THE END OF ABBASID DYNASTY RULE

THE END OF ABBASID DYNASTY RULE

The peak of the destruction of the city of Baghdad occurred in 1258, the destruction of

the capital accompanied the loss of Arab hegemony and the end of the history of the Abbasid

Caliphate. Although external factors, namely the Mongol attack was extraordinarily devastating.

However, this only serves as the ultimate weapon that overthrows the caliphate. [6] There are

several motives behind the Mongol invasion of Baghdad, including: 1. The defeat of the

Khawarizmi Dynasty from the Mongols. This defeat also abolished the Khawarizmi dynasty from

central Asia. Even though Khawarizmi is a strong fortress between the Mongols and the History

Textbook of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 241 Abbasids. The collapse of this dynasty led to

was indeed at the right time, because in the Islamic region the people were prosperous, civilized

and advanced, but the military power was weak. In September 1257 AD, when the Mongol army

managed to enter the Khrasan highway. Hulagu Khan issued an ultimatum for the Caliph to

surrender. But the Caliph did not give an answer. The Mongol troops, who were very good at

fighting, finally managed to collapse the walls of the capital. In February 1258 the Mongol army

entered the city. Finally, the Mongol army managed to surround the entire city and prepare to

begin the destruction. 242 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA Seeing his country falling, the caliph al-

Musta'him asked permission to meet Hulagu Khan. So the Caliph was asked to wait for his arrival

at the Keliazi Gate, one of the gates of the city. After that the cruel soldier entered the city,

plundering and slaughtering anyone who came

civilization that symbolized the golden age of Islam was destroyed, Hulagu Khan and his army left

the city to continue their attacks on other countries. The Caliph and his sons and entourage were

taken prisoner. At the beginning of the journey he ordered the death of the caliph and his son,

while 6 slaves were castrated. Finally, the descendants of the Abbasid Caliph were destroyed

and the kingdom that had ruled for 542

years was destroyed. [7] Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 243

The attack and destruction of Islamic civilization in Baghdad certainly left a black record in the

history of Muslims. In addition to causing the end of the Abbasid Caliphate, it also marked the

beginning of a decline for the Islamic world, especially in the field of science. There were some

specific impacts of the brutality of the Mongol attacks on Islamic civilization. Among them: 1. The

caused by the Mongol army attack. How could it not be that Baghdad at that time was the center

of civilization and science at that time. Many scientific works were produced, but 244 |Dr. H.

Anwar Sewang, MA was simply eliminated by the Mongol army by burning and being swept away.

4. The impact of religion on the destruction of the Abbasid Islamic government as well as the

decline of Islamic civilization. The impact of this is the increasingly widespread influence of

Christianity. It can be seen how Hulagu's alignment with the crusaders. Hulagu himself prefers

Christians to Islam. Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 245 CHAPTER

IX Islamic Civilization Other Dynasties in the Islamic World I In the history of Islamic civilization,

there were other dynasties in the world after the reign of Khulafaur Rashidin who were replaced

by rulers who formed power with a family system or dynasty. The dynasties that ruled after the

Hamdaniyah dynasty. Idrisiyah Dynasty 789-926 The territory of the Idrisiyah Dynasty was

Morocco (Morocco). This dynasty was founded by Idris I bin Abdullah, grandson of Hasan bin Ali

bin Abi Talib, and was the first Shi'a dynasty, especially in Morocco and North Africa. The Greatest

Sultan of Idrisiyah was Yahya IV (292 H/905 A.D.-309 A.H./922 A.D.) who succeeded in restoring

Volubilis, Roman City 246 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA became the City of Fez. The Idrisiyah

Dynasty played a role in spreading Islamic culture and religion to the Barbarians and the

indigenous people. This dynasty collapsed after being conquered by the Fathimid Dynasty in 374

H/985 AD. The Idrisiyah Dynasty among others left the Karawiyyin Mosque and the Andalusian

Mosque which was founded in 244 H/859 A.D. Aghlabiyah Dynasty 800-909 The center of

government of the Aghlabiyah Dynasty is loca

Samanid Dynasty 819-1005 The Samanid Dynasty territory included the areas of Khurasan (Iraq)

and Transoxania (Uzbekistan) located east of Baghdad. The capital of the city is Bukhara. The

Samanid dynasty was founded by Ahmad bin Asad bin Samankhudat, a descendant of a

nobleman of Baikh (Northern Afghanistan). The

peak of its glory was reached during the reign of Isma'il bin Ahmad (Ismail I), the third

ruler of the Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 247 dinars. Isma'il II Al-

Muntasir, the last Samaniyan caliph, was unable to defend his territory from the attacks of the

Qarakhan and Ghaznawi dynasties. The Samanid Dynasty ended after Isma'il was killed in 395

H/1005 AD the legacy of the Samanid Dynasty was Mausaleum Muhammad bin Ismail Al-Bukhari,

a Muslim scientist. Safariyah Dynasty 867-1495 The Safariyah Dynasty is the longest-reigning

the power of the Safariyah Dynasty reached its peak. The dynasty was further weakened by

rebellion and chaos in government. Finally, the Ghaznawi Dynasty took over the power of the

Safari Dynasty. After the last ruler of the Safariyah Dynasty, Khalaf died, the power of the

Safariyah Dynasty in Sijistan also ended. Tulun Dynasty 868-905 The Tulun Dynasty was an

Islamic dynasty whose reign ended the fastest. The territory of the Tulun Dynasty included Egypt

and Syria. Its founder was Ahmad bin Tulun. The Tulun Dynasty which ruled for 38 years ended

when it was defeated by the troops of the 248th Dynasty |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA Abbasiyah

and after Caliph Shaiban bin Tulun was killed. The Tulun Dynasty recorded various achievements,

including the following: a. Erecting magnificent buildings, such as Fustat Hospital, Ibn Tulun

Mosque, and the Caliph's Palace which later became a very valuable relic of Islamic history. b.

Mosul and Aleppo ended when their leaders died. [1] Fatimid Dynasty 909-1171 Among the Shi'a

dynasties in Islam, it is the Fatimiah dynasty th

at can be called the greatest.at Fathimiyah (909-1171 AD) in Egypt peaked in 556 AH/1161

AD to the Textbook of the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 249 fell in 567 AH/1171

AD.[2] The Fatimid dynasty was founded by the Shi'ites of the Ismaili sect. [3] The establishment

of the Fathimid dynasty was motivated by the weakening of the Abbasid Dynasty. Ubaidillah Al-

Mahdi founded the Fathimid Dynasty which was free from Abbasid rule. This dynasty experienced

the peak of its glory during the leadership of Al-Aziz. Islamic culture developed rapidly during the

Fathimiyah Dynasty, which was marked by the establishment of the Al-Azhar Mosque. This

mosque functions as a center for the study of Islam and science. The rulers of the Fathimiyah

Dynasty are as follows. 1. Al-Mahdi (909-934 AD) Al-Mahdi was a capable Fathimid ruler. Two

years after his coronation, he sentenced propaganda leader Abu Abdullah Al-Husain to death for

conspiring with his brother Abdul Abbas to launch a struggle for the caliphate. In 920 AH, Caliph

Al-Mahdi established a new city on the Tunisian coast and made it the capital of Fathimiyah. This

city is called the city of Mahdiniyah. 2. Al-Qa'im (934-949 AD) Al-Mahdi was succeeded by his

eldest son named Abdul Qasim and titled Al-Qa

'im. Al-Qa'im was a brave soldier, almost every expedition of 250 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang,

MA military was led by himself directly. He was the first caliph to rule the central sea. Al-Qaim

died in 946 A.D. Al-Qaim was succeeded by his son Al-Manshur. 3. Mu'iz Lidinillah (965-975 AD)

When Al-Manshur died, his son Abu Tamim Ma'ad replaced his position as caliph with the title

Mu'iz Lidinillah. He has achieved many successes. The first time he decided to conduct a review

of all corners of his territory to find out the real conditions. Furthermore, Mu'iz sets out the steps

4. Al-Aziz (975-996 AD) Al-Aziz succeeded his father, Mu'iz. The progress of the Fathimid empire

symbol of progress during this period. Many magnificent buildings were erected in the city of

Cairo. Al-Aziz died in 996 AD and along with this came the glory of the Fathimid dynasty. 5. Al-

Hakim (996-1021 AD) After the death of Al-Aziz, the Fahimiyah caliph by his son Abu Al-Mansyur

Al-Hakim. When he ascended the throne he was eleven years old. For many years Al-Hakim was

under the influence of one of its governors, Barjawan. In 1306 AD, he completed the construction

of Dar Al-Hikmah as a means of spreading Shi'a theology, as well as for the advancement of

teaching activities. 6. Az-Zahir (1021-1036 AD) Al-Hakim was replaced by his son Abu Hashim Ali

with the title Az-Zahir. He ascended the throne at the age of sixteen, so the center of power was

held by his aunt Sitt Al-Mulk. After the death of his aunt, AzZahir became a puppet king in the

hands of his minister. During this reign, the people suffered from food shortages, the price of

AD) Al-Mustansir's youngest son, who was titled

Al-Musta'li, occupied the caliphate after the death of his father. After Al-Musta'li died, his

young son named Al-Amir Manshur with the title Al-Amir was crowned caliph. After Al-Amir

became a victim of political assassination, Al-Hafiz's nephew proclaimed himself caliph. His son

Abu Manshur Ismail, with the title AzZafir, replaced his father after Al-Hafiz's death. Az-Zafir died

in 1154 AD Az-Zafir's young son replaced his father's position with the title Al-Faiz, he died before

adulthood and was succeeded by Al-Azid's oppression. Al-Azid was hard to defend his position

against the attack of the king of Yarusalem. In a chaotic situation, came Sultan Shalahuddin

AlAyyubi, a fighter in the crusades. Sultan Shalahuddin deposed Al-Azid from the Fathimid caliph

in the year of the Textbook on the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 253 1171 A.D.

Thus, the Fathimid dynasty is over. [4] Progress of Civilization in the Fatimid Dynasty 1. Political

Field The success of the Fatimid government that was able to conquer Egypt was a great success.

Politically, the Fatimid dynasty was a threat to the power of the Abbasid Dynasty. Such a wide

power of the Fatimiah is supported by stable p

Likewise, the city of Cairo is magnificently built and beautified. [5] b. The Administrative Field of

the Ministry of State is divided into two, namely swordsmen and pen experts. The swordsman

occupied military and security affairs as well as the personal bodyguard of the Caliph. Pen

experts occupy several positions: 1) Judge, 2) official or Dar Al-Hikmah, 3) market inspector in

charge of ordering markets and roads, 4) financial officer who handles all state financial affairs,

5) palace assistant squad, 6) Qur'an reading officer. The lowest level of pen experts are civil

obedience of its protection of science and culture. d. Advances in science and literature Ibn

of schools and colleges, public libraries and scientific institutions. The Fathimid caliphs

generally loved various arts including architecture. The caliph also brought in a number of Roman

architects to help complete the three giant gates in Cairo and the border fortifications of the

Byzantine territory. [6] e. Economic Sector The economy of the Fatimiah government can be said

to be quite good. This progress cannot be separated from the vastness of the area of the History

Textbook of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 255 and established political stability. This

condition has an impact on the advancement of the economic sector, including the progress of

the trade sector and the industrial sector. SETBACKS AND DESTRUCTION 1. Decline Historians

conclude that the decline of the Fatimid dynasty was caused by several factors as follows: 1.

Weak caliph figures Caliphs who were considered weak figures were caused by several things.

and competitive, so that the struggle for power between the vizier was inevitable. The conflicts

that occurred were increasingly weakening the power of the fatimiah caliph. Likewise, during the

time of al-Adhid, there were also conflicts, especially the struggle for the vizier between Syawar

and Dirgham. And from this contradiction, the Fatimiah Dynasty gradually experienced its

destruction. 256 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA 3. Conflicts in the Military During the time of the

caliph al-Muntashir, the power of the Fatimiah Dynasty declined sharply. Professional soldiers

really cannot be controlled by the caliph. Military groups consisting of Turks, Sadans, Barbarians,

and Armenians competed fiercely and sometimes there were battles between them. 4.

Prolonged natural disasters During the time of al-Muntashir, for 7 years (1065-1072), Egypt was

hit by famine due to drought. The Nile River as the artery of Egypt's territory at that time

experienced drought, causing agriculture to fail. 5. Non-Islamic involvement in the government

Some non-Muslims are trusted to be ministers, tax officers, and even advisors in the fields of

politics, economics and science, as well as doctors and officials who control the operational

work of the Caliphate. Destruction After the pow

from the accumulation of various factors is also caused by the power of the salajiqah and the

crusaders who are heavily involved in the affairs of the History of Islamic Civilization Textbook-

Introduction | 257 caliphate. The hemorrhoids also maintained their power so that conflicts often

arose during the time of the caliph al-Adhid. In 1171 AD the caliph al-Adhid died, thus the power

of the fathimid caliph was destroyed after ruling for about 280 years. Then the power was led by

Shalahuddin with his descendant dynasty, the Ayyubid dynasty. [7] 258 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang,

Muawiyah obliged all his people to declare allegiance to his son, Yazid, who would later succeed

Turkey, the Islamic Mongol Dynasty in India, and several other dynasties that ruled in several

parts of the Islamic world. In addition to the dynasties mentioned above, there are also several

other dynasties that also have the role of the History Textbook of Islamic Civilization- Introduction

| 259 are important in the development of civilization in the Islamic world, namely the Buwaihi

Dynasty, the Murobithun Dynasty, the Saljuk Dynasty, the Muwahhidun Dynasty, the Ayyubiyah

Dynasty, the Delhi Dynasty and the Mamluk Dynasty. Buwaihi Dynasty 945-1055 Prof. K. Ali in his

book A Study of Islamic History explained the origin of the Banu Buwaihi until he had the

opportunity to rule in Baghdad. That the appearance of the Banu Buwaihi from Persian descent

began with three sons of Suza' Buwaihi: Ali bin Buwaihi, Hasan bin Buwaihi and Ahmad bin

Buwaihi. To overcome the problem of poverty, the family from Dailam entered the military service

Banu Abbas government. [1] The journey of the Buwaihi Dynasty can be divided into two

periods. The first period is a period of growth and consolidation, while the second period is a

period of 260 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA is defensive, especially in the region of Iraq and Central

Iran. The Buwaihi Dynasty experienced rapid development when the Abbasid Dynasty in Baghdad

began to weaken. [2] After Mutawakkil died, his successor caliphs were like puppets because of

their weaknesses, while the real rulers were the guards of the Turkish caliphs. To avoid pressure

from Turkey, Al-Mustakfi asked for help from the Sultanate of Buwaihi, Ahmad. It was finally

granted, and then succeeded in driving the Turks out of Baghdad. As a reward, Ahmad was

appointed sultan with the title Mu'iz al-Daulah, then transferred his power from Shiraz to

Baghdad. Since then the caliphs have been subservient to the Banu Buwaihi. Mu'iz al-Daulat

(932-949 AD) was succeeded by Izz al-Daulat (967-977 AD), shortly afterwards he was replaced

by Azad Daulat (949-983 AD). Under Azad's command, some of the small dynasties that broke

away could be controlled again. After that, the caliph was held by Syafar al-Daulat (983-989 AD),

Samsam al-Daulat (989-998 AD), Bahaud al-Daulat (1012-1024 AD), Imad al-Daulat (1024-1048

AD), and finally Khusru Firuz Malik al-Rahim (1048-1055 AD). Although on the one hand this

dynasty took over the power of the caliph Banu Abbas, but this dynasty also had a very high

attention to the development of science like the Banu Abbas. Textbook on the History of Islamic

Civilization- Introduction | 261 In other areas of attention are also paid to the construction of

aqueducts, mosques, hospitals and others.

Progress is also seen in agriculture, economy, trade and industry. Not too long after this

power lasted, there was a power struggle between brothers after the first generation was old, so

this brought instability to the government. This situation is still exacerbated by conflicts in the

he acted arbitrarily against Sultan al-Rahim and the caliph al-Qaim. This prompted the caliph to

Murobbitun Dynasty 1056-1147 262 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA The term Murabithun is taken from

the word ribath which means a place of worship and recitation founded by Abdullah bin Yasin.

He is a great scholar of the Maliki school who comes from Northern Morocco. He was

commissioned by Sheikh Abu Amran al-Fasi to preach the religion among the Berber Sanhaja

ethnic group in the Sahara region of southern Morocco. They have actually known Islam since the

third century of the Hijrah. Because his da'wah was considered very burdensome and too harsh

for the Berber nomadic people, he was expelled from the Sahara. He advanced his da'wah to the

south around the Senegal river. There he established a ribath as a place of worship and taught

religion to the surrounding community. Because they occupy this ribath, they are called the

Murabithun group. The Murabithun Dynasty progressed when it was under the leadership of

Introduction | 263 1086 A.D., and Joseph defeated the army of Al-Fonso VI, about 20,000 enemy

troops were brutally killed. Feeling experienced and successful in facing the enemy in Europe,

Joseph and his army returned to Europe again in 1090 AD. They controlled Granada, Seville, and

other important cities. Thus, Yusuf succeeded in controlling the territory of the Muslim kingdom

in Europe, except for Toledo. For its various successes, the Murabithun Dynasty then sovereign

itself as an autonomous dynasty where the ruler was given the title of Amir Al-Muslimin.

Murabithun's progress was not only territorial expansion, but also in other areas. The magnificent

mosque and palace in Marakisy were built. In addition, the Ja'i Tlemsan mosque, the Qairuwan

mosque in Fes, the Algerian Agug mosque, and others were built. According to historical records,

the leader and Amir Murabithun numbered six people. Of the six people, the first four succeeded

in ushering the dynasty to develop and progress. They are Abdullah bin Yasin, Abu Bakr bin Umar,

Yusuf bin Tasyfin, and Ali bin Yusuf. Meanwhile, t

against the Christian army. In 1118 A.D. Alfanso VI of Aragon succeeded in killing a large number

of Murabithun's soldiers. The disintegration that occurred in Spain gave rise to a party state. In

the Atlas mountains there was an upheaval of the Masmuda tribe which was influenced by the

renewal in religious teachings led by Ibn Tumart, where in 1147 AD. The pioneer of the Al-

Muwahhidun movement was able to seize Marakisy, so Isaac and his followers were killed. With

this defeat, the rule of the Murabithun Dynasty ended.[4] Saljuk dynasty 1077–1307 Saljuk was

figure who is the Textbook of the History of Islamic Civilization- Introduction | 265 is seen as the

bin Tuqaq died, the leadership of the Saljuk was led by Israil ibn Saljuk who was also known as

Arslan. During this period, the territory of the Saljuk bani had expanded to the Nur Bukhara (Nur

Ata) area and around Samarkhan. After that it was continued by Mikail, while at that time the

Ghaznawiyah dynasty was led by Sultan Mahmud. Because of the cunning of the Ghaznavid

rulers, these two leaders of the Saljuk dynasty were arrested and killed, resulting in the

weakening of the power of the Saljuks. The Saljuk dynasty weakened after its leaders died or were

conquered by other nations. A relic of this dynasty is the Kizil Kule (Red Tower) in Alanya, Southern

Turkey, which was the defensive base of the

Bani Saljuk and the Jumar Mosque in Isfahan, Iran. [5] Muwahhidun Dynasty 1121-1269

The name Al-Muwahhidun meaning "the one who communicated" was attributed to the group of

movements that underpinned the birth of this dynasty. According to the analysis of C.E. Boswort

(1993: 52-53), Al-Muwahhidun was born to protest against the rigid, conservative and legalistic

and social reform. This dakwah movement was spearheaded by Muhammad Ibn Tumart who

later became titled Al-Mahdi. He came from the Masmudah, Berber, Hargah tribe in the Sus

Maghrib al-Aqsa region. He was a great scholar who had studied in various centers of science,

Spain and Baghdad. The Muwahhidun Dynasty ruled for approximately 122 years led by 14

sultans. They are Abdul Mukmin (1130-1163 AD), Abu Ya'qub (1163-1184 AD), Abu Yusuf Ya'qub

(1184-1199 AD), Muhammad Al-Nashir (1199-1214 AD), Al-Mansur (1214-1223 AD), Al-Makhlu

(1223-1234 AD), Al-'Adil (1224-1227 AD), Al-Mu'tasim (1227-1229 AD), Al-Makmun (1227-1232

AD), Al-Rashi (1232-1242 AD), Al-Sa'id (1242-

1248 AD), Al-Murtadla (1248-1266 AD) and Al-Wasiq (1266-1269 AD). The agricultural

economy there is advanced. Agricultural and industrial products are exported to Central Asia and

violent attitude. This vast area, especially in Spain, was difficult for the central government to

control, so it was easily controlled by the Spanish Christian army which later experienced a

political revival in 1212 A.D. Al-Nashir with his army of five hundred thousand men was defeated.

Thus, since then the capital of Spain fell to Christian rule in 633-636 H. King Ferdinand III of

Castalah and King Jimm I of Arrajun together captured the cities of Balansiyah, Cardova,

Marsiyah and Isbiliyah. Islamic rule remained in Granada under the rule of Muluk al-Thawaif until

Cairo, Egypt. Its territory includes Egypt, Syria, and Yemen. The Ayyubid Dynasty was founded by

Shalahuddin also encouraged progress in the fields of religion and education. [7] In 1199 AD, al-

Ayyubi died in Damascus, and was succeeded by his brother, Sultan al-'Adil. In 1218 AD, al-'Adil

died after losing the battle against the crusaders and the city of Dimyath fell to the crusaders.

After his death al-'Adil was succeeded by al-Kamil. After his death al-Kamil was succeeded by

his son, Abu Bakr with his title Al-Adil II (which lasted for three years). Abu Bakr's leadership was

rejected by his brother, Al-Malik Al-Shalih Najm Al-Din Ayyub. Abu Bakr's slaves conspired with

AlMalik Al-Shalih so that they succeeded in overthrowing Abu Bakr and appointing Al-Malik Al-

Shalih Najm Aldin Ayyub (1240-1249 AD) as Sultan. After his death, al-Malik Al-Shalih was

replaced by his son, Turansyah. The conflict occurred between Turansyah and the Mamluk Bahr,

Turansyah was considered to ignore the role of

the Mamluk Al-Bahr and prioritized the army Islamic Civilization History Textbook-

Introduction | 269 of whom are from Kurds. Therefore, the Mamluk Al-Bahr under the leadership

(1206- 1555). The sultanate, which consisted of military slaves, marked a single period in Indian

Muslim history. The Delhi Dynasty experienced five changes of leadership, namely the 84-year-

old Mamluk Dynasty, the 30-year-old Khalji Dynasty, the 93-year-old Tuglug Dynasty, the 37-year-

old Sayid Dynasty, and the 75-year-old Lody Dynasty. In the writings of Daniel Pipes, quoted by

Ajid and Ading, it is explained that the reality of the Aybak (Delhi) government is more similar to

the pattern of Tartar Mongol militarism. In any policy of succession of the Mongol Tartar militarist

leadership, the successors usually do not always

developing the group's military power. Then then Sultan Muhammad Tughluq (1325-1351 AD)

who was so deep with Ibn 270 |Dr. H. Anwar Sewang, MA Taymiyah (1263-1327 AD), a post-

anyone, except from the people who supported it. After the period of Khalji (1290-1320 AD) and

Tuglhuq (1320-1413 AD) began to decline. This period was held by the slave family of Sayyid

(1414-1451 AD), the descendants of the family of the Prophet PBUH, and the Lody family (1451-

1526 AD) until Lodi was overthrown when he lost the battle with Zahiruddin Babur who was

supported by Timur Lenk (1526 AD). Since t

hen, the Delhi sultanate was destroyed and replaced with a Mughal sultanate. The relics

of the Delhi Dynasty include the Kuwat Al-Islami mosque and the Qutub Minar in the form of a

tower in Lalkot, Delhi (India). [9] Mamluk Dynasty 1257-1517 Textbook on the History of Islamic

Civilization- Introduction | 271 The Mamluk dynasty was founded by slaves. They were originally

people who were captured by the rulers of the Ayyubid Dynasty as slaves, then educated and