to assist with green
design.
Currently, LCA methodologies are complicated and not widely accepted by designers and
specifiers. In addition, detailed studies in LCA often divert attention from key environmental
issues, and tend to focus on competition between materials rather than on optimization of
construction systems.
LISA is designed for:
Help identify key environmental issues in construction.
Provides architects with a user-friendly tool for valuing the environmental aspects of
building design.
Enable architects and specifiers to make choices based on holistic environmental life
cycle considerations.
To date LISA has been applied at various design scales, and is being applied to development
processes:
Multi-storey Office Building
Tall Building
Wide-Span Warehouses
Bridges for Highways and Railways
BEES - Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability is a computer
software introduced and developed in the United States by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. The
BEES software offers an easy and reliable technique to determine the cost-effective of
preferred or environmentally friendly building products.
The tool was developed based on a consensus of standards and designed to be practical,
flexible and transparent. The Windows-based decision-making software, which has reached
version 4.0, is aimed at designers, product manufacturers, and includes actual environmental
and economic performance data for 230 building products.
BEES measures the environmental performance of building products using the life-cycle
assessment approach defined in the ISO 14040 series of standards. All stages throughout the
life-cycle of a product are analyzed including: raw material sourcing, manufacturing or
fabrication, transportation, installation, use, and recycling and waste treatment.
To measure economic performance the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method is used, which
takes into account the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and
repair, and disposal. The environmental and economic performance are combined into an
overall performance measurement using the ASTM standard for Multi-Attribute Decision
Analysis. Throughout the BEES analysis, building products were defined and classified
according to ASTM standard classification standards. for building elements is known as
UNIFORMAT II.
BEES is supported in part by the U.S. EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Program. EPP was enacted under Executive Order 13423: "Strengthening Federal Environ-
mental, Energy, and Transportation Man- agement," which encourages Executive agencies to
reduce environmentally- attributable burdens by spending more than 230 billion U.S. dollars.
$ for products and services that are paid for annually, including products
-building products.
•
TEAM - LCA tool from EcoBalance / Eco- bilan (FR / US). TEAM™ LCA software,
introduced by Peran- cis and the United States, is Ecobilan's powerful and flexible Life Cy-
cle Assessment software.
•
TEAM™ allows users to build using large-capacity data bases for modeling a system that
represents operations associated with products, processes, and activities. TEAM™ is able to
describe any industrial system and calculate total life cycle inventories and potential
environmental impacts based on the ISO 14040 series of standards
.
Energy and Building Tools Software
•
ATHENA - The AthenaTM Sustainable Materials Institute developed in Ka- nada is a
world-leading data source institute, which is also a center of expertise and tools for designing
buildings with an environmental mindset.
It believes that good information and tools are critical to achieving a sustainable built
environment. The institute also believes that life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches to
sustainability is the only way to create an action arena for diverse building materials in the
context of use.
Athena Institute International, an Athenian non-profit organization, through its representative
in Canada and its affiliate in the United States, conducts and guides innovative research and
development activities that enable architects, engineers, and other professionals to consider
environmental factors throughout the architectural system from the design process onwards.
Over the past ten years, it has developed ground-breaking software, a new and innovative
computer software. The software is a world-class database and consulting service of a firm
with a worldwide reputation in the field of sustainable building and LCA.
It also offers the only tool for holistic life cycle assessment of buildings and other designs:
Enable users to evaluate whole buildings and other designs based on the internationally
recognized LCA methodology.
Provided free instant LCA results for more than 400 public building designs.
DOE-2 - is a software developed by the United States to analyze energy use and cost in
the building construction process. DOE-2 is a widely used and accepted freeware
program for building energy analysis that can predict energy use and cost across all
building typologies.
In its operation DOE-2 uses data such as details of building layout, construction, operation
schedules, lighting systems, HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Condition- ing), etc., as
well as data on the ability of users to bear utility loads, to determine the simulated
performance of the building at each hour to estimate the number of billing accounts so that it
can be known in advance by potential users.
The DOE-2 generic program is essentially a DOS box or batch program that requires
experience for effective use, while offering significant flexibility for researchers and experts.
As an implementation of the DOE-2 program, eQUEST is a complete and interactive
Windows-based program with smart graphical displays to support the ease of use of DOE-2.
•
ENVEST - Envest is a software tool that has been developed in the United Kingdom
(UK). Envest 2 is a software tool that simplifies the highly complex process of designing
buildings with low environmental impact and overall life-cycle costs. Envest 2 allows both
environmental and financial trade-offs to be made explicitly in the design process and allows
clients to optimize their best concepts based on priorities.
The process involved the designers inputting their building plans which included: height,
number of floors, window area, etc. and selecting elements such as external walls, roof
covering materials, etc. Envest 2 identifies the elements with the greatest influence on
environmental impacts and overall life cycle costs and shows the effects of choosing different
building materials. It also predicts the environmental impacts and basic costs of various
strategies for heating, maintaining, and operating the building.
By comparing buildings with different specifications, architects can graphically demonstrate
the qualifications of different designs to clients. Envest 2 produces detailed and summarized
information ready to be transferred to users' templates to create building environmental
system reports.
Envest 2 is web-based, enabling large companies to store and share information in a
controlled manner, and enabling them to perform bench-marking or benchmarking in-house
or independently in addition to comparing designs. The two versions of the Envest tool
available are:
The Envest 2 estimator uses environmental and financial data on building
performance in a holistic way. It is aimed at design teams specifically interested in the
environmental performance of a building but is also useful for providing estimates of
overall costs for different designs.
The Envest 2 calculator provides default environmental data but allows users to enter
the area of information on capital and financial costs over their lifetime. It also
provides a powerful tool for design teams most concerned with whole-life costs, for
those with specific data, and who recognize the benefits of having access to the
environmental performance of their designs.
Whole Building Assessment Tools Software
•
The LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green
Building Rating System™ is the U.S. national benchmark for green buildings with superior
performance.
LEED is aimed at the design, construction and operation processes of high-performance green
buildings. LEED provides building owners and operators with the tools to realize immediate
and measurable impacts on the performance of their buildings.
LEED also promotes a holistic approach to building by identifying performance in five key
areas for human health and the environment, namely: sustainable site development, water
savings, energy efficiency, building materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.
LEED provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting the success of each building type
and each stage along the building life-cycle. LEED-specific programs include:
Projects Construction New Commercial and Renovation Projects.
Operation and Maintenance Existing Buildings.
Commercial Interior Projects.
Core and Shell Development Projects.
Residential Homes
Housing Development
Guidelines for On-campus Building and Building Group Projects.
LEED for Schools.
LEED for Shops, also developed
LEED for Health Centers, and
LEED for Laboratories
The LEED Rating System was created to transform the built environment to a sustainable one
by providing the building industry with a consistent set of credible standards to create what is
called a green building or green design. The rating system was developed and continuously
improved through an open, consensus-based process, which has made LEED the nation's
preferred green building standard for Federal and state agencies and local governments.
Buildings that have reduced operating costs, healthier and more productive users, and
conserved natural resources are comprehensive reasons for LEED to certify them.
LEED can be widely used by architects, real estate professionals, facility managers,
engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, and government
officials, among others.
•
GREEN BUILDING ADVISOR - Green
Building Advisor 1.1 (GBA) is an innovative computer software tool based on an interactive
CD-ROM. It can help users identify design strategies that can be applied to specific building
projects. By inputting information about the project, and based on that input, GBA outputs a
list of strategies relevant to the project, organized into categories for easy study.
GBA is a brainstorming tool that can save research time. Each strategy is described in detail,
information is presented along with relative costs, explaining if at any point in the process, the
strategy will be implemented. The design phase requires a strategy, explains the
interrelationships between strategies, and identifies sources for more information. And
through case studies show how actual projects implement the strategies.
The software also provides information on green building reviews, a large database of green
products based on GreenSpec, and a library of green building design resources. Simply put,
GBA is a brainstorming tool for anyone looking to reduce the environmental impacts of a
particular building or renovation project.
GBA is the easiest tool to use, with graphical illustrations that fully explain how architectural
process modifications can reduce the environmental impact of a building.
•
BREEAM - The Building Research Estab- lishment Environmental Assessment Method
(BREEAM) is a computer software tool developed in the United Kingdom. It allows building
owners, users and architects to review and improve environmental performance over the life
of the building.
BREEAM is the longest and most widely used building environmental assessment method in
the UK. It sets the greatest practical standards of sustainable development and demonstrates
their level of success. It has become one of the repertoires used to describe a building's
environmental performance.
BREEAM has been declared the most successful program in promoting sustainable practices,
influencing other initiatives worldwide. In the UK 100,000 buildings have been certified and
over half a million buildings have registered to be assessed.
BREEAM certification is carried out by licensed assessors, which ensures that assessments
are competitively conducted by assessors working within a strict quality assurance
framework. BRE trains, tests and licenses organizations to carry out the assessment process
and work with design teams and cover a wide range of building typologies.
Conclusions
Appropriate utilization of the full potential of Information and Communication Technology
will greatly assist environmental restoration and socio-economic improvement relatively
quickly on a variety of scales up to a global scale. Although absolute homeosta- sis is
impossible to achieve, with the help of this technology, it is hoped that the acceleration of
recovery and improvement can exceed or outweigh the acceleration of natural environment
degradation and widespread poverty.
Although the certification process of Eco Labeling or Environmental Labeling as a le- gality
for sustainable products including architecture with the enforcement of laws and sanctions, is
only possible in countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, but it
does not mean that countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, are
not able to implement the certification process.
-Developing countries just stand by and wait for the fate of being blamed for the greatest
contribution to environmental degradation and widespread poverty. Therefore The use of
tools in the form of computer software does not hurt to start socializing through intensive use
in developing countries including United States.
From the observations that have been made of various computer software that has been
created and used by developed countries towards sustainability, especially architecturally, a
large part shows also a very strong participation of government institutions as a manifestation
of the political will of the country that created the equipment concerned. Because they are
fully aware that in this era of In- formation and Communication Technology the scale of the
area of thought has changed to a global scale as well as the community that has been formed
which cannot be ignored, if they do not want to be alienated by the global community.
For the process towards architectural sus- tainability, several institutions have offered a wide
variety of profitable and non-profitable computer software. In this case, architects, designers,
and other interested parties are still required to be cautious, wise, and wise in intelligently
choosing software that is appropriate for solving problems with an environmental mindset and
not getting caught up in the commercialization of the equipment companies concerned.
Therefore, in the future, United States, especially UNIKOM, is expected to design better
software that is not regionalized, which means that it can be widely used at least in United
States. And the most important thing is to remain consistent with the noble purpose of making
the software in question as a form of concern for the declining quality of the natural
environment and the spread of poverty.
Cradle-To-Grave Paradigm
The cradle-to-grave paradigm, translated as from-birth-to-death or according to Malaysian
architect Ken Yeang from-source-to-sink, as stated earlier, is the principle of always taking
into account the costs and energy that will be released, as well as the environmental impacts
that will occur at every stage in a production process from material with- drawal or
extraction, namely material mining to waste disposal, namely waste management. The same
is true for buildings as products of architectural systems starting from the planning and design
process, construction, operation and maintenance, human bionomics, up to the building
management process at the end usability.
In the case of building as an architectural system product, Figure 2 can give an idea of the
environmental impacts that will occur due to the building life-cycle process:
The cradle or birth of a building begins with the collection of raw materials, which
will require a certain amount of energy and cost and result in environmental impacts.
Product manufacturing transportation will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Construction and fitting out will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Operation and maintenance will require operational energy and costs and resulting
environmental impacts.
Grave or death: renovation and demolition is the process of repair and demolition will
also experience the same thing as item 1.
To calculate the amount of energy to be used, an analysis must be made of all the energy
contained in the building and that will be consumed over the life of the building for both
operational and maintenance activities.
Operations will depend on the use of materials and fabrication methods, while maintenance
will depend on the orientation, window area and type, surface finishes, and systems of
lighting, air conditioning, insulation, thermal characteristics of walls and roofs.
The Role Of Information And Communication Technology Towards Architectural
Sustain- Ability
In the process of development, sustainability measurement instruments, both for products in
general and for buildings as products of architectural systems, have been intelligently
systematized through the potentials of information and communication technology.
Several software tools and databases on sustainable products have been created and compiled,
especially by developed countries, this also reinforces the statement that eco-labeling or
environmental labeling is only possible in developed countries with the mechanism of using
similar instruments.
However, this does not mean that developing countries cannot or do not need to use the
instrument in question, but it has not been used as a legality tool through the certification
process with all its legal enforcement and sanctions. Therefore, the term used is still towards
and not achieving architectural sustainability because achieving will be deter- ministic and
basically absolute sustainability, namely the condition of homeostasis or equi- librium has
only been achieved once, namely when nature was created by the Creator.
Paradigm-based Computer Software Cradle-To-Grave
Softwares or computer software that have been introduced and widely used, especially in
developed countries, to assess the sustainability of a product including buildings as a product
of architectural processes among others:
LCA Softwares
Energy and Building Tools
Whole Building Assessment Tools
LCA Softwares or LCA Software Here are a few examples of software tools that can't hurt
to start using as a form of responsibility and participation of the United States architectural
community in global recovery efforts.
•
LISA is an LCA tool for building design developed by BHP Australia. LISA (LCA in
Sustainable Archi- tecture) is an LCA decision support tool during the construction or
development process that streamlines everything. LISA was developed in response to requests
from architects and industry professionals to simplify LCA instru- men to assist with green
design.
Currently, LCA methodologies are complicated and not widely accepted by designers and
specifiers. In addition, detailed studies in LCA often divert attention from key environmental
issues, and tend to focus on competition between materials rather than on optimization of
construction systems.
LISA is designed for:
Help identify key environmental issues in construction.
Provides architects with a user-friendly tool for valuing the environmental aspects of
building design.
Enable architects and specifiers to make choices based on holistic environmental life
cycle considerations.
To date LISA has been applied at various design scales, and is being applied to development
processes:
Multi-storey Office Building
Tall Building
Wide-Span Warehouses
Bridges for Highways and Railways
BEES - Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability is a computer
software introduced and developed in the United States by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. The
BEES software offers an easy and reliable technique to determine the cost-effective of
preferred or environmentally friendly building products.
The tool was developed based on a consensus of standards and designed to be practical,
flexible and transparent. The Windows-based decision-making software, which has reached
version 4.0, is aimed at designers, product manufacturers, and includes actual environmental
and economic performance data for 230 building products.
BEES measures the environmental performance of building products using the life-cycle
assessment approach defined in the ISO 14040 series of standards. All stages throughout the
life-cycle of a product are analyzed including: raw material sourcing, manufacturing or
fabrication, transportation, installation, use, and recycling and waste treatment.
To measure economic performance the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method is used, which
takes into account the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and
repair, and disposal. The environmental and economic performance are combined into an
overall performance measurement using the ASTM standard for Multi-Attribute Decision
Analysis. Throughout the BEES analysis, building products were defined and classified
according to ASTM standard classification standards. for building elements is known as
UNIFORMAT II.
BEES is supported in part by the U.S. EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Program. EPP was enacted under Executive Order 13423: "Strengthening Federal Environ-
mental, Energy, and Transportation Man- agement," which encourages Executive agencies to
reduce environmentally- attributable burdens by spending more than 230 billion U.S. dollars.
$ for products and services that are paid for annually, including products
-building products.
•
TEAM - LCA tool from EcoBalance / Eco- bilan (FR / US). TEAM™ LCA software,
introduced by Peran- cis and the United States, is Ecobilan's powerful and flexible Life Cy-
cle Assessment software.
•
TEAM™ allows users to build using large-capacity data bases for modeling a system that
represents operations associated with products, processes, and activities. TEAM™ is able to
describe any industrial system and calculate total life cycle inventories and potential
environmental impacts based on the ISO 14040 series of standards
.
Energy and Building Tools Software
•
ATHENA - The AthenaTM Sustainable Materials Institute developed in Ka- nada is a
world-leading data source institute, which is also a center of expertise and tools for designing
buildings with an environmental mindset.
It believes that good information and tools are critical to achieving a sustainable built
environment. The institute also believes that life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches to
sustainability is the only way to create an action arena for diverse building materials in the
context of use.
Athena Institute International, an Athenian non-profit organization, through its representative
in Canada and its affiliate in the United States, conducts and guides innovative research and
development activities that enable architects, engineers, and other professionals to consider
environmental factors throughout the architectural system from the design process onwards.
Over the past ten years, it has developed ground-breaking software, a new and innovative
computer software. The software is a world-class database and consulting service of a firm
with a worldwide reputation in the field of sustainable building and LCA.
It also offers the only tool for holistic life cycle assessment of buildings and other designs:
Enable users to evaluate whole buildings and other designs based on the internationally
recognized LCA methodology.
Provided free instant LCA results for more than 400 public building designs.
DOE-2 - is a software developed by the United States to analyze energy use and cost in
the building construction process. DOE-2 is a widely used and accepted freeware
program for building energy analysis that can predict energy use and cost across all
building typologies.
In its operation DOE-2 uses data such as details of building layout, construction, operation
schedules, lighting systems, HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Condition- ing), etc., as
well as data on the ability of users to bear utility loads, to determine the simulated
performance of the building at each hour to estimate the number of billing accounts so that it
can be known in advance by potential users.
The DOE-2 generic program is essentially a DOS box or batch program that requires
experience for effective use, while offering significant flexibility for researchers and experts.
As an implementation of the DOE-2 program, eQUEST is a complete and interactive
Windows-based program with smart graphical displays to support the ease of use of DOE-2.
•
ENVEST - Envest is a software tool that has been developed in the United Kingdom
(UK). Envest 2 is a software tool that simplifies the highly complex process of designing
buildings with low environmental impact and overall life-cycle costs. Envest 2 allows both
environmental and financial trade-offs to be made explicitly in the design process and allows
clients to optimize their best concepts based on priorities.
The process involved the designers inputting their building plans which included: height,
number of floors, window area, etc. and selecting elements such as external walls, roof
covering materials, etc. Envest 2 identifies the elements with the greatest influence on
environmental impacts and overall life cycle costs and shows the effects of choosing different
building materials. It also predicts the environmental impacts and basic costs of various
strategies for heating, maintaining, and operating the building.
By comparing buildings with different specifications, architects can graphically demonstrate
the qualifications of different designs to clients. Envest 2 produces detailed and summarized
information ready to be transferred to users' templates to create building environmental
system reports.
Envest 2 is web-based, enabling large companies to store and share information in a
controlled manner, and enabling them to perform bench-marking or benchmarking in-house
or independently in addition to comparing designs. The two versions of the Envest tool
available are:
The Envest 2 estimator uses environmental and financial data on building
performance in a holistic way. It is aimed at design teams specifically interested in the
environmental performance of a building but is also useful for providing estimates of
overall costs for different designs.
The Envest 2 calculator provides default environmental data but allows users to enter
the area of information on capital and financial costs over their lifetime. It also
provides a powerful tool for design teams most concerned with whole-life costs, for
those with specific data, and who recognize the benefits of having access to the
environmental performance of their designs.
Whole Building Assessment Tools Software
•
The LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green
Building Rating System™ is the U.S. national benchmark for green buildings with superior
performance.
LEED is aimed at the design, construction and operation processes of high-performance green
buildings. LEED provides building owners and operators with the tools to realize immediate
and measurable impacts on the performance of their buildings.
LEED also promotes a holistic approach to building by identifying performance in five key
areas for human health and the environment, namely: sustainable site development, water
savings, energy efficiency, building materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.
LEED provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting the success of each building type
and each stage along the building life-cycle. LEED-specific programs include:
Projects Construction New Commercial and Renovation Projects.
Operation and Maintenance Existing Buildings.
Commercial Interior Projects.
Core and Shell Development Projects.
Residential Homes
Housing Development
Guidelines for On-campus Building and Building Group Projects.
LEED for Schools.
LEED for Shops, also developed
LEED for Health Centers, and
LEED for Laboratories
The LEED Rating System was created to transform the built environment to a sustainable one
by providing the building industry with a consistent set of credible standards to create what is
called a green building or green design. The rating system was developed and continuously
improved through an open, consensus-based process, which has made LEED the nation's
preferred green building standard for Federal and state agencies and local governments.
Buildings that have reduced operating costs, healthier and more productive users, and
conserved natural resources are comprehensive reasons for LEED to certify them.
LEED can be widely used by architects, real estate professionals, facility managers,
engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, and government
officials, among others.
•
GREEN BUILDING ADVISOR - Green
Building Advisor 1.1 (GBA) is an innovative computer software tool based on an interactive
CD-ROM. It can help users identify design strategies that can be applied to specific building
projects. By inputting information about the project, and based on that input, GBA outputs a
list of strategies relevant to the project, organized into categories for easy study.
GBA is a brainstorming tool that can save research time. Each strategy is described in detail,
information is presented along with relative costs, explaining if at any point in the process, the
strategy will be implemented. The design phase requires a strategy, explains the
interrelationships between strategies, and identifies sources for more information. And
through case studies show how actual projects implement the strategies.
The software also provides information on green building reviews, a large database of green
products based on GreenSpec, and a library of green building design resources. Simply put,
GBA is a brainstorming tool for anyone looking to reduce the environmental impacts of a
particular building or renovation project.
GBA is the easiest tool to use, with graphical illustrations that fully explain how architectural
process modifications can reduce the environmental impact of a building.
•
BREEAM - The Building Research Estab- lishment Environmental Assessment Method
(BREEAM) is a computer software tool developed in the United Kingdom. It allows building
owners, users and architects to review and improve environmental performance over the life
of the building.
BREEAM is the longest and most widely used building environmental assessment method in
the UK. It sets the greatest practical standards of sustainable development and demonstrates
their level of success. It has become one of the repertoires used to describe a building's
environmental performance.
BREEAM has been declared the most successful program in promoting sustainable practices,
influencing other initiatives worldwide. In the UK 100,000 buildings have been certified and
over half a million buildings have registered to be assessed.
BREEAM certification is carried out by licensed assessors, which ensures that assessments
are competitively conducted by assessors working within a strict quality assurance
framework. BRE trains, tests and licenses organizations to carry out the assessment process
and work with design teams and cover a wide range of building typologies.
Conclusions
Appropriate utilization of the full potential of Information and Communication Technology
will greatly assist environmental restoration and socio-economic improvement relatively
quickly on a variety of scales up to a global scale. Although absolute homeosta- sis is
impossible to achieve, with the help of this technology, it is hoped that the acceleration of
recovery and improvement can exceed or outweigh the acceleration of natural environment
degradation and widespread poverty.
Although the certification process of Eco Labeling or Environmental Labeling as a le- gality
for sustainable products including architecture with the enforcement of laws and sanctions, is
only possible in countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, but it
does not mean that countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, are
not able to implement the certification process.
-Developing countries just stand by and wait for the fate of being blamed for the greatest
contribution to environmental degradation and widespread poverty. Therefore The use of
tools in the form of computer software does not hurt to start socializing through intensive use
in developing countries including United States.
From the observations that have been made of various computer software that has been
created and used by developed countries towards sustainability, especially architecturally, a
large part shows also a very strong participation of government institutions as a manifestation
of the political will of the country that created the equipment concerned. Because they are
fully aware that in this era of In- formation and Communication Technology the scale of the
area of thought has changed to a global scale as well as the community that has been formed
which cannot be ignored, if they do not want to be alienated by the global community.
For the process towards architectural sus- tainability, several institutions have offered a wide
variety of profitable and non-profitable computer software. In this case, architects, designers,
and other interested parties are still required to be cautious, wise, and wise in intelligently
choosing software that is appropriate for solving problems with an environmental mindset and
not getting caught up in the commercialization of the equipment companies concerned.
Therefore, in the future, United States, especially UNIKOM, is expected to design better
software that is not regionalized, which means that it can be widely used at least in United
States. And the most important thing is to remain consistent with the noble purpose of making
the software in question as a form of concern for the declining quality of the natural
environment and the spread of poverty.
Cradle-To-Grave Paradigm
The cradle-to-grave paradigm, translated as from-birth-to-death or according to Malaysian
architect Ken Yeang from-source-to-sink, as stated earlier, is the principle of always taking
into account the costs and energy that will be released, as well as the environmental impacts
that will occur at every stage in a production process from material with- drawal or
extraction, namely material mining to waste disposal, namely waste management. The same
is true for buildings as products of architectural systems starting from the planning and design
process, construction, operation and maintenance, human bionomics, up to the building
management process at the end usability.
In the case of building as an architectural system product, Figure 2 can give an idea of the
environmental impacts that will occur due to the building life-cycle process:
The cradle or birth of a building begins with the collection of raw materials, which
will require a certain amount of energy and cost and result in environmental impacts.
Product manufacturing transportation will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Construction and fitting out will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Operation and maintenance will require operational energy and costs and resulting
environmental impacts.
Grave or death: renovation and demolition is the process of repair and demolition will
also experience the same thing as item 1.
To calculate the amount of energy to be used, an analysis must be made of all the energy
contained in the building and that will be consumed over the life of the building for both
operational and maintenance activities.
Operations will depend on the use of materials and fabrication methods, while maintenance
will depend on the orientation, window area and type, surface finishes, and systems of
lighting, air conditioning, insulation, thermal characteristics of walls and roofs.
The Role Of Information And Communication Technology Towards Architectural
Sustain- Ability
In the process of development, sustainability measurement instruments, both for products in
general and for buildings as products of architectural systems, have been intelligently
systematized through the potentials of information and communication technology.
Several software tools and databases on sustainable products have been created and compiled,
especially by developed countries, this also reinforces the statement that eco-labeling or
environmental labeling is only possible in developed countries with the mechanism of using
similar instruments.
However, this does not mean that developing countries cannot or do not need to use the
instrument in question, but it has not been used as a legality tool through the certification
process with all its legal enforcement and sanctions. Therefore, the term used is still towards
and not achieving architectural sustainability because achieving will be deter- ministic and
basically absolute sustainability, namely the condition of homeostasis or equi- librium has
only been achieved once, namely when nature was created by the Creator.
Paradigm-based Computer Software Cradle-To-Grave
Softwares or computer software that have been introduced and widely used, especially in
developed countries, to assess the sustainability of a product including buildings as a product
of architectural processes among others:
LCA Softwares
Energy and Building Tools
Whole Building Assessment Tools
LCA Softwares or LCA Software Here are a few examples of software tools that can't hurt
to start using as a form of responsibility and participation of the United States architectural
community in global recovery efforts.
•
LISA is an LCA tool for building design developed by BHP Australia. LISA (LCA in
Sustainable Archi- tecture) is an LCA decision support tool during the construction or
development process that streamlines everything. LISA was developed in response to requests
from architects and industry professionals to simplify LCA instru- men to assist with green
design.
Currently, LCA methodologies are complicated and not widely accepted by designers and
specifiers. In addition, detailed studies in LCA often divert attention from key environmental
issues, and tend to focus on competition between materials rather than on optimization of
construction systems.
LISA is designed for:
Help identify key environmental issues in construction.
Provides architects with a user-friendly tool for valuing the environmental aspects of
building design.
Enable architects and specifiers to make choices based on holistic environmental life
cycle considerations.
To date LISA has been applied at various design scales, and is being applied to development
processes:
Multi-storey Office Building
Tall Building
Wide-Span Warehouses
Bridges for Highways and Railways
BEES - Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability is a computer
software introduced and developed in the United States by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. The
BEES software offers an easy and reliable technique to determine the cost-effective of
preferred or environmentally friendly building products.
The tool was developed based on a consensus of standards and designed to be practical,
flexible and transparent. The Windows-based decision-making software, which has reached
version 4.0, is aimed at designers, product manufacturers, and includes actual environmental
and economic performance data for 230 building products.
BEES measures the environmental performance of building products using the life-cycle
assessment approach defined in the ISO 14040 series of standards. All stages throughout the
life-cycle of a product are analyzed including: raw material sourcing, manufacturing or
fabrication, transportation, installation, use, and recycling and waste treatment.
To measure economic performance the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method is used, which
takes into account the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and
repair, and disposal. The environmental and economic performance are combined into an
overall performance measurement using the ASTM standard for Multi-Attribute Decision
Analysis. Throughout the BEES analysis, building products were defined and classified
according to ASTM standard classification standards. for building elements is known as
UNIFORMAT II.
BEES is supported in part by the U.S. EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Program. EPP was enacted under Executive Order 13423: "Strengthening Federal Environ-
mental, Energy, and Transportation Man- agement," which encourages Executive agencies to
reduce environmentally- attributable burdens by spending more than 230 billion U.S. dollars.
$ for products and services that are paid for annually, including products
-building products.
•
TEAM - LCA tool from EcoBalance / Eco- bilan (FR / US). TEAM™ LCA software,
introduced by Peran- cis and the United States, is Ecobilan's powerful and flexible Life Cy-
cle Assessment software.
•
TEAM™ allows users to build using large-capacity data bases for modeling a system that
represents operations associated with products, processes, and activities. TEAM™ is able to
describe any industrial system and calculate total life cycle inventories and potential
environmental impacts based on the ISO 14040 series of standards
.
Energy and Building Tools Software
•
ATHENA - The AthenaTM Sustainable Materials Institute developed in Ka- nada is a
world-leading data source institute, which is also a center of expertise and tools for designing
buildings with an environmental mindset.
It believes that good information and tools are critical to achieving a sustainable built
environment. The institute also believes that life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches to
sustainability is the only way to create an action arena for diverse building materials in the
context of use.
Athena Institute International, an Athenian non-profit organization, through its representative
in Canada and its affiliate in the United States, conducts and guides innovative research and
development activities that enable architects, engineers, and other professionals to consider
environmental factors throughout the architectural system from the design process onwards.
Over the past ten years, it has developed ground-breaking software, a new and innovative
computer software. The software is a world-class database and consulting service of a firm
with a worldwide reputation in the field of sustainable building and LCA.
It also offers the only tool for holistic life cycle assessment of buildings and other designs:
Enable users to evaluate whole buildings and other designs based on the internationally
recognized LCA methodology.
Provided free instant LCA results for more than 400 public building designs.
DOE-2 - is a software developed by the United States to analyze energy use and cost in
the building construction process. DOE-2 is a widely used and accepted freeware
program for building energy analysis that can predict energy use and cost across all
building typologies.
In its operation DOE-2 uses data such as details of building layout, construction, operation
schedules, lighting systems, HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Condition- ing), etc., as
well as data on the ability of users to bear utility loads, to determine the simulated
performance of the building at each hour to estimate the number of billing accounts so that it
can be known in advance by potential users.
The DOE-2 generic program is essentially a DOS box or batch program that requires
experience for effective use, while offering significant flexibility for researchers and experts.
As an implementation of the DOE-2 program, eQUEST is a complete and interactive
Windows-based program with smart graphical displays to support the ease of use of DOE-2.
•
ENVEST - Envest is a software tool that has been developed in the United Kingdom
(UK). Envest 2 is a software tool that simplifies the highly complex process of designing
buildings with low environmental impact and overall life-cycle costs. Envest 2 allows both
environmental and financial trade-offs to be made explicitly in the design process and allows
clients to optimize their best concepts based on priorities.
The process involved the designers inputting their building plans which included: height,
number of floors, window area, etc. and selecting elements such as external walls, roof
covering materials, etc. Envest 2 identifies the elements with the greatest influence on
environmental impacts and overall life cycle costs and shows the effects of choosing different
building materials. It also predicts the environmental impacts and basic costs of various
strategies for heating, maintaining, and operating the building.
By comparing buildings with different specifications, architects can graphically demonstrate
the qualifications of different designs to clients. Envest 2 produces detailed and summarized
information ready to be transferred to users' templates to create building environmental
system reports.
Envest 2 is web-based, enabling large companies to store and share information in a
controlled manner, and enabling them to perform bench-marking or benchmarking in-house
or independently in addition to comparing designs. The two versions of the Envest tool
available are:
The Envest 2 estimator uses environmental and financial data on building
performance in a holistic way. It is aimed at design teams specifically interested in the
environmental performance of a building but is also useful for providing estimates of
overall costs for different designs.
The Envest 2 calculator provides default environmental data but allows users to enter
the area of information on capital and financial costs over their lifetime. It also
provides a powerful tool for design teams most concerned with whole-life costs, for
those with specific data, and who recognize the benefits of having access to the
environmental performance of their designs.
Whole Building Assessment Tools Software
•
The LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green
Building Rating System™ is the U.S. national benchmark for green buildings with superior
performance.
LEED is aimed at the design, construction and operation processes of high-performance green
buildings. LEED provides building owners and operators with the tools to realize immediate
and measurable impacts on the performance of their buildings.
LEED also promotes a holistic approach to building by identifying performance in five key
areas for human health and the environment, namely: sustainable site development, water
savings, energy efficiency, building materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.
LEED provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting the success of each building type
and each stage along the building life-cycle. LEED-specific programs include:
Projects Construction New Commercial and Renovation Projects.
Operation and Maintenance Existing Buildings.
Commercial Interior Projects.
Core and Shell Development Projects.
Residential Homes
Housing Development
Guidelines for On-campus Building and Building Group Projects.
LEED for Schools.
LEED for Shops, also developed
LEED for Health Centers, and
LEED for Laboratories
The LEED Rating System was created to transform the built environment to a sustainable one
by providing the building industry with a consistent set of credible standards to create what is
called a green building or green design. The rating system was developed and continuously
improved through an open, consensus-based process, which has made LEED the nation's
preferred green building standard for Federal and state agencies and local governments.
Buildings that have reduced operating costs, healthier and more productive users, and
conserved natural resources are comprehensive reasons for LEED to certify them.
LEED can be widely used by architects, real estate professionals, facility managers,
engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, and government
officials, among others.
•
GREEN BUILDING ADVISOR - Green
Building Advisor 1.1 (GBA) is an innovative computer software tool based on an interactive
CD-ROM. It can help users identify design strategies that can be applied to specific building
projects. By inputting information about the project, and based on that input, GBA outputs a
list of strategies relevant to the project, organized into categories for easy study.
GBA is a brainstorming tool that can save research time. Each strategy is described in detail,
information is presented along with relative costs, explaining if at any point in the process, the
strategy will be implemented. The design phase requires a strategy, explains the
interrelationships between strategies, and identifies sources for more information. And
through case studies show how actual projects implement the strategies.
The software also provides information on green building reviews, a large database of green
products based on GreenSpec, and a library of green building design resources. Simply put,
GBA is a brainstorming tool for anyone looking to reduce the environmental impacts of a
particular building or renovation project.
GBA is the easiest tool to use, with graphical illustrations that fully explain how architectural
process modifications can reduce the environmental impact of a building.
•
BREEAM - The Building Research Estab- lishment Environmental Assessment Method
(BREEAM) is a computer software tool developed in the United Kingdom. It allows building
owners, users and architects to review and improve environmental performance over the life
of the building.
BREEAM is the longest and most widely used building environmental assessment method in
the UK. It sets the greatest practical standards of sustainable development and demonstrates
their level of success. It has become one of the repertoires used to describe a building's
environmental performance.
BREEAM has been declared the most successful program in promoting sustainable practices,
influencing other initiatives worldwide. In the UK 100,000 buildings have been certified and
over half a million buildings have registered to be assessed.
BREEAM certification is carried out by licensed assessors, which ensures that assessments
are competitively conducted by assessors working within a strict quality assurance
framework. BRE trains, tests and licenses organizations to carry out the assessment process
and work with design teams and cover a wide range of building typologies.
Conclusions
Appropriate utilization of the full potential of Information and Communication Technology
will greatly assist environmental restoration and socio-economic improvement relatively
quickly on a variety of scales up to a global scale. Although absolute homeosta- sis is
impossible to achieve, with the help of this technology, it is hoped that the acceleration of
recovery and improvement can exceed or outweigh the acceleration of natural environment
degradation and widespread poverty.
Although the certification process of Eco Labeling or Environmental Labeling as a le- gality
for sustainable products including architecture with the enforcement of laws and sanctions, is
only possible in countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, but it
does not mean that countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, are
not able to implement the certification process.
-Developing countries just stand by and wait for the fate of being blamed for the greatest
contribution to environmental degradation and widespread poverty. Therefore The use of
tools in the form of computer software does not hurt to start socializing through intensive use
in developing countries including United States.
From the observations that have been made of various computer software that has been
created and used by developed countries towards sustainability, especially architecturally, a
large part shows also a very strong participation of government institutions as a manifestation
of the political will of the country that created the equipment concerned. Because they are
fully aware that in this era of In- formation and Communication Technology the scale of the
area of thought has changed to a global scale as well as the community that has been formed
which cannot be ignored, if they do not want to be alienated by the global community.
For the process towards architectural sus- tainability, several institutions have offered a wide
variety of profitable and non-profitable computer software. In this case, architects, designers,
and other interested parties are still required to be cautious, wise, and wise in intelligently
choosing software that is appropriate for solving problems with an environmental mindset and
not getting caught up in the commercialization of the equipment companies concerned.
Therefore, in the future, United States, especially UNIKOM, is expected to design better
software that is not regionalized, which means that it can be widely used at least in United
States. And the most important thing is to remain consistent with the noble purpose of making
the software in question as a form of concern for the declining quality of the natural
environment and the spread of poverty.
v Cradle-To-Grave Paradigm
The cradle-to-grave paradigm, translated as from-birth-to-death or according to Malaysian
architect Ken Yeang from-source-to-sink, as stated earlier, is the principle of always taking
into account the costs and energy that will be released, as well as the environmental impacts
that will occur at every stage in a production process from material with- drawal or
extraction, namely material mining to waste disposal, namely waste management. The same
is true for buildings as products of architectural systems starting from the planning and design
process, construction, operation and maintenance, human bionomics, up to the building
management process at the end usability.
In the case of building as an architectural system product, Figure 2 can give an idea of the
environmental impacts that will occur due to the building life-cycle process:
The cradle or birth of a building begins with the collection of raw materials, which
will require a certain amount of energy and cost and result in environmental impacts.
Product manufacturing transportation will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Construction and fitting out will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Operation and maintenance will require operational energy and costs and resulting
environmental impacts.
Grave or death: renovation and demolition is the process of repair and demolition will
also experience the same thing as item 1.
To calculate the amount of energy to be used, an analysis must be made of all the energy
contained in the building and that will be consumed over the life of the building for both
operational and maintenance activities.
Operations will depend on the use of materials and fabrication methods, while maintenance
will depend on the orientation, window area and type, surface finishes, and systems of
lighting, air conditioning, insulation, thermal characteristics of walls and roofs.
The Role Of Information And Communication Technology Towards Architectural
Sustain- Ability
In the process of development, sustainability measurement instruments, both for products in
general and for buildings as products of architectural systems, have been intelligently
systematized through the potentials of information and communication technology.
Several software tools and databases on sustainable products have been created and compiled,
especially by developed countries, this also reinforces the statement that eco-labeling or
environmental labeling is only possible in developed countries with the mechanism of using
similar instruments.
However, this does not mean that developing countries cannot or do not need to use the
instrument in question, but it has not been used as a legality tool through the certification
process with all its legal enforcement and sanctions. Therefore, the term used is still towards
and not achieving architectural sustainability because achieving will be deter- ministic and
basically absolute sustainability, namely the condition of homeostasis or equi- librium has
only been achieved once, namely when nature was created by the Creator.
Paradigm-based Computer Software Cradle-To-Grave
Softwares or computer software that have been introduced and widely used, especially in
developed countries, to assess the sustainability of a product including buildings as a product
of architectural processes among others:
LCA Softwares
Energy and Building Tools
Whole Building Assessment Tools
LCA Softwares or LCA Software Here are a few examples of software tools that can't hurt
to start using as a form of responsibility and participation of the United States architectural
community in global recovery efforts.
•
LISA is an LCA tool for building design developed by BHP Australia. LISA (LCA in
Sustainable Archi- tecture) is an LCA decision support tool during the construction or
development process that streamlines everything. LISA was developed in response to requests
from architects and industry professionals to simplify LCA instru- men to assist with green
design.
Currently, LCA methodologies are complicated and not widely accepted by designers and
specifiers. In addition, detailed studies in LCA often divert attention from key environmental
issues, and tend to focus on competition between materials rather than on optimization of
construction systems.
LISA is designed for:
Help identify key environmental issues in construction.
Provides architects with a user-friendly tool for valuing the environmental aspects of
building design.
Enable architects and specifiers to make choices based on holistic environmental life
cycle considerations.
To date LISA has been applied at various design scales, and is being applied to development
processes:
Multi-storey Office Building
Tall Building
Wide-Span Warehouses
Bridges for Highways and Railways
BEES - Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability is a computer
software introduced and developed in the United States by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. The
BEES software offers an easy and reliable technique to determine the cost-effective of
preferred or environmentally friendly building products.
The tool was developed based on a consensus of standards and designed to be practical,
flexible and transparent. The Windows-based decision-making software, which has reached
version 4.0, is aimed at designers, product manufacturers, and includes actual environmental
and economic performance data for 230 building products.
BEES measures the environmental performance of building products using the life-cycle
assessment approach defined in the ISO 14040 series of standards. All stages throughout the
life-cycle of a product are analyzed including: raw material sourcing, manufacturing or
fabrication, transportation, installation, use, and recycling and waste treatment.
To measure economic performance the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method is used, which
takes into account the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and
repair, and disposal. The environmental and economic performance are combined into an
overall performance measurement using the ASTM standard for Multi-Attribute Decision
Analysis. Throughout the BEES analysis, building products were defined and classified
according to ASTM standard classification standards. for building elements is known as
UNIFORMAT II.
BEES is supported in part by the U.S. EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Program. EPP was enacted under Executive Order 13423: "Strengthening Federal Environ-
mental, Energy, and Transportation Man- agement," which encourages Executive agencies to
reduce environmentally- attributable burdens by spending more than 230 billion U.S. dollars.
$ for products and services that are paid for annually, including products
-building products.
•
TEAM - LCA tool from EcoBalance / Eco- bilan (FR / US). TEAM™ LCA software,
introduced by Peran- cis and the United States, is Ecobilan's powerful and flexible Life Cy-
cle Assessment software.
•
TEAM™ allows users to build using large-capacity data bases for modeling a system that
represents operations associated with products, processes, and activities. TEAM™ is able to
describe any industrial system and calculate total life cycle inventories and potential
environmental impacts based on the ISO 14040 series of standards
.
Energy and Building Tools Software
•
ATHENA - The AthenaTM Sustainable Materials Institute developed in Ka- nada is a
world-leading data source institute, which is also a center of expertise and tools for designing
buildings with an environmental mindset.
It believes that good information and tools are critical to achieving a sustainable built
environment. The institute also believes that life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches to
sustainability is the only way to create an action arena for diverse building materials in the
context of use.
Athena Institute International, an Athenian non-profit organization, through its representative
in Canada and its affiliate in the United States, conducts and guides innovative research and
development activities that enable architects, engineers, and other professionals to consider
environmental factors throughout the architectural system from the design process onwards.
Over the past ten years, it has developed ground-breaking software, a new and innovative
computer software. The software is a world-class database and consulting service of a firm
with a worldwide reputation in the field of sustainable building and LCA.
It also offers the only tool for holistic life cycle assessment of buildings and other designs:
Enable users to evaluate whole buildings and other designs based on the internationally
recognized LCA methodology.
Provided free instant LCA results for more than 400 public building designs.
DOE-2 - is a software developed by the United States to analyze energy use and cost in
the building construction process. DOE-2 is a widely used and accepted freeware
program for building energy analysis that can predict energy use and cost across all
building typologies.
In its operation DOE-2 uses data such as details of building layout, construction, operation
schedules, lighting systems, HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Condition- ing), etc., as
well as data on the ability of users to bear utility loads, to determine the simulated
performance of the building at each hour to estimate the number of billing accounts so that it
can be known in advance by potential users.
The DOE-2 generic program is essentially a DOS box or batch program that requires
experience for effective use, while offering significant flexibility for researchers and experts.
As an implementation of the DOE-2 program, eQUEST is a complete and interactive
Windows-based program with smart graphical displays to support the ease of use of DOE-2.
•
ENVEST - Envest is a software tool that has been developed in the United Kingdom
(UK). Envest 2 is a software tool that simplifies the highly complex process of designing
buildings with low environmental impact and overall life-cycle costs. Envest 2 allows both
environmental and financial trade-offs to be made explicitly in the design process and allows
clients to optimize their best concepts based on priorities.
The process involved the designers inputting their building plans which included: height,
number of floors, window area, etc. and selecting elements such as external walls, roof
covering materials, etc. Envest 2 identifies the elements with the greatest influence on
environmental impacts and overall life cycle costs and shows the effects of choosing different
building materials. It also predicts the environmental impacts and basic costs of various
strategies for heating, maintaining, and operating the building.
By comparing buildings with different specifications, architects can graphically demonstrate
the qualifications of different designs to clients. Envest 2 produces detailed and summarized
information ready to be transferred to users' templates to create building environmental
system reports.
Envest 2 is web-based, enabling large companies to store and share information in a
controlled manner, and enabling them to perform bench-marking or benchmarking in-house
or independently in addition to comparing designs. The two versions of the Envest tool
available are:
The Envest 2 estimator uses environmental and financial data on building
performance in a holistic way. It is aimed at design teams specifically interested in the
environmental performance of a building but is also useful for providing estimates of
overall costs for different designs.
The Envest 2 calculator provides default environmental data but allows users to enter
the area of information on capital and financial costs over their lifetime. It also
provides a powerful tool for design teams most concerned with whole-life costs, for
those with specific data, and who recognize the benefits of having access to the
environmental performance of their designs.
Whole Building Assessment Tools Software
•
The LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green
Building Rating System™ is the U.S. national benchmark for green buildings with superior
performance.
LEED is aimed at the design, construction and operation processes of high-performance green
buildings. LEED provides building owners and operators with the tools to realize immediate
and measurable impacts on the performance of their buildings.
LEED also promotes a holistic approach to building by identifying performance in five key
areas for human health and the environment, namely: sustainable site development, water
savings, energy efficiency, building materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.
LEED provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting the success of each building type
and each stage along the building life-cycle. LEED-specific programs include:
Projects Construction New Commercial and Renovation Projects.
Operation and Maintenance Existing Buildings.
Commercial Interior Projects.
Core and Shell Development Projects.
Residential Homes
Housing Development
Guidelines for On-campus Building and Building Group Projects.
LEED for Schools.
LEED for Shops, also developed
LEED for Health Centers, and
LEED for Laboratories
The LEED Rating System was created to transform the built environment to a sustainable one
by providing the building industry with a consistent set of credible standards to create what is
called a green building or green design. The rating system was developed and continuously
improved through an open, consensus-based process, which has made LEED the nation's
preferred green building standard for Federal and state agencies and local governments.
Buildings that have reduced operating costs, healthier and more productive users, and
conserved natural resources are comprehensive reasons for LEED to certify them.
LEED can be widely used by architects, real estate professionals, facility managers,
engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, and government
officials, among others.
•
GREEN BUILDING ADVISOR - Green
Building Advisor 1.1 (GBA) is an innovative computer software tool based on an interactive
CD-ROM. It can help users identify design strategies that can be applied to specific building
projects. By inputting information about the project, and based on that input, GBA outputs a
list of strategies relevant to the project, organized into categories for easy study.
GBA is a brainstorming tool that can save research time. Each strategy is described in detail,
information is presented along with relative costs, explaining if at any point in the process, the
strategy will be implemented. The design phase requires a strategy, explains the
interrelationships between strategies, and identifies sources for more information. And
through case studies show how actual projects implement the strategies.
The software also provides information on green building reviews, a large database of green
products based on GreenSpec, and a library of green building design resources. Simply put,
GBA is a brainstorming tool for anyone looking to reduce the environmental impacts of a
particular building or renovation project.
GBA is the easiest tool to use, with graphical illustrations that fully explain how architectural
process modifications can reduce the environmental impact of a building.
•
BREEAM - The Building Research Estab- lishment Environmental Assessment Method
(BREEAM) is a computer software tool developed in the United Kingdom. It allows building
owners, users and architects to review and improve environmental performance over the life
of the building.
BREEAM is the longest and most widely used building environmental assessment method in
the UK. It sets the greatest practical standards of sustainable development and demonstrates
their level of success. It has become one of the repertoires used to describe a building's
environmental performance.
BREEAM has been declared the most successful program in promoting sustainable practices,
influencing other initiatives worldwide. In the UK 100,000 buildings have been certified and
over half a million buildings have registered to be assessed.
BREEAM certification is carried out by licensed assessors, which ensures that assessments
are competitively conducted by assessors working within a strict quality assurance
framework. BRE trains, tests and licenses organizations to carry out the assessment process
and work with design teams and cover a wide range of building typologies.
Conclusions
Appropriate utilization of the full potential of Information and Communication Technology
will greatly assist environmental restoration and socio-economic improvement relatively
quickly on a variety of scales up to a global scale. Although absolute homeosta- sis is
impossible to achieve, with the help of this technology, it is hoped that the acceleration of
recovery and improvement can exceed or outweigh the acceleration of natural environment
degradation and widespread poverty.
Although the certification process of Eco Labeling or Environmental Labeling as a le- gality
for sustainable products including architecture with the enforcement of laws and sanctions, is
only possible in countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, but it
does not mean that countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, are
not able to implement the certification process.
-Developing countries just stand by and wait for the fate of being blamed for the greatest
contribution to environmental degradation and widespread poverty. Therefore The use of
tools in the form of computer software does not hurt to start socializing through intensive use
in developing countries including United States.
From the observations that have been made of various computer software that has been
created and used by developed countries towards sustainability, especially architecturally, a
large part shows also a very strong participation of government institutions as a manifestation
of the political will of the country that created the equipment concerned. Because they are
fully aware that in this era of In- formation and Communication Technology the scale of the
area of thought has changed to a global scale as well as the community that has been formed
which cannot be ignored, if they do not want to be alienated by the global community.
For the process towards architectural sus- tainability, several institutions have offered a wide
variety of profitable and non-profitable computer software. In this case, architects, designers,
and other interested parties are still required to be cautious, wise, and wise in intelligently
choosing software that is appropriate for solving problems with an environmental mindset and
not getting caught up in the commercialization of the equipment companies concerned.
Therefore, in the future, United States, especially UNIKOM, is expected to design better
software that is not regionalized, which means that it can be widely used at least in United
States. And the most important thing is to remain consistent with the noble purpose of making
the software in question as a form of concern for the declining quality of the natural
environment and the spread of poverty.
Cradle-To-Grave Paradigm
The cradle-to-grave paradigm, translated as from-birth-to-death or according to Malaysian
architect Ken Yeang from-source-to-sink, as stated earlier, is the principle of always taking
into account the costs and energy that will be released, as well as the environmental impacts
that will occur at every stage in a production process from material with- drawal or
extraction, namely material mining to waste disposal, namely waste management. The same
is true for buildings as products of architectural systems starting from the planning and design
process, construction, operation and maintenance, human bionomics, up to the building
management process at the end usability.
In the case of building as an architectural system product, Figure 2 can give an idea of the
environmental impacts that will occur due to the building life-cycle process:
The cradle or birth of a building begins with the collection of raw materials, which
will require a certain amount of energy and cost and result in environmental impacts.
Product manufacturing transportation will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Construction and fitting out will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Operation and maintenance will require operational energy and costs and resulting
environmental impacts.
Grave or death: renovation and demolition is the process of repair and demolition will
also experience the same thing as item 1.
To calculate the amount of energy to be used, an analysis must be made of all the energy
contained in the building and that will be consumed over the life of the building for both
operational and maintenance activities.
Operations will depend on the use of materials and fabrication methods, while maintenance
will depend on the orientation, window area and type, surface finishes, and systems of
lighting, air conditioning, insulation, thermal characteristics of walls and roofs.
The Role Of Information And Communication Technology Towards Architectural
Sustain- Ability
In the process of development, sustainability measurement instruments, both for products in
general and for buildings as products of architectural systems, have been intelligently
systematized through the potentials of information and communication technology.
Several software tools and databases on sustainable products have been created and compiled,
especially by developed countries, this also reinforces the statement that eco-labeling or
environmental labeling is only possible in developed countries with the mechanism of using
similar instruments.
However, this does not mean that developing countries cannot or do not need to use the
instrument in question, but it has not been used as a legality tool through the certification
process with all its legal enforcement and sanctions. Therefore, the term used is still towards
and not achieving architectural sustainability because achieving will be deter- ministic and
basically absolute sustainability, namely the condition of homeostasis or equi- librium has
only been achieved once, namely when nature was created by the Creator.
Paradigm-based Computer Software Cradle-To-Grave
Softwares or computer software that have been introduced and widely used, especially in
developed countries, to assess the sustainability of a product including buildings as a product
of architectural processes among others:
LCA Softwares
Energy and Building Tools
Whole Building Assessment Tools
LCA Softwares or LCA Software Here are a few examples of software tools that can't hurt
to start using as a form of responsibility and participation of the United States architectural
community in global recovery efforts.
•
LISA is an LCA tool for building design developed by BHP Australia. LISA (LCA in
Sustainable Archi- tecture) is an LCA decision support tool during the construction or
development process that streamlines everything. LISA was developed in response to requests
from architects and industry professionals to simplify LCA instru- men to assist with green
design.
Currently, LCA methodologies are complicated and not widely accepted by designers and
specifiers. In addition, detailed studies in LCA often divert attention from key environmental
issues, and tend to focus on competition between materials rather than on optimization of
construction systems.
LISA is designed for:
Help identify key environmental issues in construction.
Provides architects with a user-friendly tool for valuing the environmental aspects of
building design.
Enable architects and specifiers to make choices based on holistic environmental life
cycle considerations.
To date LISA has been applied at various design scales, and is being applied to development
processes:
Multi-storey Office Building
Tall Building
Wide-Span Warehouses
Bridges for Highways and Railways
BEES - Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability is a computer
software introduced and developed in the United States by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. The
BEES software offers an easy and reliable technique to determine the cost-effective of
preferred or environmentally friendly building products.
The tool was developed based on a consensus of standards and designed to be practical,
flexible and transparent. The Windows-based decision-making software, which has reached
version 4.0, is aimed at designers, product manufacturers, and includes actual environmental
and economic performance data for 230 building products.
BEES measures the environmental performance of building products using the life-cycle
assessment approach defined in the ISO 14040 series of standards. All stages throughout the
life-cycle of a product are analyzed including: raw material sourcing, manufacturing or
fabrication, transportation, installation, use, and recycling and waste treatment.
To measure economic performance the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method is used, which
takes into account the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and
repair, and disposal. The environmental and economic performance are combined into an
overall performance measurement using the ASTM standard for Multi-Attribute Decision
Analysis. Throughout the BEES analysis, building products were defined and classified
according to ASTM standard classification standards. for building elements is known as
UNIFORMAT II.
BEES is supported in part by the U.S. EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Program. EPP was enacted under Executive Order 13423: "Strengthening Federal Environ-
mental, Energy, and Transportation Man- agement," which encourages Executive agencies to
reduce environmentally- attributable burdens by spending more than 230 billion U.S. dollars.
$ for products and services that are paid for annually, including products
-building products.
•
TEAM - LCA tool from EcoBalance / Eco- bilan (FR / US). TEAM™ LCA software,
introduced by Peran- cis and the United States, is Ecobilan's powerful and flexible Life Cy-
cle Assessment software.
•
TEAM™ allows users to build using large-capacity data bases for modeling a system that
represents operations associated with products, processes, and activities. TEAM™ is able to
describe any industrial system and calculate total life cycle inventories and potential
environmental impacts based on the ISO 14040 series of standards
.
Energy and Building Tools Software
•
ATHENA - The AthenaTM Sustainable Materials Institute developed in Ka- nada is a
world-leading data source institute, which is also a center of expertise and tools for designing
buildings with an environmental mindset.
It believes that good information and tools are critical to achieving a sustainable built
environment. The institute also believes that life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches to
sustainability is the only way to create an action arena for diverse building materials in the
context of use.
Athena Institute International, an Athenian non-profit organization, through its representative
in Canada and its affiliate in the United States, conducts and guides innovative research and
development activities that enable architects, engineers, and other professionals to consider
environmental factors throughout the architectural system from the design process onwards.
Over the past ten years, it has developed ground-breaking software, a new and innovative
computer software. The software is a world-class database and consulting service of a firm
with a worldwide reputation in the field of sustainable building and LCA.
It also offers the only tool for holistic life cycle assessment of buildings and other designs:
Enable users to evaluate whole buildings and other designs based on the internationally
recognized LCA methodology.
Provided free instant LCA results for more than 400 public building designs.
DOE-2 - is a software developed by the United States to analyze energy use and cost in
the building construction process. DOE-2 is a widely used and accepted freeware
program for building energy analysis that can predict energy use and cost across all
building typologies.
In its operation DOE-2 uses data such as details of building layout, construction, operation
schedules, lighting systems, HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Condition- ing), etc., as
well as data on the ability of users to bear utility loads, to determine the simulated
performance of the building at each hour to estimate the number of billing accounts so that it
can be known in advance by potential users.
The DOE-2 generic program is essentially a DOS box or batch program that requires
experience for effective use, while offering significant flexibility for researchers and experts.
As an implementation of the DOE-2 program, eQUEST is a complete and interactive
Windows-based program with smart graphical displays to support the ease of use of DOE-2.
•
ENVEST - Envest is a software tool that has been developed in the United Kingdom
(UK). Envest 2 is a software tool that simplifies the highly complex process of designing
buildings with low environmental impact and overall life-cycle costs. Envest 2 allows both
environmental and financial trade-offs to be made explicitly in the design process and allows
clients to optimize their best concepts based on priorities.
The process involved the designers inputting their building plans which included: height,
number of floors, window area, etc. and selecting elements such as external walls, roof
covering materials, etc. Envest 2 identifies the elements with the greatest influence on
environmental impacts and overall life cycle costs and shows the effects of choosing different
building materials. It also predicts the environmental impacts and basic costs of various
strategies for heating, maintaining, and operating the building.
By comparing buildings with different specifications, architects can graphically demonstrate
the qualifications of different designs to clients. Envest 2 produces detailed and summarized
information ready to be transferred to users' templates to create building environmental
system reports.
Envest 2 is web-based, enabling large companies to store and share information in a
controlled manner, and enabling them to perform bench-marking or benchmarking in-house
or independently in addition to comparing designs. The two versions of the Envest tool
available are:
The Envest 2 estimator uses environmental and financial data on building
performance in a holistic way. It is aimed at design teams specifically interested in the
environmental performance of a building but is also useful for providing estimates of
overall costs for different designs.
The Envest 2 calculator provides default environmental data but allows users to enter
the area of information on capital and financial costs over their lifetime. It also
provides a powerful tool for design teams most concerned with whole-life costs, for
those with specific data, and who recognize the benefits of having access to the
environmental performance of their designs.
Whole Building Assessment Tools Software
•
The LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green
Building Rating System™ is the U.S. national benchmark for green buildings with superior
performance.
LEED is aimed at the design, construction and operation processes of high-performance green
buildings. LEED provides building owners and operators with the tools to realize immediate
and measurable impacts on the performance of their buildings.
LEED also promotes a holistic approach to building by identifying performance in five key
areas for human health and the environment, namely: sustainable site development, water
savings, energy efficiency, building materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.
LEED provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting the success of each building type
and each stage along the building life-cycle. LEED-specific programs include:
Projects Construction New Commercial and Renovation Projects.
Operation and Maintenance Existing Buildings.
Commercial Interior Projects.
Core and Shell Development Projects.
Residential Homes
Housing Development
Guidelines for On-campus Building and Building Group Projects.
LEED for Schools.
LEED for Shops, also developed
LEED for Health Centers, and
LEED for Laboratories
The LEED Rating System was created to transform the built environment to a sustainable one
by providing the building industry with a consistent set of credible standards to create what is
called a green building or green design. The rating system was developed and continuously
improved through an open, consensus-based process, which has made LEED the nation's
preferred green building standard for Federal and state agencies and local governments.
Buildings that have reduced operating costs, healthier and more productive users, and
conserved natural resources are comprehensive reasons for LEED to certify them.
LEED can be widely used by architects, real estate professionals, facility managers,
engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, and government
officials, among others.
•
GREEN BUILDING ADVISOR - Green
Building Advisor 1.1 (GBA) is an innovative computer software tool based on an interactive
CD-ROM. It can help users identify design strategies that can be applied to specific building
projects. By inputting information about the project, and based on that input, GBA outputs a
list of strategies relevant to the project, organized into categories for easy study.
GBA is a brainstorming tool that can save research time. Each strategy is described in detail,
information is presented along with relative costs, explaining if at any point in the process, the
strategy will be implemented. The design phase requires a strategy, explains the
interrelationships between strategies, and identifies sources for more information. And
through case studies show how actual projects implement the strategies.
The software also provides information on green building reviews, a large database of green
products based on GreenSpec, and a library of green building design resources. Simply put,
GBA is a brainstorming tool for anyone looking to reduce the environmental impacts of a
particular building or renovation project.
GBA is the easiest tool to use, with graphical illustrations that fully explain how architectural
process modifications can reduce the environmental impact of a building.
•
BREEAM - The Building Research Estab- lishment Environmental Assessment Method
(BREEAM) is a computer software tool developed in the United Kingdom. It allows building
owners, users and architects to review and improve environmental performance over the life
of the building.
BREEAM is the longest and most widely used building environmental assessment method in
the UK. It sets the greatest practical standards of sustainable development and demonstrates
their level of success. It has become one of the repertoires used to describe a building's
environmental performance.
BREEAM has been declared the most successful program in promoting sustainable practices,
influencing other initiatives worldwide. In the UK 100,000 buildings have been certified and
over half a million buildings have registered to be assessed.
BREEAM certification is carried out by licensed assessors, which ensures that assessments
are competitively conducted by assessors working within a strict quality assurance
framework. BRE trains, tests and licenses organizations to carry out the assessment process
and work with design teams and cover a wide range of building typologies.
Conclusions
Appropriate utilization of the full potential of Information and Communication Technology
will greatly assist environmental restoration and socio-economic improvement relatively
quickly on a variety of scales up to a global scale. Although absolute homeosta- sis is
impossible to achieve, with the help of this technology, it is hoped that the acceleration of
recovery and improvement can exceed or outweigh the acceleration of natural environment
degradation and widespread poverty.
Although the certification process of Eco Labeling or Environmental Labeling as a le- gality
for sustainable products including architecture with the enforcement of laws and sanctions, is
only possible in countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, but it
does not mean that countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, are
not able to implement the certification process.
-Developing countries just stand by and wait for the fate of being blamed for the greatest
contribution to environmental degradation and widespread poverty. Therefore The use of
tools in the form of computer software does not hurt to start socializing through intensive use
in developing countries including United States.
From the observations that have been made of various computer software that has been
created and used by developed countries towards sustainability, especially architecturally, a
large part shows also a very strong participation of government institutions as a manifestation
of the political will of the country that created the equipment concerned. Because they are
fully aware that in this era of In- formation and Communication Technology the scale of the
area of thought has changed to a global scale as well as the community that has been formed
which cannot be ignored, if they do not want to be alienated by the global community.
For the process towards architectural sus- tainability, several institutions have offered a wide
variety of profitable and non-profitable computer software. In this case, architects, designers,
and other interested parties are still required to be cautious, wise, and wise in intelligently
choosing software that is appropriate for solving problems with an environmental mindset and
not getting caught up in the commercialization of the equipment companies concerned.
Therefore, in the future, United States, especially UNIKOM, is expected to design better
software that is not regionalized, which means that it can be widely used at least in United
States. And the most important thing is to remain consistent with the noble purpose of making
the software in question as a form of concern for the declining quality of the natural
environment and the spread of poverty.
Cradle-To-Grave Paradigm
The cradle-to-grave paradigm, translated as from-birth-to-death or according to Malaysian
architect Ken Yeang from-source-to-sink, as stated earlier, is the principle of always taking
into account the costs and energy that will be released, as well as the environmental impacts
that will occur at every stage in a production process from material with- drawal or
extraction, namely material mining to waste disposal, namely waste management. The same
is true for buildings as products of architectural systems starting from the planning and design
process, construction, operation and maintenance, human bionomics, up to the building
management process at the end usability.
In the case of building as an architectural system product, Figure 2 can give an idea of the
environmental impacts that will occur due to the building life-cycle process:
The cradle or birth of a building begins with the collection of raw materials, which
will require a certain amount of energy and cost and result in environmental impacts.
Product manufacturing transportation will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Construction and fitting out will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Operation and maintenance will require operational energy and costs and resulting
environmental impacts.
Grave or death: renovation and demolition is the process of repair and demolition will
also experience the same thing as item 1.
To calculate the amount of energy to be used, an analysis must be made of all the energy
contained in the building and that will be consumed over the life of the building for both
operational and maintenance activities.
Operations will depend on the use of materials and fabrication methods, while maintenance
will depend on the orientation, window area and type, surface finishes, and systems of
lighting, air conditioning, insulation, thermal characteristics of walls and roofs.
The Role Of Information And Communication Technology Towards Architectural
Sustain- Ability
In the process of development, sustainability measurement instruments, both for products in
general and for buildings as products of architectural systems, have been intelligently
systematized through the potentials of information and communication technology.
Several software tools and databases on sustainable products have been created and compiled,
especially by developed countries, this also reinforces the statement that eco-labeling or
environmental labeling is only possible in developed countries with the mechanism of using
similar instruments.
However, this does not mean that developing countries cannot or do not need to use the
instrument in question, but it has not been used as a legality tool through the certification
process with all its legal enforcement and sanctions. Therefore, the term used is still towards
and not achieving architectural sustainability because achieving will be deter- ministic and
basically absolute sustainability, namely the condition of homeostasis or equi- librium has
only been achieved once, namely when nature was created by the Creator.
Paradigm-based Computer Software Cradle-To-Grave
Softwares or computer software that have been introduced and widely used, especially in
developed countries, to assess the sustainability of a product including buildings as a product
of architectural processes among others:
LCA Softwares
Energy and Building Tools
Whole Building Assessment Tools
LCA Softwares or LCA Software Here are a few examples of software tools that can't hurt
to start using as a form of responsibility and participation of the United States architectural
community in global recovery efforts.
•
LISA is an LCA tool for building design developed by BHP Australia. LISA (LCA in
Sustainable Archi- tecture) is an LCA decision support tool during the construction or
development process that streamlines everything. LISA was developed in response to requests
from architects and industry professionals to simplify LCA instru- men to assist with green
design.
Currently, LCA methodologies are complicated and not widely accepted by designers and
specifiers. In addition, detailed studies in LCA often divert attention from key environmental
issues, and tend to focus on competition between materials rather than on optimization of
construction systems.
LISA is designed for:
Help identify key environmental issues in construction.
Provides architects with a user-friendly tool for valuing the environmental aspects of
building design.
Enable architects and specifiers to make choices based on holistic environmental life
cycle considerations.
To date LISA has been applied at various design scales, and is being applied to development
processes:
Multi-storey Office Building
Tall Building
Wide-Span Warehouses
Bridges for Highways and Railways
BEES - Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability is a computer
software introduced and developed in the United States by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. The
BEES software offers an easy and reliable technique to determine the cost-effective of
preferred or environmentally friendly building products.
The tool was developed based on a consensus of standards and designed to be practical,
flexible and transparent. The Windows-based decision-making software, which has reached
version 4.0, is aimed at designers, product manufacturers, and includes actual environmental
and economic performance data for 230 building products.
BEES measures the environmental performance of building products using the life-cycle
assessment approach defined in the ISO 14040 series of standards. All stages throughout the
life-cycle of a product are analyzed including: raw material sourcing, manufacturing or
fabrication, transportation, installation, use, and recycling and waste treatment.
To measure economic performance the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method is used, which
takes into account the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and
repair, and disposal. The environmental and economic performance are combined into an
overall performance measurement using the ASTM standard for Multi-Attribute Decision
Analysis. Throughout the BEES analysis, building products were defined and classified
according to ASTM standard classification standards. for building elements is known as
UNIFORMAT II.
BEES is supported in part by the U.S. EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Program. EPP was enacted under Executive Order 13423: "Strengthening Federal Environ-
mental, Energy, and Transportation Man- agement," which encourages Executive agencies to
reduce environmentally- attributable burdens by spending more than 230 billion U.S. dollars.
$ for products and services that are paid for annually, including products
-building products.
•
TEAM - LCA tool from EcoBalance / Eco- bilan (FR / US). TEAM™ LCA software,
introduced by Peran- cis and the United States, is Ecobilan's powerful and flexible Life Cy-
cle Assessment software.
•
TEAM™ allows users to build using large-capacity data bases for modeling a system that
represents operations associated with products, processes, and activities. TEAM™ is able to
describe any industrial system and calculate total life cycle inventories and potential
environmental impacts based on the ISO 14040 series of standards
.
Energy and Building Tools Software
•
ATHENA - The AthenaTM Sustainable Materials Institute developed in Ka- nada is a
world-leading data source institute, which is also a center of expertise and tools for designing
buildings with an environmental mindset.
It believes that good information and tools are critical to achieving a sustainable built
environment. The institute also believes that life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches to
sustainability is the only way to create an action arena for diverse building materials in the
context of use.
Athena Institute International, an Athenian non-profit organization, through its representative
in Canada and its affiliate in the United States, conducts and guides innovative research and
development activities that enable architects, engineers, and other professionals to consider
environmental factors throughout the architectural system from the design process onwards.
Over the past ten years, it has developed ground-breaking software, a new and innovative
computer software. The software is a world-class database and consulting service of a firm
with a worldwide reputation in the field of sustainable building and LCA.
It also offers the only tool for holistic life cycle assessment of buildings and other designs:
Enable users to evaluate whole buildings and other designs based on the internationally
recognized LCA methodology.
Provided free instant LCA results for more than 400 public building designs.
DOE-2 - is a software developed by the United States to analyze energy use and cost in
the building construction process. DOE-2 is a widely used and accepted freeware
program for building energy analysis that can predict energy use and cost across all
building typologies.
In its operation DOE-2 uses data such as details of building layout, construction, operation
schedules, lighting systems, HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Condition- ing), etc., as
well as data on the ability of users to bear utility loads, to determine the simulated
performance of the building at each hour to estimate the number of billing accounts so that it
can be known in advance by potential users.
The DOE-2 generic program is essentially a DOS box or batch program that requires
experience for effective use, while offering significant flexibility for researchers and experts.
As an implementation of the DOE-2 program, eQUEST is a complete and interactive
Windows-based program with smart graphical displays to support the ease of use of DOE-2.
•
ENVEST - Envest is a software tool that has been developed in the United Kingdom
(UK). Envest 2 is a software tool that simplifies the highly complex process of designing
buildings with low environmental impact and overall life-cycle costs. Envest 2 allows both
environmental and financial trade-offs to be made explicitly in the design process and allows
clients to optimize their best concepts based on priorities.
The process involved the designers inputting their building plans which included: height,
number of floors, window area, etc. and selecting elements such as external walls, roof
covering materials, etc. Envest 2 identifies the elements with the greatest influence on
environmental impacts and overall life cycle costs and shows the effects of choosing different
building materials. It also predicts the environmental impacts and basic costs of various
strategies for heating, maintaining, and operating the building.
By comparing buildings with different specifications, architects can graphically demonstrate
the qualifications of different designs to clients. Envest 2 produces detailed and summarized
information ready to be transferred to users' templates to create building environmental
system reports.
Envest 2 is web-based, enabling large companies to store and share information in a
controlled manner, and enabling them to perform bench-marking or benchmarking in-house
or independently in addition to comparing designs. The two versions of the Envest tool
available are:
The Envest 2 estimator uses environmental and financial data on building
performance in a holistic way. It is aimed at design teams specifically interested in the
environmental performance of a building but is also useful for providing estimates of
overall costs for different designs.
The Envest 2 calculator provides default environmental data but allows users to enter
the area of information on capital and financial costs over their lifetime. It also
provides a powerful tool for design teams most concerned with whole-life costs, for
those with specific data, and who recognize the benefits of having access to the
environmental performance of their designs.
Whole Building Assessment Tools Software
•
The LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green
Building Rating System™ is the U.S. national benchmark for green buildings with superior
performance.
LEED is aimed at the design, construction and operation processes of high-performance green
buildings. LEED provides building owners and operators with the tools to realize immediate
and measurable impacts on the performance of their buildings.
LEED also promotes a holistic approach to building by identifying performance in five key
areas for human health and the environment, namely: sustainable site development, water
savings, energy efficiency, building materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.
LEED provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting the success of each building type
and each stage along the building life-cycle. LEED-specific programs include:
Projects Construction New Commercial and Renovation Projects.
Operation and Maintenance Existing Buildings.
Commercial Interior Projects.
Core and Shell Development Projects.
Residential Homes
Housing Development
Guidelines for On-campus Building and Building Group Projects.
LEED for Schools.
LEED for Shops, also developed
LEED for Health Centers, and
LEED for Laboratories
The LEED Rating System was created to transform the built environment to a sustainable one
by providing the building industry with a consistent set of credible standards to create what is
called a green building or green design. The rating system was developed and continuously
improved through an open, consensus-based process, which has made LEED the nation's
preferred green building standard for Federal and state agencies and local governments.
Buildings that have reduced operating costs, healthier and more productive users, and
conserved natural resources are comprehensive reasons for LEED to certify them.
LEED can be widely used by architects, real estate professionals, facility managers,
engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, and government
officials, among others.
•
GREEN BUILDING ADVISOR - Green
Building Advisor 1.1 (GBA) is an innovative computer software tool based on an interactive
CD-ROM. It can help users identify design strategies that can be applied to specific building
projects. By inputting information about the project, and based on that input, GBA outputs a
list of strategies relevant to the project, organized into categories for easy study.
GBA is a brainstorming tool that can save research time. Each strategy is described in detail,
information is presented along with relative costs, explaining if at any point in the process, the
strategy will be implemented. The design phase requires a strategy, explains the
interrelationships between strategies, and identifies sources for more information. And
through case studies show how actual projects implement the strategies.
The software also provides information on green building reviews, a large database of green
products based on GreenSpec, and a library of green building design resources. Simply put,
GBA is a brainstorming tool for anyone looking to reduce the environmental impacts of a
particular building or renovation project.
GBA is the easiest tool to use, with graphical illustrations that fully explain how architectural
process modifications can reduce the environmental impact of a building.
•
BREEAM - The Building Research Estab- lishment Environmental Assessment Method
(BREEAM) is a computer software tool developed in the United Kingdom. It allows building
owners, users and architects to review and improve environmental performance over the life
of the building.
BREEAM is the longest and most widely used building environmental assessment method in
the UK. It sets the greatest practical standards of sustainable development and demonstrates
their level of success. It has become one of the repertoires used to describe a building's
environmental performance.
BREEAM has been declared the most successful program in promoting sustainable practices,
influencing other initiatives worldwide. In the UK 100,000 buildings have been certified and
over half a million buildings have registered to be assessed.
BREEAM certification is carried out by licensed assessors, which ensures that assessments
are competitively conducted by assessors working within a strict quality assurance
framework. BRE trains, tests and licenses organizations to carry out the assessment process
and work with design teams and cover a wide range of building typologies.
Conclusions
Appropriate utilization of the full potential of Information and Communication Technology
will greatly assist environmental restoration and socio-economic improvement relatively
quickly on a variety of scales up to a global scale. Although absolute homeosta- sis is
impossible to achieve, with the help of this technology, it is hoped that the acceleration of
recovery and improvement can exceed or outweigh the acceleration of natural environment
degradation and widespread poverty.
Although the certification process of Eco Labeling or Environmental Labeling as a le- gality
for sustainable products including architecture with the enforcement of laws and sanctions, is
only possible in countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, but it
does not mean that countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, are
not able to implement the certification process.
-Developing countries just stand by and wait for the fate of being blamed for the greatest
contribution to environmental degradation and widespread poverty. Therefore The use of
tools in the form of computer software does not hurt to start socializing through intensive use
in developing countries including United States.
From the observations that have been made of various computer software that has been
created and used by developed countries towards sustainability, especially architecturally, a
large part shows also a very strong participation of government institutions as a manifestation
of the political will of the country that created the equipment concerned. Because they are
fully aware that in this era of In- formation and Communication Technology the scale of the
area of thought has changed to a global scale as well as the community that has been formed
which cannot be ignored, if they do not want to be alienated by the global community.
For the process towards architectural sus- tainability, several institutions have offered a wide
variety of profitable and non-profitable computer software. In this case, architects, designers,
and other interested parties are still required to be cautious, wise, and wise in intelligently
choosing software that is appropriate for solving problems with an environmental mindset and
not getting caught up in the commercialization of the equipment companies concerned.
Therefore, in the future, United States, especially UNIKOM, is expected to design better
software that is not regionalized, which means that it can be widely used at least in United
States. And the most important thing is to remain consistent with the noble purpose of making
the software in question as a form of concern for the declining quality of the natural
environment and the spread of poverty.
Cradle-To-Grave Paradigm
The cradle-to-grave paradigm, translated as from-birth-to-death or according to Malaysian
architect Ken Yeang from-source-to-sink, as stated earlier, is the principle of always taking
into account the costs and energy that will be released, as well as the environmental impacts
that will occur at every stage in a production process from material with- drawal or
extraction, namely material mining to waste disposal, namely waste management. The same
is true for buildings as products of architectural systems starting from the planning and design
process, construction, operation and maintenance, human bionomics, up to the building
management process at the end usability.
In the case of building as an architectural system product, Figure 2 can give an idea of the
environmental impacts that will occur due to the building life-cycle process:
The cradle or birth of a building begins with the collection of raw materials, which
will require a certain amount of energy and cost and result in environmental impacts.
Product manufacturing transportation will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Construction and fitting out will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Operation and maintenance will require operational energy and costs and resulting
environmental impacts.
Grave or death: renovation and demolition is the process of repair and demolition will
also experience the same thing as item 1.
To calculate the amount of energy to be used, an analysis must be made of all the energy
contained in the building and that will be consumed over the life of the building for both
operational and maintenance activities.
Operations will depend on the use of materials and fabrication methods, while maintenance
will depend on the orientation, window area and type, surface finishes, and systems of
lighting, air conditioning, insulation, thermal characteristics of walls and roofs.
The Role Of Information And Communication Technology Towards Architectural
Sustain- Ability
In the process of development, sustainability measurement instruments, both for products in
general and for buildings as products of architectural systems, have been intelligently
systematized through the potentials of information and communication technology.
Several software tools and databases on sustainable products have been created and compiled,
especially by developed countries, this also reinforces the statement that eco-labeling or
environmental labeling is only possible in developed countries with the mechanism of using
similar instruments.
However, this does not mean that developing countries cannot or do not need to use the
instrument in question, but it has not been used as a legality tool through the certification
process with all its legal enforcement and sanctions. Therefore, the term used is still towards
and not achieving architectural sustainability because achieving will be deter- ministic and
basically absolute sustainability, namely the condition of homeostasis or equi- librium has
only been achieved once, namely when nature was created by the Creator.
Paradigm-based Computer Software Cradle-To-Grave
Softwares or computer software that have been introduced and widely used, especially in
developed countries, to assess the sustainability of a product including buildings as a product
of architectural processes among others:
LCA Softwares
Energy and Building Tools
Whole Building Assessment Tools
LCA Softwares or LCA Software Here are a few examples of software tools that can't hurt
to start using as a form of responsibility and participation of the United States architectural
community in global recovery efforts.
•
LISA is an LCA tool for building design developed by BHP Australia. LISA (LCA in
Sustainable Archi- tecture) is an LCA decision support tool during the construction or
development process that streamlines everything. LISA was developed in response to requests
from architects and industry professionals to simplify LCA instru- men to assist with green
design.
Currently, LCA methodologies are complicated and not widely accepted by designers and
specifiers. In addition, detailed studies in LCA often divert attention from key environmental
issues, and tend to focus on competition between materials rather than on optimization of
construction systems.
LISA is designed for:
Help identify key environmental issues in construction.
Provides architects with a user-friendly tool for valuing the environmental aspects of
building design.
Enable architects and specifiers to make choices based on holistic environmental life
cycle considerations.
To date LISA has been applied at various design scales, and is being applied to development
processes:
Multi-storey Office Building
Tall Building
Wide-Span Warehouses
Bridges for Highways and Railways
BEES - Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability is a computer
software introduced and developed in the United States by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. The
BEES software offers an easy and reliable technique to determine the cost-effective of
preferred or environmentally friendly building products.
The tool was developed based on a consensus of standards and designed to be practical,
flexible and transparent. The Windows-based decision-making software, which has reached
version 4.0, is aimed at designers, product manufacturers, and includes actual environmental
and economic performance data for 230 building products.
BEES measures the environmental performance of building products using the life-cycle
assessment approach defined in the ISO 14040 series of standards. All stages throughout the
life-cycle of a product are analyzed including: raw material sourcing, manufacturing or
fabrication, transportation, installation, use, and recycling and waste treatment.
To measure economic performance the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method is used, which
takes into account the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and
repair, and disposal. The environmental and economic performance are combined into an
overall performance measurement using the ASTM standard for Multi-Attribute Decision
Analysis. Throughout the BEES analysis, building products were defined and classified
according to ASTM standard classification standards. for building elements is known as
UNIFORMAT II.
BEES is supported in part by the U.S. EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Program. EPP was enacted under Executive Order 13423: "Strengthening Federal Environ-
mental, Energy, and Transportation Man- agement," which encourages Executive agencies to
reduce environmentally- attributable burdens by spending more than 230 billion U.S. dollars.
$ for products and services that are paid for annually, including products
-building products.
•
TEAM - LCA tool from EcoBalance / Eco- bilan (FR / US). TEAM™ LCA software,
introduced by Peran- cis and the United States, is Ecobilan's powerful and flexible Life Cy-
cle Assessment software.
•
TEAM™ allows users to build using large-capacity data bases for modeling a system that
represents operations associated with products, processes, and activities. TEAM™ is able to
describe any industrial system and calculate total life cycle inventories and potential
environmental impacts based on the ISO 14040 series of standards
.
Energy and Building Tools Software
•
ATHENA - The AthenaTM Sustainable Materials Institute developed in Ka- nada is a
world-leading data source institute, which is also a center of expertise and tools for designing
buildings with an environmental mindset.
It believes that good information and tools are critical to achieving a sustainable built
environment. The institute also believes that life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches to
sustainability is the only way to create an action arena for diverse building materials in the
context of use.
Athena Institute International, an Athenian non-profit organization, through its representative
in Canada and its affiliate in the United States, conducts and guides innovative research and
development activities that enable architects, engineers, and other professionals to consider
environmental factors throughout the architectural system from the design process onwards.
Over the past ten years, it has developed ground-breaking software, a new and innovative
computer software. The software is a world-class database and consulting service of a firm
with a worldwide reputation in the field of sustainable building and LCA.
It also offers the only tool for holistic life cycle assessment of buildings and other designs:
Enable users to evaluate whole buildings and other designs based on the internationally
recognized LCA methodology.
Provided free instant LCA results for more than 400 public building designs.
DOE-2 - is a software developed by the United States to analyze energy use and cost in
the building construction process. DOE-2 is a widely used and accepted freeware
program for building energy analysis that can predict energy use and cost across all
building typologies.
In its operation DOE-2 uses data such as details of building layout, construction, operation
schedules, lighting systems, HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Condition- ing), etc., as
well as data on the ability of users to bear utility loads, to determine the simulated
performance of the building at each hour to estimate the number of billing accounts so that it
can be known in advance by potential users.
The DOE-2 generic program is essentially a DOS box or batch program that requires
experience for effective use, while offering significant flexibility for researchers and experts.
As an implementation of the DOE-2 program, eQUEST is a complete and interactive
Windows-based program with smart graphical displays to support the ease of use of DOE-2.
•
ENVEST - Envest is a software tool that has been developed in the United Kingdom
(UK). Envest 2 is a software tool that simplifies the highly complex process of designing
buildings with low environmental impact and overall life-cycle costs. Envest 2 allows both
environmental and financial trade-offs to be made explicitly in the design process and allows
clients to optimize their best concepts based on priorities.
The process involved the designers inputting their building plans which included: height,
number of floors, window area, etc. and selecting elements such as external walls, roof
covering materials, etc. Envest 2 identifies the elements with the greatest influence on
environmental impacts and overall life cycle costs and shows the effects of choosing different
building materials. It also predicts the environmental impacts and basic costs of various
strategies for heating, maintaining, and operating the building.
By comparing buildings with different specifications, architects can graphically demonstrate
the qualifications of different designs to clients. Envest 2 produces detailed and summarized
information ready to be transferred to users' templates to create building environmental
system reports.
Envest 2 is web-based, enabling large companies to store and share information in a
controlled manner, and enabling them to perform bench-marking or benchmarking in-house
or independently in addition to comparing designs. The two versions of the Envest tool
available are:
The Envest 2 estimator uses environmental and financial data on building
performance in a holistic way. It is aimed at design teams specifically interested in the
environmental performance of a building but is also useful for providing estimates of
overall costs for different designs.
The Envest 2 calculator provides default environmental data but allows users to enter
the area of information on capital and financial costs over their lifetime. It also
provides a powerful tool for design teams most concerned with whole-life costs, for
those with specific data, and who recognize the benefits of having access to the
environmental performance of their designs.
Whole Building Assessment Tools Software
•
The LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green
Building Rating System™ is the U.S. national benchmark for green buildings with superior
performance.
LEED is aimed at the design, construction and operation processes of high-performance green
buildings. LEED provides building owners and operators with the tools to realize immediate
and measurable impacts on the performance of their buildings.
LEED also promotes a holistic approach to building by identifying performance in five key
areas for human health and the environment, namely: sustainable site development, water
savings, energy efficiency, building materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.
LEED provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting the success of each building type
and each stage along the building life-cycle. LEED-specific programs include:
Projects Construction New Commercial and Renovation Projects.
Operation and Maintenance Existing Buildings.
Commercial Interior Projects.
Core and Shell Development Projects.
Residential Homes
Housing Development
Guidelines for On-campus Building and Building Group Projects.
LEED for Schools.
LEED for Shops, also developed
LEED for Health Centers, and
LEED for Laboratories
The LEED Rating System was created to transform the built environment to a sustainable one
by providing the building industry with a consistent set of credible standards to create what is
called a green building or green design. The rating system was developed and continuously
improved through an open, consensus-based process, which has made LEED the nation's
preferred green building standard for Federal and state agencies and local governments.
Buildings that have reduced operating costs, healthier and more productive users, and
conserved natural resources are comprehensive reasons for LEED to certify them.
LEED can be widely used by architects, real estate professionals, facility managers,
engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, and government
officials, among others.
•
GREEN BUILDING ADVISOR - Green
Building Advisor 1.1 (GBA) is an innovative computer software tool based on an interactive
CD-ROM. It can help users identify design strategies that can be applied to specific building
projects. By inputting information about the project, and based on that input, GBA outputs a
list of strategies relevant to the project, organized into categories for easy study.
GBA is a brainstorming tool that can save research time. Each strategy is described in detail,
information is presented along with relative costs, explaining if at any point in the process, the
strategy will be implemented. The design phase requires a strategy, explains the
interrelationships between strategies, and identifies sources for more information. And
through case studies show how actual projects implement the strategies.
The software also provides information on green building reviews, a large database of green
products based on GreenSpec, and a library of green building design resources. Simply put,
GBA is a brainstorming tool for anyone looking to reduce the environmental impacts of a
particular building or renovation project.
GBA is the easiest tool to use, with graphical illustrations that fully explain how architectural
process modifications can reduce the environmental impact of a building.
•
BREEAM - The Building Research Estab- lishment Environmental Assessment Method
(BREEAM) is a computer software tool developed in the United Kingdom. It allows building
owners, users and architects to review and improve environmental performance over the life
of the building.
BREEAM is the longest and most widely used building environmental assessment method in
the UK. It sets the greatest practical standards of sustainable development and demonstrates
their level of success. It has become one of the repertoires used to describe a building's
environmental performance.
BREEAM has been declared the most successful program in promoting sustainable practices,
influencing other initiatives worldwide. In the UK 100,000 buildings have been certified and
over half a million buildings have registered to be assessed.
BREEAM certification is carried out by licensed assessors, which ensures that assessments
are competitively conducted by assessors working within a strict quality assurance
framework. BRE trains, tests and licenses organizations to carry out the assessment process
and work with design teams and cover a wide range of building typologies.
Conclusions
Appropriate utilization of the full potential of Information and Communication Technology
will greatly assist environmental restoration and socio-economic improvement relatively
quickly on a variety of scales up to a global scale. Although absolute homeosta- sis is
impossible to achieve, with the help of this technology, it is hoped that the acceleration of
recovery and improvement can exceed or outweigh the acceleration of natural environment
degradation and widespread poverty.
Although the certification process of Eco Labeling or Environmental Labeling as a le- gality
for sustainable products including architecture with the enforcement of laws and sanctions, is
only possible in countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, but it
does not mean that countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, are
not able to implement the certification process.
-Developing countries just stand by and wait for the fate of being blamed for the greatest
contribution to environmental degradation and widespread poverty. Therefore The use of
tools in the form of computer software does not hurt to start socializing through intensive use
in developing countries including United States.
From the observations that have been made of various computer software that has been
created and used by developed countries towards sustainability, especially architecturally, a
large part shows also a very strong participation of government institutions as a manifestation
of the political will of the country that created the equipment concerned. Because they are
fully aware that in this era of In- formation and Communication Technology the scale of the
area of thought has changed to a global scale as well as the community that has been formed
which cannot be ignored, if they do not want to be alienated by the global community.
For the process towards architectural sus- tainability, several institutions have offered a wide
variety of profitable and non-profitable computer software. In this case, architects, designers,
and other interested parties are still required to be cautious, wise, and wise in intelligently
choosing software that is appropriate for solving problems with an environmental mindset and
not getting caught up in the commercialization of the equipment companies concerned.
Therefore, in the future, United States, especially UNIKOM, is expected to design better
software that is not regionalized, which means that it can be widely used at least in United
States. And the most important thing is to remain consistent with the noble purpose of making
the software in question as a form of concern for the declining quality of the natural
environment and the spread of poverty.
Cradle-To-Grave Paradigm
The cradle-to-grave paradigm, translated as from-birth-to-death or according to Malaysian
architect Ken Yeang from-source-to-sink, as stated earlier, is the principle of always taking
into account the costs and energy that will be released, as well as the environmental impacts
that will occur at every stage in a production process from material with- drawal or
extraction, namely material mining to waste disposal, namely waste management. The same
is true for buildings as products of architectural systems starting from the planning and design
process, construction, operation and maintenance, human bionomics, up to the building
management process at the end usability.
In the case of building as an architectural system product, Figure 2 can give an idea of the
environmental impacts that will occur due to the building life-cycle process:
The cradle or birth of a building begins with the collection of raw materials, which
will require a certain amount of energy and cost and result in environmental impacts.
Product manufacturing transportation will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Construction and fitting out will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Operation and maintenance will require operational energy and costs and resulting
environmental impacts.
Grave or death: renovation and demolition is the process of repair and demolition will
also experience the same thing as item 1.
To calculate the amount of energy to be used, an analysis must be made of all the energy
contained in the building and that will be consumed over the life of the building for both
operational and maintenance activities.
Operations will depend on the use of materials and fabrication methods, while maintenance
will depend on the orientation, window area and type, surface finishes, and systems of
lighting, air conditioning, insulation, thermal characteristics of walls and roofs.
The Role Of Information And Communication Technology Towards Architectural
Sustain- Ability
In the process of development, sustainability measurement instruments, both for products in
general and for buildings as products of architectural systems, have been intelligently
systematized through the potentials of information and communication technology.
Several software tools and databases on sustainable products have been created and compiled,
especially by developed countries, this also reinforces the statement that eco-labeling or
environmental labeling is only possible in developed countries with the mechanism of using
similar instruments.
However, this does not mean that developing countries cannot or do not need to use the
instrument in question, but it has not been used as a legality tool through the certification
process with all its legal enforcement and sanctions. Therefore, the term used is still towards
and not achieving architectural sustainability because achieving will be deter- ministic and
basically absolute sustainability, namely the condition of homeostasis or equi- librium has
only been achieved once, namely when nature was created by the Creator.
Paradigm-based Computer Software Cradle-To-Grave
Softwares or computer software that have been introduced and widely used, especially in
developed countries, to assess the sustainability of a product including buildings as a product
of architectural processes among others:
LCA Softwares
Energy and Building Tools
Whole Building Assessment Tools
LCA Softwares or LCA Software Here are a few examples of software tools that can't hurt
to start using as a form of responsibility and participation of the United States architectural
community in global recovery efforts.
•
LISA is an LCA tool for building design developed by BHP Australia. LISA (LCA in
Sustainable Archi- tecture) is an LCA decision support tool during the construction or
development process that streamlines everything. LISA was developed in response to requests
from architects and industry professionals to simplify LCA instru- men to assist with green
design.
Currently, LCA methodologies are complicated and not widely accepted by designers and
specifiers. In addition, detailed studies in LCA often divert attention from key environmental
issues, and tend to focus on competition between materials rather than on optimization of
construction systems.
LISA is designed for:
Help identify key environmental issues in construction.
Provides architects with a user-friendly tool for valuing the environmental aspects of
building design.
Enable architects and specifiers to make choices based on holistic environmental life
cycle considerations.
To date LISA has been applied at various design scales, and is being applied to development
processes:
Multi-storey Office Building
Tall Building
Wide-Span Warehouses
Bridges for Highways and Railways
BEES - Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability is a computer
software introduced and developed in the United States by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. The
BEES software offers an easy and reliable technique to determine the cost-effective of
preferred or environmentally friendly building products.
The tool was developed based on a consensus of standards and designed to be practical,
flexible and transparent. The Windows-based decision-making software, which has reached
version 4.0, is aimed at designers, product manufacturers, and includes actual environmental
and economic performance data for 230 building products.
BEES measures the environmental performance of building products using the life-cycle
assessment approach defined in the ISO 14040 series of standards. All stages throughout the
life-cycle of a product are analyzed including: raw material sourcing, manufacturing or
fabrication, transportation, installation, use, and recycling and waste treatment.
To measure economic performance the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method is used, which
takes into account the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and
repair, and disposal. The environmental and economic performance are combined into an
overall performance measurement using the ASTM standard for Multi-Attribute Decision
Analysis. Throughout the BEES analysis, building products were defined and classified
according to ASTM standard classification standards. for building elements is known as
UNIFORMAT II.
BEES is supported in part by the U.S. EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Program. EPP was enacted under Executive Order 13423: "Strengthening Federal Environ-
mental, Energy, and Transportation Man- agement," which encourages Executive agencies to
reduce environmentally- attributable burdens by spending more than 230 billion U.S. dollars.
$ for products and services that are paid for annually, including products
-building products.
•
TEAM - LCA tool from EcoBalance / Eco- bilan (FR / US). TEAM™ LCA software,
introduced by Peran- cis and the United States, is Ecobilan's powerful and flexible Life Cy-
cle Assessment software.
•
TEAM™ allows users to build using large-capacity data bases for modeling a system that
represents operations associated with products, processes, and activities. TEAM™ is able to
describe any industrial system and calculate total life cycle inventories and potential
environmental impacts based on the ISO 14040 series of standards
.
Energy and Building Tools Software
•
ATHENA - The AthenaTM Sustainable Materials Institute developed in Ka- nada is a
world-leading data source institute, which is also a center of expertise and tools for designing
buildings with an environmental mindset.
It believes that good information and tools are critical to achieving a sustainable built
environment. The institute also believes that life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches to
sustainability is the only way to create an action arena for diverse building materials in the
context of use.
Athena Institute International, an Athenian non-profit organization, through its representative
in Canada and its affiliate in the United States, conducts and guides innovative research and
development activities that enable architects, engineers, and other professionals to consider
environmental factors throughout the architectural system from the design process onwards.
Over the past ten years, it has developed ground-breaking software, a new and innovative
computer software. The software is a world-class database and consulting service of a firm
with a worldwide reputation in the field of sustainable building and LCA.
It also offers the only tool for holistic life cycle assessment of buildings and other designs:
Enable users to evaluate whole buildings and other designs based on the internationally
recognized LCA methodology.
Provided free instant LCA results for more than 400 public building designs.
DOE-2 - is a software developed by the United States to analyze energy use and cost in
the building construction process. DOE-2 is a widely used and accepted freeware
program for building energy analysis that can predict energy use and cost across all
building typologies.
In its operation DOE-2 uses data such as details of building layout, construction, operation
schedules, lighting systems, HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Condition- ing), etc., as
well as data on the ability of users to bear utility loads, to determine the simulated
performance of the building at each hour to estimate the number of billing accounts so that it
can be known in advance by potential users.
The DOE-2 generic program is essentially a DOS box or batch program that requires
experience for effective use, while offering significant flexibility for researchers and experts.
As an implementation of the DOE-2 program, eQUEST is a complete and interactive
Windows-based program with smart graphical displays to support the ease of use of DOE-2.
•
ENVEST - Envest is a software tool that has been developed in the United Kingdom
(UK). Envest 2 is a software tool that simplifies the highly complex process of designing
buildings with low environmental impact and overall life-cycle costs. Envest 2 allows both
environmental and financial trade-offs to be made explicitly in the design process and allows
clients to optimize their best concepts based on priorities.
The process involved the designers inputting their building plans which included: height,
number of floors, window area, etc. and selecting elements such as external walls, roof
covering materials, etc. Envest 2 identifies the elements with the greatest influence on
environmental impacts and overall life cycle costs and shows the effects of choosing different
building materials. It also predicts the environmental impacts and basic costs of various
strategies for heating, maintaining, and operating the building.
By comparing buildings with different specifications, architects can graphically demonstrate
the qualifications of different designs to clients. Envest 2 produces detailed and summarized
information ready to be transferred to users' templates to create building environmental
system reports.
Envest 2 is web-based, enabling large companies to store and share information in a
controlled manner, and enabling them to perform bench-marking or benchmarking in-house
or independently in addition to comparing designs. The two versions of the Envest tool
available are:
The Envest 2 estimator uses environmental and financial data on building
performance in a holistic way. It is aimed at design teams specifically interested in the
environmental performance of a building but is also useful for providing estimates of
overall costs for different designs.
The Envest 2 calculator provides default environmental data but allows users to enter
the area of information on capital and financial costs over their lifetime. It also
provides a powerful tool for design teams most concerned with whole-life costs, for
those with specific data, and who recognize the benefits of having access to the
environmental performance of their designs.
Whole Building Assessment Tools Software
•
The LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green
Building Rating System™ is the U.S. national benchmark for green buildings with superior
performance.
LEED is aimed at the design, construction and operation processes of high-performance green
buildings. LEED provides building owners and operators with the tools to realize immediate
and measurable impacts on the performance of their buildings.
LEED also promotes a holistic approach to building by identifying performance in five key
areas for human health and the environment, namely: sustainable site development, water
savings, energy efficiency, building materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.
LEED provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting the success of each building type
and each stage along the building life-cycle. LEED-specific programs include:
Projects Construction New Commercial and Renovation Projects.
Operation and Maintenance Existing Buildings.
Commercial Interior Projects.
Core and Shell Development Projects.
Residential Homes
Housing Development
Guidelines for On-campus Building and Building Group Projects.
LEED for Schools.
LEED for Shops, also developed
LEED for Health Centers, and
LEED for Laboratories
The LEED Rating System was created to transform the built environment to a sustainable one
by providing the building industry with a consistent set of credible standards to create what is
called a green building or green design. The rating system was developed and continuously
improved through an open, consensus-based process, which has made LEED the nation's
preferred green building standard for Federal and state agencies and local governments.
Buildings that have reduced operating costs, healthier and more productive users, and
conserved natural resources are comprehensive reasons for LEED to certify them.
LEED can be widely used by architects, real estate professionals, facility managers,
engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, and government
officials, among others.
•
GREEN BUILDING ADVISOR - Green
Building Advisor 1.1 (GBA) is an innovative computer software tool based on an interactive
CD-ROM. It can help users identify design strategies that can be applied to specific building
projects. By inputting information about the project, and based on that input, GBA outputs a
list of strategies relevant to the project, organized into categories for easy study.
GBA is a brainstorming tool that can save research time. Each strategy is described in detail,
information is presented along with relative costs, explaining if at any point in the process, the
strategy will be implemented. The design phase requires a strategy, explains the
interrelationships between strategies, and identifies sources for more information. And
through case studies show how actual projects implement the strategies.
The software also provides information on green building reviews, a large database of green
products based on GreenSpec, and a library of green building design resources. Simply put,
GBA is a brainstorming tool for anyone looking to reduce the environmental impacts of a
particular building or renovation project.
GBA is the easiest tool to use, with graphical illustrations that fully explain how architectural
process modifications can reduce the environmental impact of a building.
•
BREEAM - The Building Research Estab- lishment Environmental Assessment Method
(BREEAM) is a computer software tool developed in the United Kingdom. It allows building
owners, users and architects to review and improve environmental performance over the life
of the building.
BREEAM is the longest and most widely used building environmental assessment method in
the UK. It sets the greatest practical standards of sustainable development and demonstrates
their level of success. It has become one of the repertoires used to describe a building's
environmental performance.
BREEAM has been declared the most successful program in promoting sustainable practices,
influencing other initiatives worldwide. In the UK 100,000 buildings have been certified and
over half a million buildings have registered to be assessed.
BREEAM certification is carried out by licensed assessors, which ensures that assessments
are competitively conducted by assessors working within a strict quality assurance
framework. BRE trains, tests and licenses organizations to carry out the assessment process
and work with design teams and cover a wide range of building typologies.
Conclusions
Appropriate utilization of the full potential of Information and Communication Technology
will greatly assist environmental restoration and socio-economic improvement relatively
quickly on a variety of scales up to a global scale. Although absolute homeosta- sis is
impossible to achieve, with the help of this technology, it is hoped that the acceleration of
recovery and improvement can exceed or outweigh the acceleration of natural environment
degradation and widespread poverty.
Although the certification process of Eco Labeling or Environmental Labeling as a le- gality
for sustainable products including architecture with the enforcement of laws and sanctions, is
only possible in countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, but it
does not mean that countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, are
not able to implement the certification process.
-Developing countries just stand by and wait for the fate of being blamed for the greatest
contribution to environmental degradation and widespread poverty. Therefore The use of
tools in the form of computer software does not hurt to start socializing through intensive use
in developing countries including United States.
From the observations that have been made of various computer software that has been
created and used by developed countries towards sustainability, especially architecturally, a
large part shows also a very strong participation of government institutions as a manifestation
of the political will of the country that created the equipment concerned. Because they are
fully aware that in this era of In- formation and Communication Technology the scale of the
area of thought has changed to a global scale as well as the community that has been formed
which cannot be ignored, if they do not want to be alienated by the global community.
For the process towards architectural sus- tainability, several institutions have offered a wide
variety of profitable and non-profitable computer software. In this case, architects, designers,
and other interested parties are still required to be cautious, wise, and wise in intelligently
choosing software that is appropriate for solving problems with an environmental mindset and
not getting caught up in the commercialization of the equipment companies concerned.
Therefore, in the future, United States, especially UNIKOM, is expected to design better
software that is not regionalized, which means that it can be widely used at least in United
States. And the most important thing is to remain consistent with the noble purpose of making
the software in question as a form of concern for the declining quality of the natural
environment and the spread of poverty.
Cradle-To-Grave Paradigm
The cradle-to-grave paradigm, translated as from-birth-to-death or according to Malaysian
architect Ken Yeang from-source-to-sink, as stated earlier, is the principle of always taking
into account the costs and energy that will be released, as well as the environmental impacts
that will occur at every stage in a production process from material with- drawal or
extraction, namely material mining to waste disposal, namely waste management. The same
is true for buildings as products of architectural systems starting from the planning and design
process, construction, operation and maintenance, human bionomics, up to the building
management process at the end usability.
In the case of building as an architectural system product, Figure 2 can give an idea of the
environmental impacts that will occur due to the building life-cycle process:
The cradle or birth of a building begins with the collection of raw materials, which
will require a certain amount of energy and cost and result in environmental impacts.
Product manufacturing transportation will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Construction and fitting out will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Operation and maintenance will require operational energy and costs and resulting
environmental impacts.
Grave or death: renovation and demolition is the process of repair and demolition will
also experience the same thing as item 1.
To calculate the amount of energy to be used, an analysis must be made of all the energy
contained in the building and that will be consumed over the life of the building for both
operational and maintenance activities.
Operations will depend on the use of materials and fabrication methods, while maintenance
will depend on the orientation, window area and type, surface finishes, and systems of
lighting, air conditioning, insulation, thermal characteristics of walls and roofs.
The Role Of Information And Communication Technology Towards Architectural
Sustain- Ability
In the process of development, sustainability measurement instruments, both for products in
general and for buildings as products of architectural systems, have been intelligently
systematized through the potentials of information and communication technology.
Several software tools and databases on sustainable products have been created and compiled,
especially by developed countries, this also reinforces the statement that eco-labeling or
environmental labeling is only possible in developed countries with the mechanism of using
similar instruments.
However, this does not mean that developing countries cannot or do not need to use the
instrument in question, but it has not been used as a legality tool through the certification
process with all its legal enforcement and sanctions. Therefore, the term used is still towards
and not achieving architectural sustainability because achieving will be deter- ministic and
basically absolute sustainability, namely the condition of homeostasis or equi- librium has
only been achieved once, namely when nature was created by the Creator.
Paradigm-based Computer Software Cradle-To-Grave
Softwares or computer software that have been introduced and widely used, especially in
developed countries, to assess the sustainability of a product including buildings as a product
of architectural processes among others:
LCA Softwares
Energy and Building Tools
Whole Building Assessment Tools
LCA Softwares or LCA Software Here are a few examples of software tools that can't hurt
to start using as a form of responsibility and participation of the United States architectural
community in global recovery efforts.
•
LISA is an LCA tool for building design developed by BHP Australia. LISA (LCA in
Sustainable Archi- tecture) is an LCA decision support tool during the construction or
development process that streamlines everything. LISA was developed in response to requests
from architects and industry professionals to simplify LCA instru- men to assist with green
design.
Currently, LCA methodologies are complicated and not widely accepted by designers and
specifiers. In addition, detailed studies in LCA often divert attention from key environmental
issues, and tend to focus on competition between materials rather than on optimization of
construction systems.
LISA is designed for:
Help identify key environmental issues in construction.
Provides architects with a user-friendly tool for valuing the environmental aspects of
building design.
Enable architects and specifiers to make choices based on holistic environmental life
cycle considerations.
To date LISA has been applied at various design scales, and is being applied to development
processes:
Multi-storey Office Building
Tall Building
Wide-Span Warehouses
Bridges for Highways and Railways
BEES - Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability is a computer
software introduced and developed in the United States by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. The
BEES software offers an easy and reliable technique to determine the cost-effective of
preferred or environmentally friendly building products.
The tool was developed based on a consensus of standards and designed to be practical,
flexible and transparent. The Windows-based decision-making software, which has reached
version 4.0, is aimed at designers, product manufacturers, and includes actual environmental
and economic performance data for 230 building products.
BEES measures the environmental performance of building products using the life-cycle
assessment approach defined in the ISO 14040 series of standards. All stages throughout the
life-cycle of a product are analyzed including: raw material sourcing, manufacturing or
fabrication, transportation, installation, use, and recycling and waste treatment.
To measure economic performance the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method is used, which
takes into account the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and
repair, and disposal. The environmental and economic performance are combined into an
overall performance measurement using the ASTM standard for Multi-Attribute Decision
Analysis. Throughout the BEES analysis, building products were defined and classified
according to ASTM standard classification standards. for building elements is known as
UNIFORMAT II.
BEES is supported in part by the U.S. EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Program. EPP was enacted under Executive Order 13423: "Strengthening Federal Environ-
mental, Energy, and Transportation Man- agement," which encourages Executive agencies to
reduce environmentally- attributable burdens by spending more than 230 billion U.S. dollars.
$ for products and services that are paid for annually, including products
-building products.
•
TEAM - LCA tool from EcoBalance / Eco- bilan (FR / US). TEAM™ LCA software,
introduced by Peran- cis and the United States, is Ecobilan's powerful and flexible Life Cy-
cle Assessment software.
•
TEAM™ allows users to build using large-capacity data bases for modeling a system that
represents operations associated with products, processes, and activities. TEAM™ is able to
describe any industrial system and calculate total life cycle inventories and potential
environmental impacts based on the ISO 14040 series of standards
.
Energy and Building Tools Software
•
ATHENA - The AthenaTM Sustainable Materials Institute developed in Ka- nada is a
world-leading data source institute, which is also a center of expertise and tools for designing
buildings with an environmental mindset.
It believes that good information and tools are critical to achieving a sustainable built
environment. The institute also believes that life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches to
sustainability is the only way to create an action arena for diverse building materials in the
context of use.
Athena Institute International, an Athenian non-profit organization, through its representative
in Canada and its affiliate in the United States, conducts and guides innovative research and
development activities that enable architects, engineers, and other professionals to consider
environmental factors throughout the architectural system from the design process onwards.
Over the past ten years, it has developed ground-breaking software, a new and innovative
computer software. The software is a world-class database and consulting service of a firm
with a worldwide reputation in the field of sustainable building and LCA.
It also offers the only tool for holistic life cycle assessment of buildings and other designs:
Enable users to evaluate whole buildings and other designs based on the internationally
recognized LCA methodology.
Provided free instant LCA results for more than 400 public building designs.
DOE-2 - is a software developed by the United States to analyze energy use and cost in
the building construction process. DOE-2 is a widely used and accepted freeware
program for building energy analysis that can predict energy use and cost across all
building typologies.
In its operation DOE-2 uses data such as details of building layout, construction, operation
schedules, lighting systems, HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Condition- ing), etc., as
well as data on the ability of users to bear utility loads, to determine the simulated
performance of the building at each hour to estimate the number of billing accounts so that it
can be known in advance by potential users.
The DOE-2 generic program is essentially a DOS box or batch program that requires
experience for effective use, while offering significant flexibility for researchers and experts.
As an implementation of the DOE-2 program, eQUEST is a complete and interactive
Windows-based program with smart graphical displays to support the ease of use of DOE-2.
•
ENVEST - Envest is a software tool that has been developed in the United Kingdom
(UK). Envest 2 is a software tool that simplifies the highly complex process of designing
buildings with low environmental impact and overall life-cycle costs. Envest 2 allows both
environmental and financial trade-offs to be made explicitly in the design process and allows
clients to optimize their best concepts based on priorities.
The process involved the designers inputting their building plans which included: height,
number of floors, window area, etc. and selecting elements such as external walls, roof
covering materials, etc. Envest 2 identifies the elements with the greatest influence on
environmental impacts and overall life cycle costs and shows the effects of choosing different
building materials. It also predicts the environmental impacts and basic costs of various
strategies for heating, maintaining, and operating the building.
By comparing buildings with different specifications, architects can graphically demonstrate
the qualifications of different designs to clients. Envest 2 produces detailed and summarized
information ready to be transferred to users' templates to create building environmental
system reports.
Envest 2 is web-based, enabling large companies to store and share information in a
controlled manner, and enabling them to perform bench-marking or benchmarking in-house
or independently in addition to comparing designs. The two versions of the Envest tool
available are:
The Envest 2 estimator uses environmental and financial data on building
performance in a holistic way. It is aimed at design teams specifically interested in the
environmental performance of a building but is also useful for providing estimates of
overall costs for different designs.
The Envest 2 calculator provides default environmental data but allows users to enter
the area of information on capital and financial costs over their lifetime. It also
provides a powerful tool for design teams most concerned with whole-life costs, for
those with specific data, and who recognize the benefits of having access to the
environmental performance of their designs.
Whole Building Assessment Tools Software
•
The LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green
Building Rating System™ is the U.S. national benchmark for green buildings with superior
performance.
LEED is aimed at the design, construction and operation processes of high-performance green
buildings. LEED provides building owners and operators with the tools to realize immediate
and measurable impacts on the performance of their buildings.
LEED also promotes a holistic approach to building by identifying performance in five key
areas for human health and the environment, namely: sustainable site development, water
savings, energy efficiency, building materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.
LEED provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting the success of each building type
and each stage along the building life-cycle. LEED-specific programs include:
Projects Construction New Commercial and Renovation Projects.
Operation and Maintenance Existing Buildings.
Commercial Interior Projects.
Core and Shell Development Projects.
Residential Homes
Housing Development
Guidelines for On-campus Building and Building Group Projects.
LEED for Schools.
LEED for Shops, also developed
LEED for Health Centers, and
LEED for Laboratories
The LEED Rating System was created to transform the built environment to a sustainable one
by providing the building industry with a consistent set of credible standards to create what is
called a green building or green design. The rating system was developed and continuously
improved through an open, consensus-based process, which has made LEED the nation's
preferred green building standard for Federal and state agencies and local governments.
Buildings that have reduced operating costs, healthier and more productive users, and
conserved natural resources are comprehensive reasons for LEED to certify them.
LEED can be widely used by architects, real estate professionals, facility managers,
engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, and government
officials, among others.
•
GREEN BUILDING ADVISOR - Green
Building Advisor 1.1 (GBA) is an innovative computer software tool based on an interactive
CD-ROM. It can help users identify design strategies that can be applied to specific building
projects. By inputting information about the project, and based on that input, GBA outputs a
list of strategies relevant to the project, organized into categories for easy study.
GBA is a brainstorming tool that can save research time. Each strategy is described in detail,
information is presented along with relative costs, explaining if at any point in the process, the
strategy will be implemented. The design phase requires a strategy, explains the
interrelationships between strategies, and identifies sources for more information. And
through case studies show how actual projects implement the strategies.
The software also provides information on green building reviews, a large database of green
products based on GreenSpec, and a library of green building design resources. Simply put,
GBA is a brainstorming tool for anyone looking to reduce the environmental impacts of a
particular building or renovation project.
GBA is the easiest tool to use, with graphical illustrations that fully explain how architectural
process modifications can reduce the environmental impact of a building.
•
BREEAM - The Building Research Estab- lishment Environmental Assessment Method
(BREEAM) is a computer software tool developed in the United Kingdom. It allows building
owners, users and architects to review and improve environmental performance over the life
of the building.
BREEAM is the longest and most widely used building environmental assessment method in
the UK. It sets the greatest practical standards of sustainable development and demonstrates
their level of success. It has become one of the repertoires used to describe a building's
environmental performance.
BREEAM has been declared the most successful program in promoting sustainable practices,
influencing other initiatives worldwide. In the UK 100,000 buildings have been certified and
over half a million buildings have registered to be assessed.
BREEAM certification is carried out by licensed assessors, which ensures that assessments
are competitively conducted by assessors working within a strict quality assurance
framework. BRE trains, tests and licenses organizations to carry out the assessment process
and work with design teams and cover a wide range of building typologies.
Conclusions
Appropriate utilization of the full potential of Information and Communication Technology
will greatly assist environmental restoration and socio-economic improvement relatively
quickly on a variety of scales up to a global scale. Although absolute homeosta- sis is
impossible to achieve, with the help of this technology, it is hoped that the acceleration of
recovery and improvement can exceed or outweigh the acceleration of natural environment
degradation and widespread poverty.
Although the certification process of Eco Labeling or Environmental Labeling as a le- gality
for sustainable products including architecture with the enforcement of laws and sanctions, is
only possible in countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, but it
does not mean that countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, are
not able to implement the certification process.
-Developing countries just stand by and wait for the fate of being blamed for the greatest
contribution to environmental degradation and widespread poverty. Therefore The use of
tools in the form of computer software does not hurt to start socializing through intensive use
in developing countries including United States.
From the observations that have been made of various computer software that has been
created and used by developed countries towards sustainability, especially architecturally, a
large part shows also a very strong participation of government institutions as a manifestation
of the political will of the country that created the equipment concerned. Because they are
fully aware that in this era of In- formation and Communication Technology the scale of the
area of thought has changed to a global scale as well as the community that has been formed
which cannot be ignored, if they do not want to be alienated by the global community.
For the process towards architectural sus- tainability, several institutions have offered a wide
variety of profitable and non-profitable computer software. In this case, architects, designers,
and other interested parties are still required to be cautious, wise, and wise in intelligently
choosing software that is appropriate for solving problems with an environmental mindset and
not getting caught up in the commercialization of the equipment companies concerned.
Therefore, in the future, United States, especially UNIKOM, is expected to design better
software that is not regionalized, which means that it can be widely used at least in United
States. And the most important thing is to remain consistent with the noble purpose of making
the software in question as a form of concern for the declining quality of the natural
environment and the spread of poverty.
Cradle-To-Grave Paradigm
The cradle-to-grave paradigm, translated as from-birth-to-death or according to Malaysian
architect Ken Yeang from-source-to-sink, as stated earlier, is the principle of always taking
into account the costs and energy that will be released, as well as the environmental impacts
that will occur at every stage in a production process from material with- drawal or
extraction, namely material mining to waste disposal, namely waste management. The same
is true for buildings as products of architectural systems starting from the planning and design
process, construction, operation and maintenance, human bionomics, up to the building
management process at the end usability.
In the case of building as an architectural system product, Figure 2 can give an idea of the
environmental impacts that will occur due to the building life-cycle process:
The cradle or birth of a building begins with the collection of raw materials, which
will require a certain amount of energy and cost and result in environmental impacts.
Product manufacturing transportation will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Construction and fitting out will also experience the same thing as item 1.
Operation and maintenance will require operational energy and costs and resulting
environmental impacts.
Grave or death: renovation and demolition is the process of repair and demolition will
also experience the same thing as item 1.
To calculate the amount of energy to be used, an analysis must be made of all the energy
contained in the building and that will be consumed over the life of the building for both
operational and maintenance activities.
Operations will depend on the use of materials and fabrication methods, while maintenance
will depend on the orientation, window area and type, surface finishes, and systems of
lighting, air conditioning, insulation, thermal characteristics of walls and roofs.
The Role Of Information And Communication Technology Towards Architectural
Sustain- Ability
In the process of development, sustainability measurement instruments, both for products in
general and for buildings as products of architectural systems, have been intelligently
systematized through the potentials of information and communication technology.
Several software tools and databases on sustainable products have been created and compiled,
especially by developed countries, this also reinforces the statement that eco-labeling or
environmental labeling is only possible in developed countries with the mechanism of using
similar instruments.
However, this does not mean that developing countries cannot or do not need to use the
instrument in question, but it has not been used as a legality tool through the certification
process with all its legal enforcement and sanctions. Therefore, the term used is still towards
and not achieving architectural sustainability because achieving will be deter- ministic and
basically absolute sustainability, namely the condition of homeostasis or equi- librium has
only been achieved once, namely when nature was created by the Creator.
Paradigm-based Computer Software Cradle-To-Grave
Softwares or computer software that have been introduced and widely used, especially in
developed countries, to assess the sustainability of a product including buildings as a product
of architectural processes among others:
LCA Softwares
Energy and Building Tools
Whole Building Assessment Tools
LCA Softwares or LCA Software Here are a few examples of software tools that can't hurt
to start using as a form of responsibility and participation of the United States architectural
community in global recovery efforts.
•
LISA is an LCA tool for building design developed by BHP Australia. LISA (LCA in
Sustainable Archi- tecture) is an LCA decision support tool during the construction or
development process that streamlines everything. LISA was developed in response to requests
from architects and industry professionals to simplify LCA instru- men to assist with green
design.
Currently, LCA methodologies are complicated and not widely accepted by designers and
specifiers. In addition, detailed studies in LCA often divert attention from key environmental
issues, and tend to focus on competition between materials rather than on optimization of
construction systems.
LISA is designed for:
Help identify key environmental issues in construction.
Provides architects with a user-friendly tool for valuing the environmental aspects of
building design.
Enable architects and specifiers to make choices based on holistic environmental life
cycle considerations.
To date LISA has been applied at various design scales, and is being applied to development
processes:
Multi-storey Office Building
Tall Building
Wide-Span Warehouses
Bridges for Highways and Railways
BEES - Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability is a computer
software introduced and developed in the United States by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. The
BEES software offers an easy and reliable technique to determine the cost-effective of
preferred or environmentally friendly building products.
The tool was developed based on a consensus of standards and designed to be practical,
flexible and transparent. The Windows-based decision-making software, which has reached
version 4.0, is aimed at designers, product manufacturers, and includes actual environmental
and economic performance data for 230 building products.
BEES measures the environmental performance of building products using the life-cycle
assessment approach defined in the ISO 14040 series of standards. All stages throughout the
life-cycle of a product are analyzed including: raw material sourcing, manufacturing or
fabrication, transportation, installation, use, and recycling and waste treatment.
To measure economic performance the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method is used, which
takes into account the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and
repair, and disposal. The environmental and economic performance are combined into an
overall performance measurement using the ASTM standard for Multi-Attribute Decision
Analysis. Throughout the BEES analysis, building products were defined and classified
according to ASTM standard classification standards. for building elements is known as
UNIFORMAT II.
BEES is supported in part by the U.S. EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Program. EPP was enacted under Executive Order 13423: "Strengthening Federal Environ-
mental, Energy, and Transportation Man- agement," which encourages Executive agencies to
reduce environmentally- attributable burdens by spending more than 230 billion U.S. dollars.
$ for products and services that are paid for annually, including products
-building products.
•
TEAM - LCA tool from EcoBalance / Eco- bilan (FR / US). TEAM™ LCA software,
introduced by Peran- cis and the United States, is Ecobilan's powerful and flexible Life Cy-
cle Assessment software.
•
TEAM™ allows users to build using large-capacity data bases for modeling a system that
represents operations associated with products, processes, and activities. TEAM™ is able to
describe any industrial system and calculate total life cycle inventories and potential
environmental impacts based on the ISO 14040 series of standards
.
Energy and Building Tools Software
•
ATHENA - The AthenaTM Sustainable Materials Institute developed in Ka- nada is a
world-leading data source institute, which is also a center of expertise and tools for designing
buildings with an environmental mindset.
It believes that good information and tools are critical to achieving a sustainable built
environment. The institute also believes that life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches to
sustainability is the only way to create an action arena for diverse building materials in the
context of use.
Athena Institute International, an Athenian non-profit organization, through its representative
in Canada and its affiliate in the United States, conducts and guides innovative research and
development activities that enable architects, engineers, and other professionals to consider
environmental factors throughout the architectural system from the design process onwards.
Over the past ten years, it has developed ground-breaking software, a new and innovative
computer software. The software is a world-class database and consulting service of a firm
with a worldwide reputation in the field of sustainable building and LCA.
It also offers the only tool for holistic life cycle assessment of buildings and other designs:
Enable users to evaluate whole buildings and other designs based on the internationally
recognized LCA methodology.
Provided free instant LCA results for more than 400 public building designs.
DOE-2 - is a software developed by the United States to analyze energy use and cost in
the building construction process. DOE-2 is a widely used and accepted freeware
program for building energy analysis that can predict energy use and cost across all
building typologies.
In its operation DOE-2 uses data such as details of building layout, construction, operation
schedules, lighting systems, HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Condition- ing), etc., as
well as data on the ability of users to bear utility loads, to determine the simulated
performance of the building at each hour to estimate the number of billing accounts so that it
can be known in advance by potential users.
The DOE-2 generic program is essentially a DOS box or batch program that requires
experience for effective use, while offering significant flexibility for researchers and experts.
As an implementation of the DOE-2 program, eQUEST is a complete and interactive
Windows-based program with smart graphical displays to support the ease of use of DOE-2.
•
ENVEST - Envest is a software tool that has been developed in the United Kingdom
(UK). Envest 2 is a software tool that simplifies the highly complex process of designing
buildings with low environmental impact and overall life-cycle costs. Envest 2 allows both
environmental and financial trade-offs to be made explicitly in the design process and allows
clients to optimize their best concepts based on priorities.
The process involved the designers inputting their building plans which included: height,
number of floors, window area, etc. and selecting elements such as external walls, roof
covering materials, etc. Envest 2 identifies the elements with the greatest influence on
environmental impacts and overall life cycle costs and shows the effects of choosing different
building materials. It also predicts the environmental impacts and basic costs of various
strategies for heating, maintaining, and operating the building.
By comparing buildings with different specifications, architects can graphically demonstrate
the qualifications of different designs to clients. Envest 2 produces detailed and summarized
information ready to be transferred to users' templates to create building environmental
system reports.
Envest 2 is web-based, enabling large companies to store and share information in a
controlled manner, and enabling them to perform bench-marking or benchmarking in-house
or independently in addition to comparing designs. The two versions of the Envest tool
available are:
The Envest 2 estimator uses environmental and financial data on building
performance in a holistic way. It is aimed at design teams specifically interested in the
environmental performance of a building but is also useful for providing estimates of
overall costs for different designs.
The Envest 2 calculator provides default environmental data but allows users to enter
the area of information on capital and financial costs over their lifetime. It also
provides a powerful tool for design teams most concerned with whole-life costs, for
those with specific data, and who recognize the benefits of having access to the
environmental performance of their designs.
Whole Building Assessment Tools Software
•
The LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green
Building Rating System™ is the U.S. national benchmark for green buildings with superior
performance.
LEED is aimed at the design, construction and operation processes of high-performance green
buildings. LEED provides building owners and operators with the tools to realize immediate
and measurable impacts on the performance of their buildings.
LEED also promotes a holistic approach to building by identifying performance in five key
areas for human health and the environment, namely: sustainable site development, water
savings, energy efficiency, building materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.
LEED provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting the success of each building type
and each stage along the building life-cycle. LEED-specific programs include:
Projects Construction New Commercial and Renovation Projects.
Operation and Maintenance Existing Buildings.
Commercial Interior Projects.
Core and Shell Development Projects.
Residential Homes
Housing Development
Guidelines for On-campus Building and Building Group Projects.
LEED for Schools.
LEED for Shops, also developed
LEED for Health Centers, and
LEED for Laboratories
The LEED Rating System was created to transform the built environment to a sustainable one
by providing the building industry with a consistent set of credible standards to create what is
called a green building or green design. The rating system was developed and continuously
improved through an open, consensus-based process, which has made LEED the nation's
preferred green building standard for Federal and state agencies and local governments.
Buildings that have reduced operating costs, healthier and more productive users, and
conserved natural resources are comprehensive reasons for LEED to certify them.
LEED can be widely used by architects, real estate professionals, facility managers,
engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, and government
officials, among others.
•
GREEN BUILDING ADVISOR - Green
Building Advisor 1.1 (GBA) is an innovative computer software tool based on an interactive
CD-ROM. It can help users identify design strategies that can be applied to specific building
projects. By inputting information about the project, and based on that input, GBA outputs a
list of strategies relevant to the project, organized into categories for easy study.
GBA is a brainstorming tool that can save research time. Each strategy is described in detail,
information is presented along with relative costs, explaining if at any point in the process, the
strategy will be implemented. The design phase requires a strategy, explains the
interrelationships between strategies, and identifies sources for more information. And
through case studies show how actual projects implement the strategies.
The software also provides information on green building reviews, a large database of green
products based on GreenSpec, and a library of green building design resources. Simply put,
GBA is a brainstorming tool for anyone looking to reduce the environmental impacts of a
particular building or renovation project.
GBA is the easiest tool to use, with graphical illustrations that fully explain how architectural
process modifications can reduce the environmental impact of a building.
•
BREEAM - The Building Research Estab- lishment Environmental Assessment Method
(BREEAM) is a computer software tool developed in the United Kingdom. It allows building
owners, users and architects to review and improve environmental performance over the life
of the building.
BREEAM is the longest and most widely used building environmental assessment method in
the UK. It sets the greatest practical standards of sustainable development and demonstrates
their level of success. It has become one of the repertoires used to describe a building's
environmental performance.
BREEAM has been declared the most successful program in promoting sustainable practices,
influencing other initiatives worldwide. In the UK 100,000 buildings have been certified and
over half a million buildings have registered to be assessed.
BREEAM certification is carried out by licensed assessors, which ensures that assessments
are competitively conducted by assessors working within a strict quality assurance
framework. BRE trains, tests and licenses organizations to carry out the assessment process
and work with design teams and cover a wide range of building typologies.
Conclusions
Appropriate utilization of the full potential of Information and Communication Technology
will greatly assist environmental restoration and socio-economic improvement relatively
quickly on a variety of scales up to a global scale. Although absolute homeosta- sis is
impossible to achieve, with the help of this technology, it is hoped that the acceleration of
recovery and improvement can exceed or outweigh the acceleration of natural environment
degradation and widespread poverty.
Although the certification process of Eco Labeling or Environmental Labeling as a le- gality
for sustainable products including architecture with the enforcement of laws and sanctions, is
only possible in countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, but it
does not mean that countries with a steady state economy, known as developed countries, are
not able to implement the certification process.
-Developing countries just stand by and wait for the fate of being blamed for the greatest
contribution to environmental degradation and widespread poverty. Therefore The use of
tools in the form of computer software does not hurt to start socializing through intensive use
in developing countries including United States.
From the observations that have been made of various computer software that has been
created and used by developed countries towards sustainability, especially architecturally, a
large part shows also a very strong participation of government institutions as a manifestation
of the political will of the country that created the equipment concerned. Because they are
fully aware that in this era of In- formation and Communication Technology the scale of the
area of thought has changed to a global scale as well as the community that has been formed
which cannot be ignored, if they do not want to be alienated by the global community.
For the process towards architectural sus- tainability, several institutions have offered a wide
variety of profitable and non-profitable computer software. In this case, architects, designers,
and other interested parties are still required to be cautious, wise, and wise in intelligently
choosing software that is appropriate for solving problems with an environmental mindset and
not getting caught up in the commercialization of the equipment companies concerned.
Therefore, in the future, United States, especially UNIKOM, is expected to design better
software that is not regionalized, which means that it can be widely used at least in United
States. And the most important thing is to remain consistent with the noble purpose of making
the software in question as a form of concern for the declining quality of the natural
environment and the spread of poverty.
