COM 415_ASU_ASSIGNMENT_WEEK 4_BUILDING TSUNAMI-RESILIENT COMMUNITIES THROUGH

BUILDING TSUNAMI-RESILIENT COMMUNITIES THROUGH

STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND RISK COMMUNICATION

ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY

COM 415 - RISK COMMUNICATION

WEEK 4

Characteristics and Criteria for Risk Communication in the Face of a Tsunami Natural

Disaster:

Tsunamis are disasters that fall under emergencies with sudden or unexpected situations

that require immediate action. These events are random and often do not follow a predictable

and unpredictable process. Therefore, in order to communicate risk, it is important to

understand the unique characteristics of tsunami risk communication in order to plan risk

communication before, during and after a tsunami event.

The characteristics and criteria of tsunami risk communication based on the development

of existing effective communication are: First, a common perception of risk to determine

common goals. In relation to this goal, stakeholders must be able to equalize their perception

of the tsunami risk itself. After all stakeholders have the same perception of tsunami risk, they

can then provide a choice of actions to be taken whether to follow the risk communication

process so that they have the motivation to change their behavior and are ready to face risks.

Second, adapting to rapid change. There is a situation of urgency and a rapid rate of

change so that everything must be done quickly. Therefore, it is necessary to create a risk

communication strategy from the beginning so as to reduce complicated and sudden

situations. As happened during the Sunda Strait tsunami incident, both the government, the

private sector and the community did not know and realize that there would be a silent

tsunami. So that there were quite a lot of victims because they had not received education on

the characteristics of silent tsunamis and also had not prepared how to handle them, even the

risk communication that had been prepared by disaster-related institutions such as BMKG

and BNPB had not prepared for silent tsunamis, so that with this incident it could reduce the

urgency situation so that the anxiety level was not too high and reduce casualties during a

tsunami event.

Third, pay attention to the most reliable communication channel in the event of a disaster.

When a tsunami occurs, the cellular network will be cut off as happens in every tsunami

natural disaster whether it is caused by an earthquake or a tsunami as well as from volcanic

avalanches. The effects of the tsunami disaster are definitely the areas around the coast, so

communication channels are very important to pay attention to and not only rely on

communication with cellular networks. As is done by the people of Sumur and Lebak Banten

villages who are inland, in certain locations there is no cellular network because Telkom has

not installed BTS so they cannot communicate using cellular phones. So traditional

communication channels are still used in several points of coastal disaster-prone locations

that have not yet received a network, namely by using a kentongan. Even not only in Banten,

such as in Palu, Sigi and Donggala people still use bells and there are also those who use

priuk for cooking by beating it to make a loud noise to inform local residents that there is a

tsunami threat.

Fourth, work with stakeholders to create a creative risk communication program. With

the occurrence of a tsunami, there will be victims everywhere, so it is necessary to help each

other and work together between stakeholders to prepare to form a team in handling tsunamis

that is integrated in communication and also creates risk communication activities that can be

carried out together with all stakeholders on an ongoing basis in order to be prepared for

tsunamis.

Fifth, prepare a spokesperson to deal with all stakeholders, especially the media. when it

happens tsunami, not only people at the disaster site need information quickly and accurately,

but curiosity about the development of the latest conditions and situations resulting from the

tsunami disaster will be the concern of the entire wider community both at home and abroad.

Therefore, a spokesperson is needed who can represent each stakeholder to inform the latest

conditions clearly and also maintain public trust in conveying the information. Therefore,

training in public speaking is needed for the spokesperson so that the public can get clear, fast

and reliable information.

Sixth, communication to deal with emotional responses. In situations of panic and the

onset of casualties, everyone will have different emotions. So it is necessary to know and

train how to deal with attitudes of panic, fear, anger, rejection, blame, and also the emergence

of an excessive sense of solidarity to help. All these emotions sometimes cannot be controlled

in disaster emergency situations. So in risk communication, it is necessary to conduct

simulation training in handling tsunami natural disaster situations. When conducting

simulation training, it can be seen where there is potential for excessive emotions to arise, so

that in risk communication it can be calculated to avoid or at least reduce the risk level of

high emotions. Usually these emotions will arise when there is no strong leader. That is, when

the leader can manage the situation well so that it can be controlled then emotions can be

muted or will not even arise. Conversely, chaos will arise involving emotions when things

cannot be properly controlled. For example, there is injustice in the handling of the tsunami

disaster or there is no consistency between what is communicated and its implementation.

Seventh, misunderstandings due to unclear information. In an emergency situation, panic

will arise, and there will be uncertainty so that everyone will feel afraid and feel threatened.

Risk communication informs the potential for danger to occur in the future, so

communicating it requires accurate and clear data, lest the information conveyed will actually

cause a crisis or danger that is not a real danger. This is an important thing to consider in risk

communication. It has already happened in an earthquake situation that occurred in one area

where the head of a government disaster agency informed the community of the potential for

a new disaster in a situation where the community had just experienced a major earthquake.

This data was not in time to be shared with the community, so at that time there was panic

among the residents of the coastal communities and they ended up saving themselves and

their families in a panic by running quickly to the hills, while the government had already

prepared a temporary evacuation site that was centered at one point, but because the

information was not in time to be shared, it caused a new problem, namely the scattering of

the community into thousands of points in The hill has made it difficult for the government to

distribute food supplies and aid.

Eighth, there are various interests in emergency situations. Emergency situations such as

a tsunami natural disaster will be the concern of various parties both at the disaster site and

outside the disaster site both from within and outside the country. So that various parties such

as organizations, institutions, media, and so on will emerge with their respective agenda

backgrounds. So the communication that will go out to the public will vary from data and also

documentation both photos and videos and usually cause perceptions and become different

public opinions between facts on the ground and those spread to the public. Therefore, it is

necessary to understand each function and role and responsibility of the stakeholders involved

at the disaster site in order to avoid the release of information that does not match the facts at

the disaster site.

Ninth, maintaining security and privacy. At the time of the tsunami, data on the victims

was the most awaited by the public: the number of victims, their names, gender, age, and

information relating to their privacy. It is necessary to emphasize and inform the public what

data will be disclosed so that the privacy and security of the families of the victims can also

be maintained.

Tenth, the post-disaster public reaction. After passing through the crisis period, it will

enter the recovery period. During this period or phase, the public begins to look for the root

cause of the problem that occurred, and here will begin to look for who is most responsible

for the disaster that occurred. As in the Sunda Strait tsunami incident, the author received

information from BMKG that actually in the waters of the Sunda Strait area a device called a

buoy has been installed that can provide a signal when unusual currents occur so that it can be

anticipated to the people around the coast to listen to sirens and immediately evacuate. But in

fact, the buoys, which are very expensive and specially ordered from the United States, are all

in a non-functional condition due to vandalism by the surrounding community itself.

Therefore, in risk communication, it is also necessary to plan how to inform facts in the field

that do not cause public anger so as not to cause a new crisis, namely public distrust.

Risk Communication Activities:

Early warning and mitigation are very important to reduce the number of damages,

injuries and fatalities caused by earthquakes and tsunamis. With the pentahelix spirit echoed

by the Head of BNPB, disaster mitigation must be carried out together, starting from the

government, business actors (private), the community, academics and the media. The

government prepares evacuation signs, temporary evacuation locations, and permanent

evacuation. Then hold evacuation simulations in the face of earthquake and tsunami disasters

carried out together with those involved in the pentahelix.

Furthermore, the earthquake and tsunami early warning systems were integrated. Starting

from the existing InaTEWS, which previously only detected tectonic earthquakes, seismic

earthquakes were added that can analyze the potential for tsunamis, such as those that occur

in Indonesia occurred in the Sunda Strait in 2018. It is necessary to socialize to the

community about the need to jointly maintain equipment such as buoys, which have been

damaged by irresponsible people. If necessary, supervision should be carried out

independently by the community, in this case with fishermen on the coast who have the

potential for tsunamis.

Coastal vegetation can be used to buffer tsunami waves in locations that have been hit by

tsunamis. Mangroves are the most effective type of plant to reduce tsunamis on the coast.

There are many types of trees other than mangroves such as cypress, coconut, ketapang, sea

waru and many more.

In addition to plants, people who live on the coast are also educated that the houses they

live in are prone to tsunami disasters. Based on field surveys after the Sunda Strait tsunami in

2018 in several locations, the tsunami reached as far as 330 meters inland. Therefore, all

levels of society are asked to build buildings within 500 meters from the shoreline, for mutual

security and safety.

In accordance with President Joko Widodo's order during a working visit to Banten on

January 2, 2019. The President ordered every regional official in Lampung and Banten to

relocate, reconstruct and redesign residential and commercial areas located on the coast. This

order was then forwarded to every regional head in Indonesia, especially those living in

earthquake and tsunami-prone areas.

Currently the BMKG has 418 sensors in Indonesia, if there is an earthquake on land it

will warn of a tsunami, but if at sea if the strength is above 7 on the Richter scale the BMKG

will warn of a tsunami. The tsunami warning that the earthquake had the potential or not was

issued in less than five minutes. The earthquake information is not PDT because the danger of

information on magnitude, depth, epicenter location is only that. But if PDT first issues a

warning map of the tsunami segment, what kind of tsunami will occur, for example, a map

will appear in the Sunda Strait and the beaches will be lit up, if the color is yellow then the

tsunami is less than 0.5 meters, if the color is orange then the tsunami is 0.5 to 3 meters and if

the red color is above 3 meters, within 5 minutes it should be able to light up the beaches in

the Sunda Strait and its surroundings. If the coastal lights are orange and red, then evacuation

must be carried out, away from the coast either to the hills or up the shelter. But if you want

to be safe, even yellow color must stay away.

Tsunami Ready Program as a Risk Communication Activity:

Since 2001, the United States National Weather Service (US NWS) of the National

Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has implemented a Tsunami Ready

recognition program in its states, territories and commonwealths. The program is modeled

after the US Storm Ready recognition program. The goal is that communities recognized as

Tsunami Ready will be better prepared to protect life and property through hazard

assessment, mitigation, preparedness, warning planning and coordination. Voluntary

participation in the program has helped communities mitigate, prepare and plan life-saving

response actions when a tsunami occurs. Through education and socialization, communities

have learned to recognize tsunami threats as well as strategies to reduce tsunami risks.

In June 2011, according to the UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

Manuals and Guides, Standard Guidelines for the Tsunami Ready Recognition Programme,

by 2022, the US NWS provided seed funding to support a joint UNESCO/IOC Tsunami

Ready NWS pilot project as the first initiative for the Caribbean and its communities

International. The Caribbean Tsunami Information Center Office, ITIC- CAR (formerly

NOAA's Caribbean Tsunami Warning Program), in coordination with ICG/CARIBE-EWS,

worked with the Governments of Anguilla and the British Virgin Islands to help them

strengthen tsunami operations and improve preparedness, which led to their recognition as

Tsunami Ready in 2011 and 2014, respectively.

In 2015, ICG/CARIBE-EWS recommended approval of the Tsunami Ready Guidelines,

which were subsequently approved by the IOC Assembly. Additionally, in 2015, the US

NWS stated that mentioning the UNESCO/IOC Tsunami Ready Recognition Programme was

not an infringement of its Tsunami Ready trademark, which licenses the use of the term

Tsunami Ready. Furthermore, in 2016, UNESCO recognized St. Kitts and Nevis in the

Caribbean as Tsunami Ready, and in 2017, the communities of Cedeño in Honduras, Ostional

in Costa Rica, and Savaia in Samoa in the Pacific. For Cedeño, the TEMPP Tsunami

Evacuation Maps, Plans and Procedures training course that ran from 2015 to 2017 facilitated

the Tsunami Ready recognition process and helped strengthen local and national capacities

for tsunami risk reduction. From 2017 to date, nearly 30 additional communities in the

Pacific, Caribbean and Indian Ocean have received Tsunami Ready recognition.

The Tsunami Ready Recognition Program aims to build resilient communities through

awareness and preparedness strategies that will protect lives, livelihoods and livelihoods and

property from the tsunami in various regions.

The main objective of the program is to improve the preparedness of coastal communities

against tsunamis and minimize loss of life, livelihood and property. This is achieved through

collaborative efforts to meet a standard level of tsunami preparedness through the fulfillment

of a set of predefined indicators. The Tsunami Ready Recognition Program is implemented as

a voluntary performance-based community recognition program that promotes understanding

of the concept of preparedness as an active collaboration between national and local warning

and emergency management agencies, and government authorities, scientists, community

leaders and the public.

While a community may be recognized as Tsunami Ready, this recognition does not

imply approval or confirmation that a community can or will perform at a certain level in the

event of an actual tsunami. Tsunami Ready recognition does not mean that a community is

tsunami resilient; rather it is an acknowledgement and recognition that the community has

adopted mitigation measures to address their tsunami risk.

The Tsunami Ready Recognition Program indicators facilitate the establishment of

consistent standards for evaluating and reducing the risk of, preparing for and responding to

tsunamis. Communities that show evidence of meeting the 12 indicators are recognized as

Tsunami ready by UNESCO/IOC.

The successful implementation of the Tsunami Ready Program is subject to the following

conditions:

Inclusive Supervision:

To be achievable at the community level, the program should be overseen by a Tsunami

Ready Local Committee (TRLC) comprising local authorities, emergency management

agencies and members of civil society, and other key participants. This ensures collective

engagement and commitment by all relevant organized stakeholders. At national and

regional levels, Tsunami Ready Boards (TRBs) are established to be responsible for

general oversight of the Tsunami Ready Recognition Program and approving Tsunami

Ready applications as appropriate. It will ensure indicators are met and clarify doubts on

their implementation, review existing and proposed changes and publish updates as

needed.

Voluntary:

Any coastal community can be considered Tsunami Ready if the standard indicators are

met. Communities must show voluntary interest in being recognized as Tsunami Ready

to ensure ownership and participation.

Sustainable:

Participating communities must be able to maintain the established indicators for at least

four years. TRLC, as well as private and public supporters, can help ensure the

sustainability of the program.

Renewable:

If Tsunami Ready conditions are maintained over time, recognition can be renewed every

four years. New local investment projects, authorities, as well as sudden changes in the

community can disrupt the sustainability of Tsunami Ready conditions. These changes

should be considered during the update process.

Tsunami ready program guidelines include 12 key indicators that serve as standards for

reducing tsunami risk at the community level. These indicators can be grouped into three

important action categories: Assessment, Preparedness and Response. Communities that

demonstrate that they have met the 12 indicators can be recognized as Tsunami Ready.

Here are 12 indicators of a Tsunami Ready society:

Has a tsunami hazard map:

The preparation of tsunami hazard maps is primarily an inundation map. The tsunami

hazard map forms the basis for the tsunami evacuation map. If the community does not

have a tsunami hazard map, it can involve experts to make such a map.

Have information on the estimated number of people in the tsunami hazard area.

Preparation Have data on the number of people living. Have data on vulnerable

populations (people with disabilities, elderly, and children). Have an estimate of the

number of tourists and workers living in the area. Have a record of the number of people

exposed during the night and day.

Have a public information board on earthquakes and tsunamis:

Preparation of public information boards in the form of: Information boards on

earthquake-prone areas and/or tsunami hazard zones, evacuation signs, gathering point

signs, information boards containing tsunami response education, tsunami evacuation

maps. Daryono said that the information boards must be understood by local and foreign

communities, and the number of boards is adjusted to the area prone to earthquakes and

tsunamis.

Have an inventory of economic, infrastructural, political and social resources for tsunami

hazard risk reduction. Preparation of data on emergency fund resources at local and

national level, data on public buildings that can be used as temporary evacuation facilities

or for meetings and training for capacity building, have an emergency operation plan, data

on social and volunteer organizations, parent associations for schools in the area, data on

volunteers.

Have easy-to-understand tsunami evacuation maps developed jointly by the

authorities in collaboration with the community.

The preparation of tsunami evacuation maps needs to depict tsunami evacuation routes and

assembly areas. Maps should be based on tsunami hazard maps and in accordance with

community emergency operation plans. Maps need to be produced using appropriate print

and/or digital media. Communities need to be involved in preparing evacuation maps to

include local knowledge (ability/difficulty to get to or take a particular evacuation route.

Have education and preparedness materials distributed

Preparation of public education materials can include safety tips, and information on when

and how to respond to warnings (including natural warnings) areas with a local tsunami

threat). Have public education media in the form of brochures, leaflets, posters, books,

videos that are distributed to the community.

Have regular education and preparedness activities Already accustomed to conducting

public education activities, preparation for conducting public education activities needs to

be done 3 times/year at the community level. The aim is to educate the community,

businesses and visitors. Deliver material on tsunami hazard zones, tsunami prone areas,

evacuation routes, how warnings are received. Activities can be national, international or

regional. Activities can be door-to-door education.

Conduct regular tsunami training:

Familiarity with earthquake and tsunami evacuation drills. Preparation Exercises can focus

on earthquake/tsunami hazards or can be multi-hazard exercises that also include tsunami

hazards combined with fire, storm and volcano drills. Exercises can take the form of table

tops, drills, communication tests and others. Regular exercises should be conducted at least

once every two years.

Have a tsunami emergency operation plan.

Preparations already have an emergency plan document that contains: Identification of

tsunami prone areas, sources, potential inundation, maximum height, past tsunami history

and potential future tsunamis. Data on communities, infrastructure and critical facilities

prone to tsunami impact. SOPs for response to earthquake information and tsunami

warnings. Activation of emergency response, posts and personnel who are implementing

the emergency response. Relevant institutional contacts including tsunami early warning

vocal points, evacuation plans, tsunami evacuation maps, safe status criteria, tsunami

impact reporting.

Have the capacity to implement emergency operation plans. To prepare for this indicator,

have a 24/7 Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Preparedness Team to activate emergency

response in the event of a tsunami.

Has the ability to receive earthquake information and tsunami early warnings 24 hours 7

days.

Has the ability to disseminate earthquake information and tsunami early warnings 24 hours

7 days.

Equipment for receiving and disseminating earthquake information and tsunami early

warnings is available. Preparation Local governments/communities should be able to

receive and disseminate earthquake information and tsunami early warnings 24/7 from the

BMKG or the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD). Equipment/supplies for

receiving information and early warnings such as warning receiver systems, radios,

telephones, SMS, social media and sirens.

Tsunami Preparedness Simulation with Stakeholders is an Implementation of Risk

Communication Activities Tsunami preparedness simulation is an implementation of

risk communication activities:

The Tsunami Disaster Risk Reduction Masterplan, developed in 2012 by BNPB, states that

tsunami disaster mitigation efforts can be carried out through activities such as (1)

Strengthening the Early Warning Chain, (2) Construction and Improvement of Tsunami

Temporary Evacuation Sites (TES), (3) Strengthening Preparedness and Disaster Risk

Reduction Capacity and (4) Building the Independence of the Disaster Instrumentation

Industry.

Tsunami preparedness simulations are also useful for testing the Indonesian Tsunami

Early Warning System (Ina TEWS) that Indonesia has been building since 2005. According

to the Guidelines for the Simulation of Community Preparedness Facing the Threat of

Earthquakes and Tsunamis, in this simulation the command, control and communication

functions between relevant stakeholders are played out, and all available resources are

synergized to overcome emergency situations that actually occur. In principle, Ina-TEWS is

an integrated effort between the central government, local governments, communities and

related stakeholders in the construction and development of the Structural Component as well

as the improvement of the Cultural Component of the grand scenario of Indonesia's early

warning system.

Preparedness simulation is defined as: a form of activity carried out to test tsunami fixed

procedures (Protap) as well as to test and improve the effectiveness of tsunami early warning

systems using disaster scenarios that are made close to or in accordance with real conditions

when a tsunami occurs. Preparedness simulations are conducted by the government and/or the

community as well as other parties (schools, hotels, companies, NGOs) that play their

respective functions.

Tsunami preparedness drills can be conducted according to scale and type, in accordance

with the objectives to be achieved and based on the resources available in the city/district.

Simulations should be conducted so that their magnitude and scale are close to the actual

event/occurrence of a tsunami. If this is not possible due to certain reasons such as budget

constraints, the level of disaster risk is not too high, human resources or facilities and

infrastructure are limited. If this is not possible due to certain reasons such as budget

constraints, the level of disaster risk is not too high, human resources or facilities and

infrastructure are limited, the simulation can be carried out partially or only partially or the

implementation is limited to a certain area that is part of the disaster-prone area. However, in

order to produce better disaster resilience as a whole, simulations should be carried out in full

scale and carried out regularly. The higher the risk of a city/regency to tsunamis, the more

complete the tsunami simulation should be, involving all stakeholders related to tsunami

disasters.

The types of preparedness simulations based on their completeness and complexity are as

follows:

Socialization (Orientation Exercise)

Evacuation Drill Exercise

Table Top Exercise (Gladi Ruang/TTX)

Functionall Exercise

Full Scale Exercise/End To End Simulation (FTX).

Each of these types of simulations can be carried out at the national, provincial,

city/district or local level. However, each region can choose the type of simulation to be

implemented according to its needs and capabilities. The simulation implementation can also

be a combination of several types of simulations to get better and more comprehensive

results.

Types of Simulation:

Socialization (Orientation Exercise):

Socialization (Orientation Exercise) is the simplest type of preparedness simulation,

which can be conducted through seminars, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and

community development, involving the community and related parties in tsunami disaster

management. Socialization is the basis for carrying out more comprehensive

preparedness simulations. In general, this socialization (orientation exercise) is used

when :

1) The area has never conducted tsunami disaster preparedness drills/simulations before

2) Have never experienced a tsunami disaster before

3) There is a need to bring together several organizations such as government, NGOs,

and the private sector to create emergency response planning, problem solving, SOPs

and resource integration.

4) New procedures in place

5) The existence of new policies

6) New facilities in the context of preparedness

7) The existence of a new agency/organization

8) There is a change in risk level

9) Need for personnel training

Socialization in the form of seminars is usually in the form of presentations by

several resource persons in order to provide an introduction or review of certain

authorities, strategies, plans, policies, procedures, systems, resources, and/or

concepts/ideas so as to build and or strengthen participants' understanding of these

matters. Seminars usually involve representative participants from various

institutions/organizations/community groups that have related knowledge so that they can

actively participate in the seminar.

Meanwhile, socialization in the form of FGDs is more discussion-based and requires

interaction and active participation from participants. The focus of FGDs is usually to

develop products in the form of procedures, operation plans, cooperation agreements and

plans to improve preparedness exercises. Similar to seminars, FGD participants are

representatives from various institutions/organizations/community groups that have

related knowledge, where at the end of the FGD activity there needs to be a joint

consensus on the products produced.

Community Development (Com-Dev) is another form of socialization. Com-Dev is a

socialization activity in the community that involves leaders at the community level as

messengers. Communities are provided with information and skills on how to deal with a

tsunami disaster, from identifying tsunami hazard areas in their area, what to do in the

event of a disaster, how to respond to tsunami early warnings to how to evacuate to a safe

place by following safe evacuation routes. Com-Dev is usually conducted for

communities in urban villages that have the potential to be inundated by a tsunami.

Evacuation Drill Exercise:

An Evacuation Drill Exercise is a type of simulation that exercises a group of people

(schools, businesses and the general public) to respond to a tsunami early warning

system.

Evacuation drills are usually conducted at the community level, such as corporate

organizations, hotels, schools, villages and so on. For the implementation of evacuation

drills it is important to have a Protap/SOP that is understandable and easy to implement.

This exercise is used for:

1) Assess the capabilities of early warning system communication support equipment,

evacuation support and emergency response support.

2) Testing individual and group response times

3) Individual and group training

4) Examines cooperation between local institutions/organizations and is simple in

nature.

5) Verification of resource capability

Table Top Exercise (Gladi Ruang/TTX)

Table Top Exercise/TTX is a communication exercise to respond to the tsunami early

warning system and establish or improve the tsunami protocol. TTX is usually conducted

indoors and involves decision makers from each agency involved in tsunami disaster

management, guided by a simulation leader (Exercise Director) and controller

(Controller).

The objectives of the Table Top Exercise are (1) Testing procedures, contingency

plans, operation plans, (2) Solving problems that arise in testing procedures so as to

produce feedback for evaluation and revision of Protap/SOP; and (3) Achieving control

and coordination capabilities between actors. In this simulation there is no use of real

equipment. The equipment is replaced with written/visual using paper or other media.

Table Top Exercise can also be utilized for:

1) Finding appropriate and quick solutions to problems arising in the event of a tsunami

disaster

2) Socialize the protap/SOP that has been made for the tsunami

3) How to interpret the message conveyed

4) Observe how information is delivered

5) Train personnel involved in tsunami disaster management

Functional Exercise:

Functional Exercise can be defined as a communication exercise between

institutions/agents in carrying out institutional operations in response to early warning

systems. This exercise is usually conducted at the operational site of each institution

using real equipment. This functional exercise is used for:

1) Evaluate the role of institutions or the use of communication facilities

2) Test and strengthen Protap on early warning system response

3) Testing resources and equipment

Integrated Simulation (Full Scale Exercise/End to End Simulation/FTX):

Full Scale Exercise/End to End Simulation/FTX can be defined as a practical/field

exercise accompanied by the deployment of resources and people/personnel using

simulation scenarios that have been created. This exercise is conducted at the city/district

level for:

1) Testing the overall protocol, which includes the organizational protocol and

communication system protocol.

2) Testing resources and tools

3) Testing the readiness of communities, authorities and equipment in tsunami

evacuation and emergency response

Some of the prerequisites for conducting preparedness simulations include the

following:

1) Earthquake and tsunami disaster risk assessment;

2) Tsunami disaster contingency plan;

3) Earthquake and tsunami disaster scenarios;

4) BPBD;

6) HR represents the institution as the simulation actor;

7) HR as the simulation committee;

8) Simulation facilities and infrastructure related to tsunami early warning systems;

9) Tsunami evacuation plan (signs, evacuation routes, evacuation maps, evacuation

sites - Tsunami TES etc);

10) Tsunami emergency response facilities and infrastructure (health, logistics, public

works, social, education, etc.);

11) Funds for simulation activities;

12) Mass mobilization.

To support tsunami preparedness simulations as a medium for risk communication

with stakeholders, according to BMKG, the first thing that must be considered is that the

area needs to have fast information. The BMKG has several earthquake information and

tsunami warnings and these must be owned by a community because now the BMKG is

powerful in providing warnings if it is due to an earthquake. Meanwhile, there are several

causes, such as earthquakes from the megathrust and seismic gaps. The seisimic gap is

actually the potential for a large earthquake but it has not happened for hundreds of years

and it is also a zone that accumulates energy. If the earthquake If a large earthquake

occurs, say more than 7 on the Richter scale, then there is a megathrust plate contact, it is

almost certain that a tsunami will occur. It's just like that happened in Banyuwangi in

1994, in Pangandaran in 2006 then in Bengkulu in 2007 and it was one line. So that we

capture the empty zone, including the Sunda Strait and Banten, according to Daryono. If

an earthquake has the potential to cause a tsunami, it can certainly give a warning as long

as there is equipment in that place. The tsunami spreads maybe around 25 minutes and

that is the golden time to do rescue since the warning is given to then carry out vertical

evacuation. Like the security of Umang Island at that time who climbed into the

Ketapang tree, it was a vertical evacuation effort. So vertical evacuation does not have to

go to the hill but anything that can save vertically, be it a building, tower, tree, is a

vertical evacuation.

This means that if a place has this system then it is an effort to survive. The crew

members of a community in a place must understand how to survive because to be able

to respond to warnings, they must be skilled in understanding how to survive, how to

evacuate vertically, how to manage information in order to survive. So even if there is a

warning but never practiced, it's the same thing. It is important to practice simulations

and it should really be repeated either two or three times a year or at worst once. So that

they have a subconscious ability to save themselves and that must be built. If the tsunami

comes from Krakatoa, there is currently no warning technology in the world which is

proven to provide warnings related to non-tectonic earthquake sources. If the earthquake

is clear there is a fault, there is a sensor, it can be analyzed for strength, what kind of

fault is five minutes finished can see a warning. But if the Krakatau volcano landslide

occurs, it has not been proven. However, the BMKG is not remaining silent, they are

currently building a tsunami detection system nearby, namely on Sibesi island, Rakata

island, a tsunami sensor is installed. If there is avalanche activity that will cause a

tsunami, it will cause a warning. Later it will enter the system. Ideally, we almost already

have warnings from both tectonics from megathrusts and volcanoes.

Tourist attractions such as hotels can submit an official letter to the BMKG

requesting that a tsunami warning link be provided, provide a computer and then an

adequate internet network and then a standard display that will provide a warning, and it

must be installed in a security control center where for 24 hours there is someone who

monitors and understands the equipment and can provide warnings. However, if it turns

out that the BMKG cannot buy the equipment, private companies can buy it from BMKG

partners or simply link to the internet signal. This has become a means for resilience and

that a community in a place is already strong. Because if there is a warning, you already

know and then the ability to educate mitigation and rapid response for employees in a

tourist place, starting from all employees must understand how to call it. Then determine

which areas will be used as vertical evacuation, so there must be tsunami shelters and the

height must meet the modeling made by BMKG. BMKG must first model the threat for a

location, what height to build on. That will strengthen the tourist spot to exist and create

trust from the community that they will feel safe.

Every guest who comes must have this briefing because it is a vulnerable area and

the employees all understand how if there is a warning to survive. The buildings are also

earthquake-safe standards, do not let the building be good but when there is an

earthquake it collapses, so the earthquake does not kill but the collapsed building that

makes there are victims. But if the building is earthquake resistant, there will be no

victims because it is strong. Then have a tsunami hazard map that can be made If all of

these points are met, then certification can be submitted to the local governor that the

area is safe from earthquakes and tsunamis. It is this certification that makes the area

immune from the threat of issues and news that make people hesitant to visit the place.

So how to convince. At the moment, it can be said that traveling is a gamble because the

important points mentioned above are not all in place, but if they are met, then it is

tsunami ready and earthquake ready.

If a tourist site wants to provide education to its location, the BMKG team is ready to

provide complete educational material and even later if the BMKG is asked to provide a

testimonial related to the readiness achieved by a place, it can be given and that provides

immunity related to resilience in the face of tsunamis, and the certification can be

published on the website and social media of a tourist site so that it can provide a

guarantee of safety at the place.

So that if there are issues related to earthquakes and tsunamis, it will not be too

influential because it already has a complete and comprehensive mitigation system. Then

if you look at the West Coast in America, the earthquake and tsunami areas but the

beaches are all successful, the tourism business, Hawaii, Taiwan, New Zealand, because

they have these standards. In Bali, which is trying to pioneer the certification of hotels

and restaurants, all points are fulfilled, and from PUPR checks, BPBD checks, all later

issue a certification from the Governor that this already has earthquake and tsunami safe

standards, and is advertised abroad to the public fishing a lot of tourists, even when

friends from abroad come there and if hotels and restaurants do not have this certification

then they will move to hotels or restaurants that are prepared for earthquakes and

tsunamis, and that becomes an opportunity for good business.

There are 9 main points in the mitigation efforts to face tsunami natural disasters that

can be done, namely in the following ways; First, the community must understand how to

survive in the event of a tsunami; Second, the community has access to earthquake

information and tsunami early warnings from BMKG; Third, areas vulnerable to

tsunamis must create coastal forests; Fourth, adopt tsunami-friendly coastal buildings;

Fifth, conduct tsunami risk-based spatial planning or tsunami grounding modeling maps;

Sixth, must create evacuation routes; Seventh, install evacuation signs; Eighth, build

temporary evacuation sites; and Ninth is to practice tsunami evacuation regularly.

Tsunami Risk Communication Through Stakeholder Engagement Model (TRICOTSE):

The perception of tsunami risk between local government leaders and communities is not

the same. There is a group of people who have a high perception of tsunami risk or are aware

of the tsunami hazard. Local government leaders have a different perception of tsunamis; for

them, tsunamis are a taboo and do not need to be discussed because it will only discourage

tourists from coming to their area. This creates barriers in communicating tsunami risk.

In the implementation of building synergy in every step of risk mitigation between

stakeholders, there is a role for the bureaucracy in preparedness for the tsunami natural

disaster, this refers to organizational communication with Max Weber's bureaucratic theory

which talks about the principles of bureaucracy, one of which is about Rules with its

implementation is to carry out procedures set by the organization or management by

individuals. In relation to the behavior of individuals in the organization to carry out the rules

or procedures set by management in the implementation of the risk communication model,

the theory of planned behavior is used to be able to change people's behavior to want to carry

out risk communication. It is necessary to start from determining goals, creating key

messages, making face-to-face communication in the form of risk communication activities,

choosing media with a wide range, involving stakeholders in every risk communication

process, and utilizing digital communication channels and social media. Individual

understanding in addition to demographic and segmentation factors that must be considered,

there is an element of experience that is faced variously in each individual, especially in

tsunami disasters that cause trauma. This communication behavior between stakeholders

influences the actions of individuals to be willing or unwilling to make invitations to

understand tsunami risks and also to actively participate in risk communication activities.

Behavior change to become a risk community that is aware and resilient to disasters is a

manifestation of successful risk communication. Therefore, through the National Research

Council (NRC) Approach to risk communication, related to In the context of risk

communication where the risk communication model is related to stakeholder engagement,

the author refers to the Wuhan risk communication model or the government-expert-public

interactive risk communication model by reworking the communication model. In order to

make it easier for stakeholders to conduct risk communication, the tsunami risk

communication process is made practical using symbols and summarized for easier reading in

the form of a model.

The Wuhan risk communication model (Zhang, 2020) is based on the experience of

handling the Covid-19 pandemic in Wuhan, China. According to Zhang, there are three

important principles in risk communication, namely: First, accessibility and openness;

Second, communicating early and continuously about risks; Third, strategic methods for

communicating uncertainty. In the first principle, Zhang (2020) also highlighted that the most

important problem is people's perception of risk. In the second principle, risk communication

should start as soon as risks are identified and continue as new information becomes

available. And third, communicating uncertainty effectively requires assessing the different

levels of perception among different audiences, and using a science-based approach to

communicate uncertainty.

Risk is influenced by three components: Hazard, Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity

(Carter, et al., 2014). Communication risk is in the Adaptive Capacity element, which is the

ability to respond to a hazard. Adaptive capacity and risk are inverse, the higher the capacity,

the lower the risk. For this reason, risk communication with various strategies is needed. The

Wuhan Risk Communication Model (Zhang, 2020) involves only three main stakeholders,

while in disaster management, especially tsunamis, many stakeholders are involved both

before, during and after the tsunami disaster. Therefore, the author reworks The Wuhan risk

communication model by completing the Stakeholder is adapted to the conditions facing

tsunami natural disasters. So that the novelty found in this research is the TRICOTSE

(Tsunami Risk Communication Through Stakeholder Engagement) model which focuses on

the risk of tsunami natural disasters. This model reworks the Stakeholder element of the

Wuhan risk communication model (Zhang, 2020) which only uses 3 Stakeholders and in

TRICOTSE the author uses 8 Stakeholders. In addition, the author also develops this model

by completing the elements of Message Processing, Communication Media, Communication

Activities, Stakeholders, Behavior Change and Disaster Risk Reduction.

The TRICOTSE model has six elements in its process. The first is Integrated Stakeholder

Communication Collaboration, placing Stakeholders as important actors in the risk

communication process from upstream to downstream and vice versa so that it will be like a

rotating flow. 8 Stakeholders involved are First, the Government consisting of BMKG

(Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics Agency) which is upstream in the initial

information data to be forwarded, PVMBG (Center for Volcanology and Geological Disaster

Mitigation) which is also a provider of information data related to volcanological status and

this is new to be considered to enter the Stakeholders seeing the experience of the 2018 Sunda

Strait tsunami incident caused by the landslide of Mount Anak Krakatau, BNPB (National

Disaster Management Agency) which is downstream at the time of the occurrence of the

tsunami. BPBD (Regional Disaster Management Agency) as the executor in each region,

Basarnas (National Search and Rescue Agency) plays a role in evacuation during disasters but

is also involved in conducting disaster risk communication activities, Local Government

(Pemda) as the leader and decision maker in the region to determine the status of the

condition of an area and also who "presses the button" when the community must evacuate,

TNI / Polri is tasked with maintaining the security stability of Indonesian citizens and in

disaster its role is in disaster prevention and handling, the Health Office plays a role when the

disaster comes and the Social Service is related to the Social Barn program as part of disaster

prevention and mitigation. Second, Radio as a means of communication in disaster conditions

and the most possible communication tool up to remote villages such as RRI Banten for

example. Third, cellular network providers such as Telkom play an important role in

communication. Fourth, are hotels and PHRI (Indonesian Hotel and Restaurant Association),

especially those on the coast to take part in spreading risk communication in protecting

tourists and their employees. Fifth, the industry in this case is located close to the coast as in

Cilegon there are many factories that are very close to the beach, for example Chadra Asri

and Krakatau Steel. Sixth, is the University which plays a role in assisting the government in

developing research and also in protecting the environment community assistance. Seventh,

NGOs/Communities take part in risk communication by spreading positive energy to local

residents to build awareness of tsunami disaster risks. Eighth, the risk community plays a role

from upstream to downstream where its role is also needed in developing messages,

conveying and implementing risk communication and then giving feedback on the message.

The second element, namely Processing Message or Create Message, is a communication

strategy in conveying a risk, how to create a message related to disaster risk that can be easily

accepted by stakeholders. Previously, it is necessary to have a common perspective related to

the risk of tsunami disaster itself, starting from upstream to downstream, which means

starting from leaders in the region, institutions as well as local community leaders, to be able

to jointly equalize the perspective of the risk of tsunami disaster. After that, the content of the

message needs to pay attention to the function of the risk communication that will be made.

Starting from informing, educating, entertaining and also influencing, of course, according to

the intended audience, it is necessary to understand the audience from segmentation to the

audience's experience in disaster so that the messages made can be conveyed properly. Still in

the second element, it is also necessary to pay attention to data sources to avoid

misunderstandings and even the worst is hoaxes. Therefore, there needs to be regulations

related to data sources that become references in disaster. and the last in the Create Message

element is the Key Message, how to determine the key facts or communication issues to be

conveyed, then the benefits of the message. The most important messages to be conveyed,

and the key message points that must be included or conveyed in all messages in tsunami risk

communication activities.

The third element is Media Communications and Communications Activities.

Communication Media is determining what media will be used in delivering risk

communication messages. Determine starting from the type of media to be used whether

conventional media or new media, then the characteristics of the media whether one way

communications or two way communications, and the last is the target audience of the media

whether general or specific. Mapping the use of media is important so that all stakeholders

are reached to get the message. Communication activities are risk communication activities,

such as simulations consisting of socialization, evacuation drills, Table Top Exercise,

Functional Exercise and Tsunami drill. In addition, there is also a program launched by

BMKG as a risk communication activity, namely the Tsunami Field School which is the

initial stage to achieve the Tsunami Ready recognition program initiated by UNESCO.

The fourth element is the target audience in tsunami risk communication, which is back

again to the Stakeholders or Stakeholders in which there are Victims or victims who

experience tsunami disasters. Handling the risk is the actor who handles the risk of a tsunami

disaster if it occurs, and Prepare the mitigation is the one who plays a role in making tsunami

disaster mitigation strategies. Stakeholders will engage from upstream to downstream and

continue to form risk communication circles.

The fifth element is Change Behavior. This is the goal of risk communication in terms of

tsunami disaster. How the messages conveyed both through communication media and

communication activities can be well conveyed to Stakeholders and then raise awareness of

the risk of tsunami disasters and then want to change behavior to become a community that is

resilient to tsunami risks and is alert in responding in the event of a tsunami disaster and has a

high sense of crisis for disasters not only tsunamis.

And the last is the element of Disaster Risk Reduction which is the ultimate goal of the

entire process from start to finish to be able to reduce disaster risk and this can be assessed

when a disaster occurs how many victims in an area, and what is expected is Zero Victim.

This is the hope of all stakeholders, but to be able to achieve it, it is necessary to synergize

together with all stakeholders to carry out a series of tsunami disaster risk communication

activities with a full sense of responsibility and also consistency in carrying it out.

COM 415_ASU_ASSIGNMENT_WEEK 4_BUILDING TSUNAMI-RESILIENT COMMUNITIES THROUGH

Students also viewed