GLOBAL INFLUENCES ON ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN UNITED
STATES
Introduction
Development is a conscious effort made by humans to achieve a better life. The essence
of development is how to make the future better than today. However, it cannot be denied
that development will always be in contact with the environment. Bruce Mitcel said that
environmental resource management will experience four main situations, namely: 1 (a)
Change, (b) Complexity, (c) uncertainty and (d) conflict.
In the context of United States, the essence of development according to Emil Salim2 is
the development of United States human beings as a whole and the development of all United
States people. This means that development includes first, external progress, such as food,
clothing, housing and others; second, internal progress, such as education, a sense of security,
a sense of justice, a sense of health; third, progress that includes all people as reflected in the
improvement of life with social justice.
More Emil Salim said that even though development has been underway for hundreds of
years in the world, but only at the beginning of the seventies, the world began to realize and
worry about the pollution and damage environment so that it began to handle it seriously as a
world problem. Global environmental problems are reflection international community of the
occurrence of environmental damage/pollution that has hit the world due to development.
Meadow provides a report on the various problems that afflict many countries in the world in
a his report entitled The limits to growth, a report to the club of rome project on the
Predicament of mankind. 4 In the report there are five main problems that require global
attention, namely: the progress of industrialization, rapid population growth, widespread food
shortages, the destruction of non-renewable natural resources and environmental pollution,
which raises the idea of developed countries limiting growth in such a way that adverse
consequences can be ignored.
This research raises issues related to how the global impact of international
environmental law conventions on environmental law in United States.
Discussion
To respond to global changes in environmental damage in various parts of the world,
international environmental activists hold international meetings or conferences, among
others:
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
Stockholm Declaration in Sweden
The impact of development as reported has been is perceived by the international
community as a problem that must be addressed as early as possible. To address these
environmental issues, on June 12, 1972 in Stckholm a United Nations conference was held.
(UNITED NATIONS) conference on development and environment which was attended by
approximately 110 countries. The conference discussed environmental problems and
solutions so that development can be carried out by taking into account the carrying capacity
of the environment.
One of the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
was the establishment of a special UN agency to deal with environmental issues called the
Governing Council of the Enviromental Programme, which eventually became the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The UN Conference on Environment and Development directly or indirectly has a
significant influence on regional and national environmental development. In a sense, the
results of the UN Conference on Environment and Development must be followed up by each
member country UNITED NATIONS. United States as one of the UN member states
followed up on what was produced by the UN conference in the field of environment and
development by issuing an Environmental Law. Such as Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning
Basic Environmental Provisions, which has been amended by the issuance of Law Number
23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management and has been updated with Law Number
23 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
The changes in the law are inseparable from the global influence on environmental law,
especially as a result of the issuance of several environmental declarations such as the 1972
Stockholm declaration in Sweden which resulted in 26 principles relating to the environment
and the human environment principle plan and several recommendations relating to the
environment. 5 The development of environmental law cannot be separated from the
worldwide movement to give greater attention to the environment given that the fact that the
environment has become a problem that needs to be addressed together for the survival of life
in the world.
Rio De Janeiro Brazil Declaration
Furthermore, in 1992 the Rio De Janeiro Declaration was born in Brazil. The Rio De
Janeiro Declaration is the second UN conference on the environment after the first UN
conference on the environment in Stockholm. The Rio De Janeiro Conference, commonly
called the Earth Summit, produced the following 5 documents:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development with 27 principles that establish
the rights and responsibilities of nations in the fight for human development and well-
being.
Agenda 21, on sustainable development.
The principles of environmental management.
Reduction of carbon gas emissions.
Environmental preservation.
The Rio De Janeiro Declaration conference established a set of principles to guide future
development. These principles set out the human right to development, and human
responsibility for the preservation of the shared environment, there is also a need for
environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol in Japan
Principles of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The birth of the Kyoto Protocol agreement came
about because forestry and climatology experts were concerned about the recent global
warming. This global warming is bad news that will befall future generations. The climate
change that occurs arises as a result of human activities that exploit natural resources
uncontrollably, which in turn causes global warming that is felt today.
The Kyoto Protocol is a reflection of the world community's desire to reduce greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, which are increasing every day. The increase in these gases has been
almost evenly distributed around the world and the impact is already being felt today.
Therefore, environmental experts, observers, and heads of state agreed to meet periodically,
the purpose of which is to see the commitment of developed countries to carbon emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by at least 55 developed countries, because developed
countries contribute the most carbon emissions. However, not all developed countries agreed
to the Kyoto Protocol, such as the United States, which rejected the Kyoto Protocol and this
rejection is inseparable from the political interests of the United States.
Implications of the Kyoto Protocol for United States
United States as one of the countries included in the category of developing countries
legally has no obligation to reduce its emissions, because in the provisions of the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries are not required to reduce their emissions. However, United
States as a country that has joined the world community under the umbrella of the United
Nations is very influential if it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. Because the Kyoto Protocol
according to Daniel Murdiyrso6 ilmplication can be grouped in three aspects, namely: politics
and law, business and institutions.
Implications for Politics and Law
Legally, the ratification or ratification of a convention is not always followed up with the
ratification of its protocol. If it turns out that there are countries that ratify the convention, but
reject the protocol, it is the right of the country because according to its considerations there
are things that are detrimental. In other words, whether or not ratification is necessary is the
sovereignty of each country based on various considerations, including political, national
legal and financial considerations as well as business development opportunities.
One of the sectors regulated under the Kyoto Protocol is the energy sector. To implement
the sectors that will receive assistance from the organization of parties according to the Kyoto
Protocol, developing countries must have a comprehensive energy law. 7 United States
actually has several laws and regulations governing energy such as: Law No. 22 Year 2001
on Oil and Gas and Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity and addresses various energy
sources.
In the environmental sector, United States has legal instruments such as Law Number 4
of 1982 concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management as amended by Law
Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management which was recently amended by
Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection and Management.
Changes in the law in the environmental sector are inseparable from global influences in the
field of environment, because each of these laws has its oreintas.
Business
The implications for the business sector relate to the global carbon market supply
associated with emission reductions. To achieve their emission reduction targets,
industrialized countries can do so domestically, but it is certain that this will be costly.
Therefore, they will go to foreign global carbon markets through new investment projects in
various sectors using the Kyoto mechanism. Sectors that can reduce emissions include
energy, industry, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and domestic waste. There are
investment opportunities for United States. United States opportunity in the global carbon
market is only 2 percent.
Institutional
The first step that all countries wishing to participate in CDM (clean development)
activities must take mechanism), including United States was to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. By
drafting regulations Legislation that will apply nationally is followed up by provincial, district
and city governments, thus providing an attraction for investment.
Sustainable Development Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa
Conference level The Sustainable Development Summit held in Johannesburg, South
Africa in 2002, followed the first conference in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the second
conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The conference in Johannesburg South Africa
focused more on sustainable development. Sustainable development includes: economic
development, social development and environmental protection, as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing pillars.
The effects of the Johannesburg conference in South Africa for United States include:
Elimination of poverty;
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns (United States vegetables
and fruits are difficult to penetrate the global market because they contain insecticides);
Protect and manage the natural resource base for economic and social development;
Marine and coastal development program (no trawling or bombing fishing gear);
Climate change and disaster management;
Programs to tackle air pollution and agricultural development (required to plant trees, as
they are the lungs of the world);
Sustainable development in the era of globalization; and
Health and sustainable development.
International Convention
In addition to the various instruments of environmental law as stated above, there are
international treaties and conventions in the field of environment which are new instruments
for realistic environmental policy. This is also the case in the development of environmental
management in United States, several international conventions that have been ratified have
important implications for development regulations Legislation national environmental
legislation. The following are some of the international conventions and agreements that have
been ratified by United States as an influence of globalization on environmental management
in United States.
Presidential Decree Number 18 Year 1978 about Ratification of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 jo. Presidential Decree Number 52/1999 on
the Ratification of the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil
Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. (Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International
Convention on Civil Liability for All Pollution Damage 1969. Damage Due to Oil Pollution,
1969).
Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978 on the Ratification of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.
Law No. 17 of 1985 on the Ratification of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention came into force on November 16, 1994. As supporting
legal instruments, Law No. 6 of 1996 on United States Waters and Government Regulation
No. 19 of 1997 on the Control of Marine Pollution and/or Destruction apply.
Presidential Decree No. 26 of 1986 on the Ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1985. Regulation National laws and
regulations of each member country should contain provisions that ensure conservation and
management of natural resources as an integral part of development planning.
Presidential Decree Number 46 Year 1986 about Ratification of the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol (The Protocl of 1978
Relating to The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973).
To preserve the marine environment from the dangers of pollution from the operation of
ships.
Presidential Decree Number 26 of 1989 concerning the Ratification of the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the Word Cultural and Natural Heritage. By issuing Law
Number 5 of 1992 concerning Objects and Cultural Heritage.
Presidential Decree No. 48 of 1991 on the Ratification of the Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. The Convention aims to conserve
wetlands and their flora and fauna, the implementation of which requires integration between
national and international policies.
Presidential Decree Number 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
layer as Adjusted and Amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties, (London 27-29 June
1990). This convention deals with the protection of the ozone layer.
Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 on the Ratification of the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The purpose
of this convention is so that United States territory does not become a dumping ground for
hazardous waste from abroad.
Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998 on the Ratification of The United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particulary in Africa, dated August 20, 1998.
Law No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity).
Law No. 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (the framework convention United Nations work on climate change).
Law Number 9 of 1997 on the Ratification of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear
Weapon Freezone.
Law Number 6 of 1998 concerning the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of
the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapon and Their
Destruction, namely the convention on the prohibition of the development, production,
stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
Various conventions that have been signed or ratified by the United States state, are
global influences on the environment, so that countries, both developed and developing
countries, certainly have an interest in maintaining and preserving the environment, so that
the benefits of environmental management are useful for future generations and besides that
there is also a need for awareness from all components of the nation to develop the United
States state with the concept of sustainable environmental development.
Conclusion
International conferences in the field of global environment, of course, will affect the
politics of United States law in the environmental field. This can be seen from the
government's policy of ratifying various international conventions relating to environmental
protection. In addition to ratifying the various international conventions, the United States
government also issued several laws and regulations in the environmental field such as Law
Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several laws
and regulations that have a relationship with the environment, such as the water area law,
plantation law, forestry law, forestry law, Law Agriculture law, oil and gas law, water
resources law, electricity law and agrarian law as the parent of environmental laws and
regulations that contain philosophical values for the management of every natural resource in
United States.
Existing environmental legal instruments should be enforced consistently, especially in
environmental law enforcement related to carbon emissions that have an impact on
environmental pollution by applying certification to factories that pollute the air.
